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Matache BA, Jean PO, Pelet S, Roger MÈ, Dartus J, Belzile EL. Lateral knee laxity increases the risk of excessive joint line obliquity after medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2024; 110:103717. [PMID: 37863189 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2023.103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a well-recognized treatment for patient with varus knee osteoarthritis. Joint line obliquity has recently been suggested to negatively impact clinical outcomes following HTO, but little is known about what factors lead to increased joint line obliquity. The purpose of the current study was (1) to evaluate whether increased preoperative lateral knee laxity, represented by the joint line convergence angle, results in increased joint line obliquity in a consecutive series of patients treated with HTO and (2) to determine the effect of advanced arthritic changes on joint line obliquity. HYPOTHESIS Increased joint line convergence angle would be associated with increased joint line obliquity. PATIENTS AND METHODS All HTOs performed at our center between 2010-2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were excluded if pre- and postoperative standing alignment radiographs were not available. Varus-producing osteotomies were excluded. Patients were subdivided according to their preoperative joint line convergence angle (≤3° or >3°) and the degree of radiographic arthritic change. The primary outcome measure was the postoperative joint line obliquity. Categorical variables were compared using the paired samples t-test. Survival analysis was performed for failure and overall rate of reoperation. RESULTS During the study period, 90 HTO were performed, and 38 patients (42 knees; M/F: 32/6; mean age: 41.6; mean follow-up: 4.72 years) met the inclusion criteria. The most common surgical indications were varus knee osteoarthritis (n=27, 64.3%) and osteochondritis dissecans (n=7, 8.2%). Patients with a preoperative joint line convergence angle >3° demonstrated significantly greater joint line obliquity postoperatively as compared to those with a joint line convergence angle ≤3° (6.4°±4.6° vs. 2.5°±5.7°, respectively; p=0.02). Patients with advanced arthritic changes had significantly lower preoperative (-3°±3.4° vs. -5.6°±4.1°; p=0.03) and greater postoperative (5.8°±4° vs. 2.2°±6.4°; p=0.04) joint line obliquity as compared to those with minimal arthritic changes. There were 12 complications among the 42 procedures: one conversion to total knee replacement (TKR), one hardware failure (fixation revised), one infection, and 9 hardware removals. Overall survival using conversion to TKR was 96.23% (95% CI 0.92-1.0) at 10 years. DISCUSSION Lateral knee laxity, as defined by a preoperative joint line convergence angle >3°, and advanced arthritic changes are associated with increased postoperative joint line obliquity following medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy. Soft-tissue adaptation should be accounted for in order to avoid excessive joint line obliquity following high tibial osteotomy, and the planned correction should be reduced by 25% in patients with a preoperative joint line convergence angle >3° when templating using standing alignment radiographs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan A Matache
- Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1401, 18(e) rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Pierre-Olivier Jean
- Faculty of Medicine, université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stéphane Pelet
- Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1401, 18(e) rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Roger
- Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1401, 18(e) rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Julien Dartus
- Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1401, 18(e) rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Lille University School of Medicine, 1, avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120 Lille, France
| | - Etienne L Belzile
- Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1401, 18(e) rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Maeda T, Kuriyama S, Ito T, Umatani N, Nishitani K, Nakamura S, Matsuda S. Preoperative radiographs underdiagnose the severity of lateral femoral and medial trochlear cartilage damage in varus osteoarthritis knees. Mod Rheumatol 2023:road113. [PMID: 38123467 DOI: 10.1093/mr/road113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated whether preoperative radiographs accurately predicted intra-articular cartilage damage in varus knees. METHODS The study assessed 181 knees in 156 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty. Cartilage damage was graded by two examiners with the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) classification; one used knee radiographs and the other used intraoperative photographs. It was then determined if this radiographic cartilage assessment over- or underestimated the actual damage severity. Knee morphological characteristics affecting radiographic misestimation of damage severity were also identified. RESULTS The concordance rate between radiographic and intraoperative assessments of the medial femoral condyle was high, at around 0.7. Large discrepancies were found for the lateral femoral condyle and medial trochlear groove. Radiographic assessment underestimated cartilage damage on the medial side of the lateral femoral condyle due to a large lateral tibiofemoral joint opening and severe varus alignment (both r = -0.43). Medial trochlear damage was also underdiagnosed, in cases of residual medial tibiofemoral cartilage and shallow medial tibial slope (r = -0.25 and -0.21, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Radiographic evaluation of knee osteoarthritis was moderately practical using ICRS grades. Lateral femoral and medial trochlear cartilage damage tended to be misestimated, but considering morphologic factors might improve the diagnostic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kuriyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Umatani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishitani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Akamatsu Y, Kobayashi H, Mitsuhashi S, Kusayama Y. Bone mineral density around the knee after open wedge high tibial osteotomy measured up to 24 months in 51 patients. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:4910-4919. [PMID: 37589767 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and radiographic and clinical outcomes of patients with varus knee osteoarthritis treated with open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO). We hypothesised that medial condyle BMD would decrease and lateral condyle BMD would increase after OWHTO. METHODS Overall, 51 patients (mean age: 65.3 years; female: 40, male: 11) treated with OWHTO were prospectively enrolled. Several angles using whole single-leg radiographs were measured preoperatively and up to 24 months postoperatively. Five square tibial regions of interest (ROI) located below the proximal tibia as T1-T5 from medial to lateral regions and two square femoral ROI as F1 and F2 from medial and lateral regions, respectively, were defined. M/L BMD ratio was used to define the medial-to-lateral condyle BMD ratio. Femoral condyle BMD (F1 and F2) around the knee, as well as lumbar spine, and ipsilateral and contralateral femoral neck BMD, were measured before OWHTO and 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after OWHTO using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Furthermore, tibial condyle BMD (T1-T5) around the knee was measured before and 24 months after OWHTO. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Knee Society knee and function scores, the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and the Lysholm score preoperatively and 24 months postoperatively. A power analysis was performed. RESULTS F1 BMD decreased by 19.2% from before to 3 months postoperatively. F2 BMD did not change up to 24 months after OWHTO. Femoral M/L BMD ratio decreased by 22.2% 3 months after OWHTO. T1 BMD and tibial M/L BMD ratio decreased, whilst T3, T4 and T5 BMD increased 24 months after OWHTO. Mean hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) and weight-bearing line ratio were corrected from - 6.8° to 4.5° and 14.7 to 60.7%, respectively, postoperatively. Lumbar spine BMD did not change up to 12 months postoperatively. Ipsilateral femoral neck BMD decreased up to 6 months after OWHTO. CONCLUSION Medial femoral condyle BMD decreased rapidly within 3 months and continued to decrease up to 12 months, but lateral femoral condyle BMD did not change after OWHTO. BMD measurements around the knee condyle enabled the evaluation of the changes in stress distribution before and after OWHTO with accelerated rehabilitation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Akamatsu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Fureai Yokohama Hospital, 2-3-3, Bandai-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, 231-0031, Japan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hideo Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Nanbu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shota Mitsuhashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kusayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanagawa Prefectural Ashigarakami Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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Li K, Sun FL, Guo HB, Shi ZJ, Yao R, Zhang H. Comparison of the plantar pressure distribution and mechanical alignment in patients with varus knee osteoarthritis following high tibial osteotomy. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:479. [PMID: 37312078 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The changes in the lower limb alignment were vitally important after high tibial osteotomy (HTO). Therefore, the purpose of present study was to analyze the characteristics of plantar pressure distribution after HTO, and to investigate the effect of plantar pressure distribution on postoperative limb alignment. METHODS Between May 2020 and April 2021, varus knee patients undergoing HTO were evaluated in the present study. The peak pressure of plantar regions, medial-lateral pressure ratio (MLPR), foot progression angle (FTA), anteroposterior COP (AP-COP), lateral symmetry of COP (LS-COP), and the radiographic parameters were evaluated preoperatively and at the final follow-up. Compared among the slight valgus (SV), moderate valgus (MV) and large valgus (LV) groups at the final follow-up, the peak pressure of HM, HC and M5 regions, and the MLPR were compared; the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score4 (KOOS4) including four subscales, and the American of orthopedic foot and ankle society (AOFAS) were evaluated. RESULTS The WBL%, HKA and TPI angle changed significantly after HTO (P < 0.001). The preoperative group exhibited a lower peak pressure in the HM region (P < 0.05) and higher peak pressure in the M5 region (P < 0.05); the pre- and postoperative groups exhibited a lower peak pressure in the HC region (P < 0.05); the rearfoot MLPR was significantly lower and LS-COP was significantly higher in the preoperative group (P = 0.017 in MLPR and 0.031 in LS-COP, respectively). Comparison among the SV, MV and LV groups, the SV group indicated a lower peak pressure in the HM region (P = 0.036), and a lower MLPR in the rearfoot (P = 0.033). The KOOS Sport/Re score in the MV and LV groups increased significantly compared with the SV group (P = 0.042). CONCLUSION Plantar pressure distribution during the stance phase in patients with varus knee OA following HTO exhibited a more medialized rearfoot plantar pressure distribution pattern than that before surgery. Compared with the small valgus alignment, a moderate to large valgus alignment allows patients to walk with a more even medial and lateral plantar pressure distribution, which is more similar to healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Feng-Long Sun
- Second Department of Orthopaedics, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Heng-Bing Guo
- Second Department of Orthopaedics, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Ran Yao
- Second Department of Orthopaedics, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Second Department of Orthopaedics, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing, 100144, China
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Ma W, Wang F, Sun S, Ding L, Wang L, Yu T, Zhang Y. Novel ideas for the comprehensive evaluation of varus knee osteoarthritis: radiological measurements of the morphology of the lateral knee joint. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:196. [PMID: 36915200 PMCID: PMC10010041 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lateral anatomical and morphological characteristics of knees with varus knee osteoarthritis (OA) have not received sufficient attention. This study used several radiological parameters to describe the morphological characteristics of the lateral knee with OA to determine whether there are relationships between varus knee OA and parameters such as lateral plateau widening (LPW), proximal fibula curvature (PFC), and fibula height (FH). METHODS The study retrospectively analyzed 1072 subjects who underwent standard radiography for diagnosing or evaluating symptomatic knee joint disease. The 163 Kellgren and Lawrence (K-L) grades 0 and I knees were categorized into the no-knee-OA group, and the 909 K-L grades II-IV knees were classified into the knee-OA group. Medial proximal tibial angle, joint line convergence angle, hip-knee-ankle angle, LPW, PFC, and FH were measured. T tests and chi-square tests were used to compare each index between the two groups. Binary logistic regression was performed to examine the correlation between indexes and knee OA occurrence. Ordinal logistic analysis, principal component analysis, and multivariable linear regression analysis were performed to examine the correlations between the three lateral parameters and K-L grades and the degree of varus deformity. RESULTS LPW and PFC were significantly greater and FH was significantly smaller in the knee-OA group than in the no-knee-OA group. LPW, PFC, and FH were correlated with knee OA occurrence. One principal component, named the comprehensive principal component score of varus deformity, was extracted from the three indexes, and the total variance of the principal component interpretation was 76.60%. Ordinal logistics and multivariable linear regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for age and BMI, LPW and PFC were positively correlated with K-L grading and varus deformity. FH was significantly and negatively correlated with K-L grading and varus deformity (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Regular morphological changes take place in the lateral knee with varus OA, including lateral dislocation of the tibial plateau, proximal fibula bending, and upward movement of the fibular head. Changes in LPW, PFC, and FH could enable a more comprehensive assessment of varus knee OA occurrence, severity, and deformity. Level of evidence Retrospective Study Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenru Ma
- Department of Sports Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 59 Haier Road, Laoshan District, QingDao, 266000, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fengkun Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 59 Haier Road, Laoshan District, QingDao, 266000, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shengnan Sun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Quality Management Evaluation, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Education and Training, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 59 Haier Road, Laoshan District, QingDao, 266000, Shandong Province, China. .,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. .,Institute of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 59 Haier Road, Laoshan District, QingDao, 266000, Shandong Province, China. .,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. .,Shandong Institute of Traumatic Orthopedics, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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Huan W, Mochizuki T, Tanifuji O, Kawashima H. Variability of functional knee phenotype for coronal alignment in advanced varus knee osteoarthritis in the Japanese population. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 31:1451-1461. [PMID: 36449045 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-022-07248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New concept of functional knee phenotypes in Caucasians demonstrated the variability of coronal alignment in knee osteoarthritis (OA), but it remains unclear in Japanese. This study aims to analyze the knee phenotype in advanced varus knee OA for Japanese. In addition, the ethnical difference is discussed. METHODS This study analyzed 879 knees involving 186 males (74 years) and 693 females (74 years). The knee phenotypes were assessed by the definition in Hirschmann's group. The hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), femoral mechanical angle (FMA) and tibial mechanical angle (TMA) were assessed in CT data according to the coordinate system. The neutral angle was 180° in HKA, 93° in FMA and 87° in TMA. The smaller angle means larger varus angles. RESULTS The average angle (males, females) of the HKA (170.9 ± 4.3°, 169.4 ± 5.0°), FMA (91.5 ± 2.7°, 90.6 ± 3.0°), and TMA (82.4 ± 3.6°, 82.7 ± 3.7°) demonstrated varus angles with the sex difference (HKA, p < 0.001; FMA, p = 0.001). The phenotypes were 73 types in males and 150 types in females with a mild correlation between the HKA and the FMA or TMA. In 61.3% of males and 52.2% of females, the TMA was greater than the FMA, while the FMA was greater in 16.7% of males and 23.1% of females. CONCLUSION There were many functional knee phenotypes with sex differences for advanced varus knee OA in Japanese, showing ethnical differences of larger varus angles compared to those for Caucasians in the previous report. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Huan
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, 951-8510, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tomoharu Mochizuki
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Osamu Tanifuji
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawashima
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata City, 951-8510, Japan
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Huang Y, Tan Y, Tian X, Wang J, Zhu G, Wang R, Xue Z, Ma S, Hu Y, Ding T. Three-dimensional surgical planning and clinical evaluation of the efficacy of distal tibial tuberosity high tibial osteotomy in obese patients with varus knee osteoarthritis. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2022; 213:106502. [PMID: 34749244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is an effective surgical treatment for varus knee osteoarthritis. However, obese patients require reinforced internal fixation materials to prevent internal fixation fractures and hardware failure after osteotomy. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of distal tibial tuberosity high tibial osteotomy (DTT-HTO) using the new patented π-shaped plate in obese patients with varus knee osteoarthritis. METHOD Thirty-four obese patients (39 knees) with varus knee osteoarthritis who underwent DTT-HTO with the π-shaped plate and second-look arthroscopy when implant removal occurred from September 2017 to June 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Three-dimensional surgical planning using DTT-HTO on the knees is performed. There were 9 males and 25 females, with body mass index (BMI) values ranging from 30.3 to 38.5 kg/m2 and ages ranging from 50 to 75 years old. The radiological assessment was performed with the femora tibial angle (FTA) and the weight-bearing line ratio (WBLR). The clinical outcomes were evaluated by the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). The status of the cartilage was evaluated by the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grading system. RESULTS All patients were followed up for 18-30 months. The FTA significantly changed from 181.68±1.68.preoperatively to171.29±1.51.at the last follow-up (P<0.001). The WBLR significantly increased from 16.85±2.20 to 55.41±2.46% from before surgery to the last follow-up after surgery (P<0.001). The HSS score significantly improved from 56.65±5.27 preoperatively to 68.79±2.61, 77.82±2.15, and 86.12±2.78 at the 6-month, 12-month, and last follow-up after surgery (P<0.001). The WOMAC score significantly decreased from 105.47±3.89 preoperatively to 80.50±4.20, 71.44±4.65, and 52.44±3.14 at the 6-month, 12-month, and last follow-up after surgery (P<0.001). During implant removal, no internal fixation fractures occurred in any patient. The articular cartilage grade in the medial compartment of the knee were significantly higher in the second arthroscopy than in the first arthroscopy, according to the ICRS grading system (P<0.001). The articular cartilage grade in the lateral compartment of the knee showed no statistical differences from the first- to the second-look arthroscopy (P>0.05). CONCLUSION There are no correlation between BMI and postoperative outcomes. DTT-HTO shows yield excellent clinical results in obese patients with varus knee osteoarthritis. It can be recommended to be used for the heavy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Huang
- School of Postgraduate Studies, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yetong Tan
- Minimal Invasive Joint Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Tian
- Minimal Invasive Joint Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Minimal Invasive Joint Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Minimal Invasive Joint Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rongtian Wang
- Minimal Invasive Joint Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Xue
- Minimal Invasive Joint Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Ma
- Minimal Invasive Joint Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyi Hu
- Minimal Invasive Joint Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiansong Ding
- School of Postgraduate Studies, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Wu D, Liu Z, Liu Q. Clinical application of concurrent arthroscopic meniscal repair and high tibial osteotomy for medial meniscal posterior root tears with genu varus. Asian J Surg 2021; 45:664-666. [PMID: 34815145 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daiguo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Neijiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Neijiang, China.
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Neijiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Neijiang, China
| | - Quanjiang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Neijiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Neijiang, China
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Deng X, Hu H, Liu W, Zhu L. Clinical application of biplanar high tibial osteotomy for varus knee osteoarthritis and posterior cruciate ligament injuries with flattened tibial slope. Asian J Surg 2021; 44:918-20. [PMID: 33888372 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Nejima S, Kumagai K, Kobayashi H, Yamada S, Akamatsu T, Ogino T, Sotozawa M, Inaba Y. Coronal shaft bowing of the femur affects varus inclination of the surgical transepicondylar axis in varus knee osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2021; 29:814-819. [PMID: 32335698 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-06025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the relationship between femoral shaft bowing and the orientation of the surgical transepicondylar axis (TEA) in the coronal plane in varus knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS A total of 82 knees scheduled to undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for the treatment of varus knee OA were enrolled. The hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) was measured preoperatively on anteroposterior whole-leg standing radiographs. The lateral angle between the TEA and the mechanical axis of the femur (MA-TEA) was measured in the coronal plane from preoperative computed tomography (CT) images. Femoral shaft bowing was measured on CT images. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation of the MA-TEA with the HKA and femoral shaft bowing. RESULTS The MA-TEA correlated negatively with the HKA (r = - 0.321, P < 0.01) and positively with femoral shaft bowing (r = 0.415, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The TEA changed to varus as femoral shaft bowing increased in patients with varus knee OA. This suggests that the TEA is not always the centre of the rotational axis of the femur after TKA. In addition, the TEA may not be useful as a consistent parameter in the coronal plane in patients with increasing femoral shaft bowing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Nejima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Ken Kumagai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Hideo Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Akamatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masaichi Sotozawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inaba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
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Kim YS, Chung PK, Suh DS, Heo DB, Tak DH, Koh YG. Implantation of mesenchymal stem cells in combination with allogenic cartilage improves cartilage regeneration and clinical outcomes in patients with concomitant high tibial osteotomy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:544-54. [PMID: 31549208 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the clinical, radiological, and second-look arthroscopic outcomes of implanting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) alone and together with allogenic cartilage in patients treated with concomitant high tibial oteotomy (HTO) for varus knee osteoarthritis. METHODS Eighty patients treated with cartilage repair procedures and concomitant HTO were prospectively randomized into two groups: MSC implantation (MSC group), and MSC implantation with allogenic cartilage (MSC-AC group). Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Lysholm Score and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) at preoperative and every follow-up visit. Radiological outcomes were evaluated by measuring the femorotibial angle and posterior tibial slope. During second-look arthroscopy, cartilage regeneration was evaluated according to the Kanamiya grade. RESULTS Clinical outcomes at the second-look arthroscopy (mean 12.5 months [MSC group] and 12.4 months [MSC-AC group]) improved significantly in both groups (P < 0.001 for all). Clinical outcomes from the second-look arthroscopy to the final follow-up (mean 27.3 months [MSC group] and 27.8 months [MSC-AC group]) improved further only in the MSC-AC group (P < 0.05 for all). Overall, the Kanamiya grades, which were significantly correlated with clinical outcomes, were significantly higher in the MSC-AC group than in the MSC group. Radiological outcomes at final follow-up revealed improved knee joint alignments relative to preoperative conditions but without significant correlation between clinical outcomes and Kanamiya grade in either group (n.s. for all). CONCLUSION Implantation of MSCs with allogenic cartilage is superior to implantation of MSCs alone in cartilage regeneration accompanied with better clinical outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic study, level II.
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Jeong BO, Kim TY, Baek JH, Jung H, Song SH. Following the correction of varus deformity of the knee through total knee arthroplasty, significant compensatory changes occur not only at the ankle and subtalar joint, but also at the foot. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:3230-3237. [PMID: 29349665 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-4840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess radiological changes of the ankle joint, subtalar joint and foot following the correction of varus deformity of the knee with total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It was hypothesized that following the correction of varus deformity by TKA, compensatory reactions would occur at the subtalar joint in accordance with the extent of the correction. METHODS For this prospective study, 375 knees of patients who underwent TKA between 2011 and 2012 were enrolled. The varus angle of the knee, talar tilt of the ankle joint (TT), ground-talar dome angle of the foot (GD), anterior surface angle of the distal tibia and lateral surface angle of the distal tibia, heel alignment ratio (HR), heel alignment angle (HA), and heel alignment distance (HD) were measured on radiographs obtained pre-operatively and at post-operative 6 months. RESULTS The mean correction angle in varus deformity of the knee was 10.8 ± 4.1°. TT and GD changed significantly from 0.4 ± 1.9° and 6.5 ± 3.1° pre-operatively to 0.1 ± 1.8° and 0.2 ± 2.1°, respectively (p = 0.007, p < 0.001). No correlation was found between the preop-postop variance in mechanical axis of the lower extremity (MA) and TT, but there was a strong correlation between the preop-postop variance in MA and GD (r = 0.701). HR, HA and HD also changed significantly post-operatively, and the preop-postop variance in MA showed correlations with the preop-postop variances in HR, HA and HD (r = 0.206, - 0.348, and - 0.418). TT and the three indicators of hindfoot alignment all shifted to varus whereas GD was oriented in valgus. CONCLUSION Following the correction of varus deformity of the knee through TKA, significant compensatory changes occurred not only at the ankle and subtalar joints, but also at the foot. The findings of this study are useful in predicting the orientation of changes in the ankle and subtalar joints and the foot following TKA, and in determining the sequence of surgery when both the ankle and knee have a problem. In other words, changes in the parts of the lower extremity below the ankle joint following the correction of varus deformity of the knee must be considered when TKA is planned and performed. Patients who have problems at the ankle, subtalar, and foot joints in addition to varus deformity of the knee are recommended to undergo knee joint correction first. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi O Jeong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea.
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Jong Hun Baek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Jung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
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Morin V, Pailhé R, Duval BR, Mader R, Cognault J, Rouchy RC, Saragaglia D. Gait analysis following medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:1838-1844. [PMID: 28251263 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-017-4421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is used to treat young and active patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and varus deformity. The medial compartment OA alters the patients' gait. METHODS A prospective study was carried out in 21 consecutive patients operated for HTO due to knee OA with varus deformity. There were 14 men and 7 women, with a median age of 51.9 years (38-64). Their gait was analyzed preoperatively and at 1 year postoperatively, and compared to a healthy control group. Clinical assessment (KOOS, WOMAC, Lysholm, and SF-36 scores) was also performed preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS Patients with medial compartment OA had altered gait relative to the control population. Their walking speed was slower, step length was shorter, and single-leg stance time was shorter, while the double-leg stance time was longer (P < 0.001). Step width was not different between the two groups preoperatively (n.s.), but it was wider in the patient group postoperatively (P = 0.003). There were no differences in the patients' gait parameters before and after the osteotomy (n.s.). However, there was an improved perception of walking so that it is no longer different from controls (n.s.). The KOOS, WOMAC, Lysholm and SF-36 scores improved after HTO. The preoperative median of 7° varus (1-11) was corrected to 3° valgus (0-6). CONCLUSION Medial compartment OA with varus deformity leads to gait modifications. HTO does not alter the time-distance parameters of gait; however, patients have improved perception of their walking ability. HTO leads to excellent results for knee function, and improves quality of life without modifying the gait pattern. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Morin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sport Traumatology, Grenoble South Teaching Hospital, 38130, Echirolles, France.
| | - Régis Pailhé
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sport Traumatology, Grenoble South Teaching Hospital, 38130, Echirolles, France
| | - Brice Rubens Duval
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sport Traumatology, Grenoble South Teaching Hospital, 38130, Echirolles, France
| | - Roch Mader
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sport Traumatology, Grenoble South Teaching Hospital, 38130, Echirolles, France
| | - Jérémy Cognault
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sport Traumatology, Grenoble South Teaching Hospital, 38130, Echirolles, France
| | - René-Christopher Rouchy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sport Traumatology, Grenoble South Teaching Hospital, 38130, Echirolles, France
| | - Dominique Saragaglia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sport Traumatology, Grenoble South Teaching Hospital, 38130, Echirolles, France
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Sasaki A, Sugita T, Aizawa T, Miyatake N, Kamimura M, Fujisawa H, Takahashi A. Evaluation of the size and position of the insertion of the anterior medial meniscus root in varus osteoarthritic knees. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:362-7. [PMID: 26740086 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have suggested radial displacement of the medial meniscus as a cause of varus knee osteoarthritis (OA). Two anatomical studies reported that such displacement may be associated with anterior insertion of the medial meniscus anterior horn. It was aimed to evaluate the location and area of this insertion in patients with advanced knee OA. METHODS Medial meniscus anterior horn insertions were classified into four types, as described in a previously reported classification during 225 total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in 184 patients. The incidence rates of insertion type were compared with previously reported rates in nearly normal or non-arthritic knees. The insertion surface area was also measured during 158 TKAs. RESULTS Of the 225 knees, 82 (36.4 %), 93 (41.3 %), 35 (15.6 %), and 15 (6.7 %) were classified as I, II, III, and IV, respectively. An anteriorly inserted anterior horn was not more frequent in advanced varus OA knees than in previously reported nearly normal or non-arthritic knees. The insertion surface areas were 57.5 ± 18.9, 56.1 ± 16.0, and 56.4 ± 14.4 mm2 for types I, II, and III, respectively; these areas did not differ significantly. CONCLUSION Since the incidence of an anteriorly inserted medial meniscus anterior horn was not higher in advanced varus OA knees than in normal or non-arthritic knees, an anteriorly inserted anterior horn may have little or no effect on the aetiology of varus OA knees. This study provides some information for clarifying the aetiology of knee OA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Takenaka T, Ikoma K, Ohashi S, Arai Y, Hara Y, Ueshima K, Sawada K, Shirai T, Fujiwara H, Kubo T. Hindfoot alignment at one year after total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24:2442-6. [PMID: 26704801 PMCID: PMC4969332 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has previously been found that valgus hindfoot alignment (HFA) improves 3 weeks following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for varus knee osteoarthritis (OA). In the present study, HFA was evaluated prior to TKA, as well as 3 weeks and 1 year following TKA. Using these multiple evaluations, the chronological effects of TKA on HFA were investigated. METHODS The study included 71 patients (73 legs) who underwent TKA for varus knee OA. Radiograph examinations of the entire limb and hindfoot were performed in the standing position prior to TKA, as well as 3 weeks and 1 year following TKA. The varus-valgus angle was used as an indicator of HFA in the coronal plane. Patients were divided into two groups according to the preoperative varus-valgus angle: a hindfoot varus group (varus-valgus angle <76°) and a hindfoot valgus group (varus-valgus angle ≥76°). The changes in the varus-valgus angle were evaluated and compared in both groups. RESULTS In the hindfoot valgus group, the mean ± standard deviation varus-valgus angle significantly declined from 80.5 ± 3.1° prior to TKA to 78.6 ± 3.7° 3 weeks following TKA and 77.1 ± 2.7° 1 year following TKA. However, in the hindfoot varus group, the mean varus-valgus angle prior to TKA (72.7 ± 2.6°) did not differ significantly from the mean varus-valgus angles 3 weeks (72.3 ± 3.3°) or 1 year (73.5 ± 3.0°) following TKA. CONCLUSIONS HFA improved chronologically in legs with hindfoot valgus as a result of the alignment compensation ability of the hindfoot following TKA. However, no improvement was noted in legs with hindfoot varus because the alignment compensation ability of the hindfoot had been lost. The patients with hindfoot varus should be attended for ankle pain in the outpatient clinic after TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Takenaka
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 6028566, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ikoma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 6028566, Japan.
| | - Suzuyo Ohashi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 6028566, Japan
| | - Yuji Arai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 6028566, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 6028566, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Ueshima
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 6028566, Japan
| | - Koushiro Sawada
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 6028566, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Shirai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 6028566, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 6028566, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kubo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 6028566, Japan
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