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Bronsard G, Leroux PA, Diallo I, Eleuterio J, Le Bihan A, Boyer L, Lavenne-Collot N. Prevalence of mental disorders in closed educational centers in France. Encephale 2024:S0013-7006(24)00016-2. [PMID: 38368185 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Closed educational centres (CEC) receive young offenders who most often have a conduct disorder (CD). Mental disorders other than conduct disorder are a negative factor in the effect of educational actions. Moreover, adverse life experiences are frequent vulnerability factors in this population. This article aims to document the prevalence and links between psychiatric disorders, exposure to trauma, and the psycho-behavioural characteristics of adolescents placed in CEC. METHOD We conducted a multicentre epidemiological study on a sample of 101 adolescents placed in nine closed educational centres in France. Psychiatric disorders were measured by the MINI-KID 2 and Conners Rating Scale questionnaires. Several questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic data and the psychological profile of each adolescent. RESULTS Among the adolescents, 90.2% had at least one mental disorder with a predominance of conduct disorder (80%). Comorbidity was also frequently found: among the subjects with conduct disorder, 37% had at least one other psychiatric disorder. Interestingly, the intensity of conduct disorder and the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) score were significantly correlated. Furthermore, two subgroups were identified: adolescents with isolated conduct disorder (44.6%) and adolescents with other psychiatric disorders (45.7%) with or without conduct disorder. The latter subgroup showed higher vulnerability and poorer outcomes in terms of attachment patterns, feelings of abandonment, hostility and impulsivity. CONCLUSION This study is the first French epidemiological study of mental disorders in juvenile offenders. It suggests that the detection of psychiatric disorders in young people in CEC is an important prerequisite for the implementation of targeted interventions according to different profiles. Furthermore, collaboration between the medical-psychological and judicial fields, in the form of an operational partnership, is necessary to guarantee better support for these young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bronsard
- Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Bohars Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; EA7479 SPURBO, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France; EA3279 CEReSS, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Leroux
- Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Bohars Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; EA7479 SPURBO, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Issaga Diallo
- EA3279 CEReSS, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jules Eleuterio
- Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Bohars Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; EA7479 SPURBO, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Alban Le Bihan
- Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Bohars Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; EA7479 SPURBO, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- EA3279 CEReSS, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France; Medical Information Department, Public Assistance-Marseille University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Lavenne-Collot
- Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Bohars Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; EA7479 SPURBO, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France; Inserm U1101, LATIM, Brest, France.
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Moran K, Dyas R, Kelly C, Young D, Minnis H. Reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, adverse childhood experiences, and mental health in an imprisoned young offender population. Psychiatry Res 2024; 332:115597. [PMID: 38194802 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high proportion of young people in prison have a history of abuse and neglect, and/or of neurodevelopmental or psychiatric conditions. Despite this, the only two conditions specifically associated with abuse and neglect, Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED), have never been included as part of a comprehensive prevalence study. METHODS A cross sectional study, in 110 male inmates aged 16 to 23, examined the prevalence of, and associations between, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), neurodevelopmental and mental health conditions, including RAD and DSED. OUTCOMES Virtually all of the young men (96 %) had one or more lifetime neurodevelopmental or mental health conditions, 85.5 % had a current condition, yet less than 3 % reported having received a mental health assessment in prison. High rates of RAD and/or DSED symptoms were found (53.6 %) and 74.5 % had experienced some form of abuse or neglect. INTERPRETATION There is a high prevalence of ACEs, RAD/DSED, neurodevelopmental and other mental health conditions within this population. Comprehensive clinical assessments are required to ensure appropriate support and staff training is needed to ensure that the full implications of the high prevalence of neurodevelopmental and mental health conditions are understood as part of trauma informed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Moran
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Rebecca Dyas
- University of Glasgow School of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - David Young
- Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Scotland.
| | - Helen Minnis
- University of Glasgow School of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow, Scotland.
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Kippin NR, Leitao S, Finlay-Jones A, Baker J, Watkins R. The oral and written narrative language skills of adolescent students in youth detention and the impact of language disorder. J Commun Disord 2021; 90:106088. [PMID: 33631552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unmet language and literacy needs are common among young people who are involved with youth justice systems. However, there is limited research regarding the functional text-level language skills of this population with regard to narrative macrostructure (story grammar) and microstructure (semantics and syntax) elements. METHODS In this study, we examined macrostructure and microstructure elements in the oral and written narrative texts of 24 adolescent students of a youth detention centre. The students, who were aged 14- to 17- years, were all speakers of Standard Australian English, and 11 (46%) students met criteria for language disorder (LD). FINDINGS When we compared the narratives according to modality of language, the students demonstrated stronger narrative language skills in the written modality compared to the oral. However, when we compared the narratives according to language ability, we found that the impact of LD on inclusion of macrostructure elements was greater in the oral modality, and for microstructure elements, was greater in the written modality. Errors in written conventions were common among both students with and without LD. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that both the modality of language as well as the presence of LD should be considered when young people are required to participate in forensic contexts including programs that address educational and rehabilitation needs. Our results indicate a need for consistent text-level language assessment to better identify and respond to functional difficulties within language and literacy. There is potential for speech-language pathology services to enhance comprehensive assessment as well as inform educational and rehabilitation programs for young people who are involved with youth justice systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Kippin
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Western Australia, Australia; School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Suze Leitao
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Western Australia, Australia; School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amy Finlay-Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychology, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Baker
- Fremantle Speech Pathology Services, 1/14 Cockburn Road, Hamilton Hill, 6163, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rochelle Watkins
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Western Australia, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Kippin NR, Leitão S, Watkins R, Finlay-Jones A, Condon C, Marriott R, Mutch RC, Bower C. Language diversity, language disorder, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among youth sentenced to detention in Western Australia. Int J Law Psychiatry 2018; 61:40-49. [PMID: 30420110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While studies confirm high prevalence of language disorder among justice-involved young people, little is known about the impact of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) on language among this population. It is also not clear how language skills vary according to language diversity in Australian youth justice settings, where a disproportionate number of justice-involved youth are Aboriginal and may not speak Standard Australian English (SAE) as their first language. Language skills are important to understand, as language disorder and language difference can lead to a mismatch between the communication skills of a young person and the communication skills of the justice workforce with whom they are communicating. In the highly verbal environments that are common to justice systems, language disorder and language difference may result in a young person misunderstanding legal information and expectations placed on them and not being adequately understood by the justice workforce. METHODS This study examined the language skills of 98 young people sentenced to detention in Western Australia (WA), who participated in a cross-sectional study examining the prevalence of FASD. Language skills assessed using standardised and non-standardised tasks were analysed by the three major language groups identified: speakers of SAE, Aboriginal English and English as an additional language. RESULTS We identified rich diversity of languages, and multilingualism was common. Most young people for whom English was not their first language demonstrated difficulties in SAE competence. Further, nearly one in two young people were identified with language disorder - over half of whom had language disorder associated with FASD. CONCLUSIONS This study has documented language diversity and the prevalence of language disorder associated with FASD among a representative sample of youth sentenced to detention in WA. Results underscore the need for the justice workforce to consider language difference when working with justice-involved youth, as well as language disorder and FASD. The findings also demonstrate the need for speech pathology to be embedded as core service in youth justice systems, working in collaboration with local cultural and language advisors and accredited interpreters. This can better enable appropriate identification of and response to communication and associated rehabilitation needs of young people navigating youth justice systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Kippin
- Alcohol, Pregnancy and FASD, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work, and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; FASD Research Australia Centre for Research Excellence, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Suze Leitão
- Alcohol, Pregnancy and FASD, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work, and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Rochelle Watkins
- Alcohol, Pregnancy and FASD, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; FASD Research Australia Centre for Research Excellence, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Amy Finlay-Jones
- Alcohol, Pregnancy and FASD, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; FASD Research Australia Centre for Research Excellence, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Carmen Condon
- Alcohol, Pregnancy and FASD, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rhonda Marriott
- Alcohol, Pregnancy and FASD, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Murdoch University Ngangk Yira Research Centre for Aboriginal Health and Social Equity, Perth, Australia
| | - Raewyn C Mutch
- Alcohol, Pregnancy and FASD, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; FASD Research Australia Centre for Research Excellence, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Carol Bower
- Alcohol, Pregnancy and FASD, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; FASD Research Australia Centre for Research Excellence, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Quinn S, Swain N. Efficacy of intensive voice feminisation therapy in a transgender young offender. J Commun Disord 2018; 72:1-15. [PMID: 29454176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that transgender young offenders are a uniquely vulnerable caseload that may benefit from speech pathology intervention to help bring their voice into alignment with their gender identity. However, no previous studies have investigated treatment efficacy in this population. This study investigated the impact of intensive voice feminisation therapy targeting fundamental frequency and oral resonance in a 17 year old transgender individual within a youth justice institution. Acoustic analysis, listener and self-ratings of vocal femininity, self-ratings of vocal satisfaction, a post-treatment structured interview, and pre- and post- treatment completion of the Transsexual Voice Questionnaire (TVQMtF) were utilised to determine treatment impact. Outcome measures indicated therapy was effective at increasing the client's vocal pitch and perceptually femininity without compromising vocal quality. However, the client was still not consistently perceived as female post-intervention and had difficulty implementing feminine speech strategies in discourse. This case study provides preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of intensive voice feminisation therapy in a youth offending population. This research also highlights the potential utility of speech pathologists working in youth justice settings, even when the timeframe for intervention is limited. Furthermore, this research paper validates the use of perceptual outcome measures in transgender voice work, by replicating previous findings in which significant correlations were found between perceptual ratings of vocal gender and client satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling Quinn
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Nathaniel Swain
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Moran K, McDonald J, Jackson A, Turnbull S, Minnis H. A study of Attachment Disorders in young offenders attending specialist services. Child Abuse Negl 2017; 65:77-87. [PMID: 28126657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Attachment disorders, specifically Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) are disorders associated with neglect and abuse in which people have significant difficulties relating to others. This study aims to explore Attachment Disorder symptoms and diagnoses in young offenders and factors that may be associated with them such as mental health problems. A cross-sectional design was used with 29 young people who were known to Intensive Services, aged 12-17 (M=16.2, SD=1.3), 29 carers and 20 teachers. They completed measures investigating symptoms of Attachment Disorders and psychopathology. Eighty-six percent of the young people had experienced some form of maltreatment and the rates of an actual or borderline Attachment Disorder was 52%. A positive correlation between Attachment Disorder symptoms and other mental health problems (as rated by carer-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Total Difficulties Score), accounting for 36% of the variance was found, with a large effect size (rs=0.60). Attachment Disorder symptoms were associated with hyperactivity and peer relationship problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Moran
- Adverse Childhood Experiences Centre, Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow, Scotland G12 0XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Jennifer McDonald
- Forensic Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Ferguson Smith Centre, Dalnair Street, Glasgow, Scotland G3 8SJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Alison Jackson
- Adverse Childhood Experiences Centre, Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow, Scotland G12 0XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Sue Turnbull
- Adverse Childhood Experiences Centre, Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow, Scotland G12 0XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen Minnis
- Adverse Childhood Experiences Centre, Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow, Scotland G12 0XH, United Kingdom.
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