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Yuan X, Fu M, Gong X, Wang L, Zhao S, Zhang C, Wang H, Liu L. Exploring the body surface temperature of the lumbosacral region and relevant back- shu points in patients with lumbar disc herniation induced low back pain based on infrared thermography. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2024; 44:423-427. [PMID: 38621730 DOI: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.20230915-k0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To observe the body surface temperature of the lumbosacral region and relevant back-shu points in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) induced low back pain utilizing infrared thermography, and to explore the functional attribute changes of acupoints under pathological conditions. METHODS A total of 50 patients with LDH induced low back pain were included as the observation group, and 45 healthy subjects were included as the control group. Using infrared thermography, the body surface temperature of the lumbosacral region and bilateral Sanjiaoshu (BL 22), Shenshu (BL 23), Qihaishu (BL 24), Dachangshu (BL 25), Guanyuanshu (BL 26), Xiaochangshu (BL 27), and Pangguangshu (BL 28) was measured in both groups. The temperature difference values between the bilateral lumbosacral regions and back-shu points of the two groups were calculated. Additionally, the body surface temperature of the affected and healthy sides of the lumbosacral region and relevant back-shu points was compared in the observation group. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the body surface temperature of the lumbosacral region and the bilateral temperature difference values of the lumbosacral regions were increased in the observation group (P<0.001). The body surface temperature difference values of bilateral Shenshu (BL 23), Qihaishu (BL 24), Dachangshu (BL 25), Guanyuanshu (BL 26) and Xiaochangshu (BL 27) in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001). In the observation group, the body surface temperature of the affected side of the lumbosacral region as well as Shenshu (BL 23) and Dachangshu (BL 25) was elevated compared with that of healthy side (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The patients with LDH induced low back pain have imbalanced and asymmetrical distribution of body surface temperature in the lumbosacral region and related back-shu points, Shenshu (BL 23) and Dachangshu (BL 25) have the relative specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yuan
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China.
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province.
| | - Mengyu Fu
- Institute of Health Care of Jiangsu Open University
| | - Xiaoyan Gong
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province
| | - Lingli Wang
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province
| | - Shumei Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hesheng Wang
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province
| | - Lanying Liu
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China.
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province.
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Wang X, Li X, Gao Y, Wang D, Liu J, Fan X, Chen H, Zuo G, Li H, Zheng X, Zhang X, Zhang J, She Y. Knowledge mapping of acupoint sensitization and acupoint specificity: a bibliometric analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1292478. [PMID: 38053608 PMCID: PMC10694261 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1292478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The relationship between acupoint sensitization and acupoint specificity is a topic of significant interest in acupuncture research. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that needling pain sensitive acupoints yields superior therapeutic outcomes compared to traditional acupoints, particularly in the context of pain disorders. However, there is a lack of bibliometric analysis in acupuncture area. Therefore, the objective of this study is to offer a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots pertaining to acupoint sensitization and acupoint specificity. Methods The search for publications pertaining to acupoint sensitization and acupoint specificity was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from its inception until August 11, 2023. Subsequently, bibliometric analyses were carried out using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, R software (Bibliometrix package), and GraphPad Prism software. Results This study includes 4,940 articles from 72 countries, with China and the United States being the leading countries. The number of publications related to acupoint sensitization and specificity has been increasing annually. Major research institutions involved in this field include the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and China Medical University, among others. "Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine" is the most popular journal in acupuncture field, and "PAIN" is the most co-cited journal. Publications are contributed by 20,325 authors from all over the world, with Wu Huangan, Fang Jianqiao, Lin Yi-Wen, Liu Huirong, and Chen Rixin having published the most articles. Han Ji-Sheng is the most cited author in this research area. The main directions include the study of temperature specificity of acupoints, the diagnosis of acupoint sensitization diseases, and the study of the mechanism of acupoint sensitization. The most listed keywords in recent years are "TRPV1," "signaling pathway," and "diagnosis." Conclusion This is the first bibliometric study to comprehensively summarize research trends and advances in acupoint sensitization and acupoint specificity, and the information highlights recent research preliminary and main directions that serve as a reference for acupoint sensitization and acupoint specificity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xuxin Li
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanbo Gao
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Dominant Diseases in Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Dominant Diseases in Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xisheng Fan
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Dominant Diseases in Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Guang Zuo
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Haiping Li
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaojun Zheng
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xifen Zhang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Juncha Zhang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Dominant Diseases in Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanfen She
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Massage, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Dominant Diseases in Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Fu MY, Han XX, Yuan X, Gong XY, Zhang C, Wang HS, Liu LY. [The specificity of body surface temperature of relevant back- shu points in patients with chronic persistent asthma based on infrared thermal imaging technology]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2023; 43:439-43. [PMID: 37068822 DOI: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.20220930-k0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the body surface temperature of the relevant back-shu points in patients with chronic persistent asthma by infrared thermal imaging technology, and observe the specific changes of the body surface temperature of the relevant back-shu points under the condition of lung disease. METHODS Forty-five patients with chronic persistent asthma (observation group) and 45 healthy subjects (control group) were selected. The body surface temperature of bilateral Feishu (BL 13), Geshu (BL 17), Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23) were measured by BK-MT02A medical infrared thermography. RESULTS The body surface temperature of bilateral Feishu (BL 13), Geshu (BL 17), Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23) in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). The body surface temperature of bilateral Feishu (BL 13) and Geshu (BL 17) was higher than that of ipsilateral Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23) in the two groups (P<0.01, P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in body surface temperature between ipsilateral Feishu (BL 13) and Geshu (BL 17), between ipsilateral Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23) (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The pathological increase of body surface temperature of Feishu (BL 13), Geshu (BL 17), Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23) in patients with chronic persistent asthma indicates that above acupoints have specificity in reflecting lung diseases. The Feishu (BL 13) and Geshu (BL 17), which have significantly increased body surface temperature, not only provide objective basis for the pathological pathogenesis of "deficiency in origin and excess in symptom" in patients with chronic persistent asthma, but also reflect the different expressions of different acupoints on the same meridian for the lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Fu
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China; First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province
| | - Xin-Xin Han
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China; First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China; First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province
| | - Xiao-Yan Gong
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China; First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - He-Sheng Wang
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lan-Ying Liu
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China; First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province
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Jiang YN, Li J, Chen YH, Zhou WZ, Wang Y, Fan GQ. [Relationship between the inserting sites of Fu's subcutaneous needling and traditional acupoints: revelation to acupuncture and moxibustion]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2023; 43:95-100. [PMID: 36633247 DOI: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.20220209-k0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Focusing on the phenomenon of "de-acupoints" of the needle insertion sites in Fu's subcutaneous needling (FSN), the authors allocated the evolution and characteristics of the needle insertion sites of FSN. From six aspects, named morphology and structure, location, nomenclature, numbers and meridian tropism, indications and acupuncture manipulations, the comparison was made between the insertion sites of FSN and traditional acupoints. It is believed: ①The needle insertion sites of FSN has the basic attributes of acupoint, which not only refers to the operation site, but also indicates the reaction of disease; moreover, it is the treatment site with significant therapeutic effect. ②The optimized sites of insertion in FSN should be named differently and their locations and numbers should be specified relatively. ③The insertion sites of FSN should be further intersected and integrated with traditional acupoints, and a part of traditional acupoints should become the insertion sites of FSN. ④Accepting and integrating the insertion sites of FSN, and expanding the scope of traditional acupoints may be the new project in the research of traditional acupoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Jiang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina, Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina, Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Hang Chen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina, Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina, Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina, Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang-Qi Fan
- Department of Encephalopathy, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210001, Jiangsu Province
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Abstract
Although acupuncture has spanned thousands of years in the history of traditional medicine, still some basic questions are not clarified. Acupuncture is the theory based on long time medical practice of the ancient sage, combined with objectivesymptom and medical expertise from diseases, and being applied for the instruction in clinic. In this way, acupoint is discovered by doctors in the practice of disease treatment other than a natural occurrence in the healthy population. And acupoint specificity is attached to the target organ involved in pathological condition. In our opinion, acupoint originates from somatic referred area reactive to visceral disorders. And accordingly, referred hyperesthesia of the somatic area is phenomenon of acupoint sensitization. Acupoint is the situ having health code formed in the biological evolution. Corresponding acupoint of a given organ is the alarmer for the state of health, and also is the trigger for self-healing where acupuncture can work as a gating-button. Therefore, acupoint must be accompanied with diseases in that it is reinforced by, relayed on, responsive to and neutralize by the pathological course. In conclusion, acupoint cannot exist without the disease. In another word, acupoint will be unshown, or be functionally hidden, under physiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Hwang YC, Lee IS, Ryu Y, Lee YS, Chae Y. Identification of Acupoint Indication from Reverse Inference: Data Mining of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3027. [PMID: 32962229 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity of acupoint indication (i.e., reverse inference—diseases for which an acupoint could be used) might differ from the specificity of acupoint selection (i.e., forward inference—acupoints used for a disease). In this study, we explore acupoint specificity through reverse inferences from the dataset of prescribed acupoints for a certain disease in clinical trials. We searched acupuncture treatment regimens in randomized controlled trials included in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. For forward inference, the acupoints prescribed for each disease were quantified. For reverse inference, diseases for each acupoint were quantified. Data were normalized using Z-scores. Bayes factor correction was performed to adjust for the prior probability of diseases. The specificities of acupoint selections in 30 diseases were determined using forward inference. The specificities of acupoint indications regarding 49 acupoints were identified using reverse inference and then subjected to Bayes factor correction. Two types of acupoint indications were identified for 24 acupoints: regional and distal. Our approach suggests that the specificity of acupoint indication can be inferred from clinical data using reverse inference. Acupoint indication will improve our understanding of acupoint specificity and will lead to the establishment of a new model of analysis and educational resources for acupoint characteristics.
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Qiu K, Yin T, Hong X, Sun R, He Z, Liu X, Ma P, Yang J, Lan L, Li Z, Tang C, Cheng S, Liang F, Zeng F. Does the Acupoint Specificity Exist? Evidence from Functional Neuroimaging Studies. Curr Med Imaging 2020; 16:629-638. [PMID: 32723234 DOI: 10.2174/1573405615666190220113111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using functional neuroimaging techniques to explore the central mechanism of acupoint specificity, the key of acupuncture theory and clinical practice, has attracted increasing attention worldwide. This review aimed to investigate the current status of functional neuroimaging studies on acupoint specificity and explore the potential influencing factors for the expression of acupoint specificity in neuroimaging studies. METHODS PubMed database was searched from January 1st, 1995 to December 31st, 2016 with the language restriction in English. Data including basic information, methodology and study results were extracted and analyzed from the eligible records. RESULTS Seventy-nine studies were finally enrolled. 65.8% of studies were performed in China, 73.4% of studies were conducted with healthy subjects, 77.2% of studies chose manual acupuncture as the intervention, 86.1% of studies focused on the instant efficacy and 89.9% of studies used functional magnetic resonance imaging as scanning technique. The average sample size was 16 per group. The comparison of verum acupoints and sham acupoints were the main body of acupoint specificity researches. 93.7% of studies obtained the positive results and favored the existence of acupoint specificity. CONCLUSION This review affirmed the existence of acupoint specificity and deemed that the acupoint specificity was relative. Multiple factors such as participants, sample size, acupoint combinations, treatment courses, and types of acupoint could influence the expression of acupoint specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Qiu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Tao Yin
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hong
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Ruirui Sun
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Zhaoxuan He
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Peihong Ma
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Lei Lan
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Chenjian Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Shirui Cheng
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Fanrong Liang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
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Yu CC, Ma CY, Wang H, Kong LH, Zhao Y, Shen F, Wu M. Effects of Acupuncture on Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from Neuroimaging Studies. Chin J Integr Med 2019; 25:631-40. [PMID: 30155679 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the worldwide population ages, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) increases. However, the results of promising medications have been unsatisfactory. Chinese acupuncture has a long history of treating dementia, but lack of evidence from well-designed randomized controlled trials that validate its efficacy and safety, as well as its lack of clear underlying mechanisms, contribute to its limited application in clinical practice. In recent years, brain imaging technologies, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, have been used to assess brain responses to acupuncture in a dynamic, visual, and objective way. These techniques are frequently used to explore neurological mechanisms of responses to acupuncture in AD and provide neuroimaging evidence as well as starting points to elucidate the possible mechanisms. This review summarizes the existing brain imaging evidence that explains the effects of acupuncture for AD and analyzes brain responses to acupuncture at cognitive-related acupoints [Baihui (GV 20), Shenmen (HT 7), Zusanli (ST 36), Neiguan (PC 6), and Taixi (KI 3)] from perspectives of acupoint specificity and acupoint combinations. Key issues and directions to consider in future studies are also put forward. This review should deepen our understanding of how brain imaging studies can be used to explore the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture in AD.
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Chen ZH, Wang R, Xie J, Ren YL. [Mechanism of acupoint selection along meridians to improve adenosine receptor of myocardial ischemia based on acupoint specificity]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2019; 39:855-60. [PMID: 31397131 DOI: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the action mechanism of acupoint selection along meridians to improve adenosine receptor in myocardial ischemia (MI) rats by comparing the effects of acupoint selection along meridians, acupoint selection at other meridians and non-acupoint on expression of adenosine receptor. METHODS A total of 120 SD rats were randomly divided into a blank group, a sham operation group, a model group, an acupoint-selection-along-meridians (ASAM) group, an acupoint-selection-at-other-meridians (ASAOM) group and a non-acupoint group, 20 rats in each group. The model of MI was not made in the blank group; the left anterior descending coronary artery was not ligated after thoracotomy in the sham operation group; the model of MI was made but acupuncture was not given in the model group. After the model of MI was made, electroacupuncture (EA) was applied at "Neiguan" (PC 6) in the ASAM group, at "Hegu" (LI 4) in the ASAOM group, and at the area between the third and fourth metatarsal bone in the non-acupoint group. EA was given 20 min per treatment, once a day for 5 days. After treatment, the TTC staining was used to detect myocardial infarction, the Tunel method was used to detect cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and the immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of adenosine receptors A1, A2a and A2b. RESULTS Compared with the blank group and the sham operation group, the percentage of myocardial infarction and apoptotic rate of myocardial cells in the model group were increased significantly (P<0.01). After EA treatment, compared with the model group, the percentage of myocardial infarction and apoptotic rate of myocardial cells in the ASAM group were decreased significantly (P<0.01), and the expression levels of adenosine receptors A1, A2a and A2b were increased significantly (P<0.01). The percentage of myocardial infarction and apoptotic rate of myocardial cells in the ASAM group were significantly lower than those in the ASAOM group and the non-acupoint group (P<0.01), and the expression levels of adenosine receptors A1, A2a and A2b in the ASAM group were significantly higher than those in the ASAOM group and non-acupoint group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Compared with acupoint selection at other meridians or non-acupoints, acupoint selection along meridians can effectively regulate the expression of adenosine receptors A1, A2a and A2b, improve the condition of myocardial infarction, inhibit myocardial cell apoptosis, and consequently protect ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Han Chen
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jin Xie
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Lan Ren
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
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Li Z, Zou W, Yu X. [Effects of acupoint specificity on claustrophobia]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2018; 38:948-52. [PMID: 30672180 DOI: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effectiveness of acupuncture on claustrophobia, and to explore the effects of acupoint specificity on claustrophobia. METHODS This was an evaluator-blinded randomized controlled trial. One hundred and sixty patients who presented with claustrophobia during magnetic resonance imaging examination were randomized into an acupoint group, a non-acupoint group, a sham-acupoint group and a blank group, 40 cases in each one. The patients in the acupoint group were treated with acupuncture at Zhaohai (KI 6), Taichong (LR 3), Lingdao (HT 4), Neiguan (PC 6), Shenmen (HT 7), Danzhong (CV 17), Baihui (GV 20) and Fengchi (GB 20). The patients in the non-acupoint group were treated with acupuncture at points 0.5 cun next to the acupoints above. The patients in the sham-acupoint group were treated with acupuncture at acupoints not closely correlated to claustrophobia in corresponding segment. All the acupuncture was given once. No treatment was used in the blank group. The state anxiety questionnaire (S-AI) was observed in all the patients at the end of MRI examination before and after treatment. The clinical therapeutic effects were compared among four groups. RESULTS Compared before treatment, the S-AI score was reduced in the acupoint group, non-acupoint group and sham-acupoint group after treatment (P<0.05, P<0.01); the differences of S-AI score before and after treatment in the blank group were not statistically significant (P>0.05). After treatment, the S-AI scores in the acupoint group, non-acupoint group and sham-acupoint group was lower than that in the blank group (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the differences of S-AI score were higher than that in the blank group (P<0.01). The S-AI score in the acupoint group was lower than that in the non-acupoint group and sham-acupoint group (P<0.05), and the difference of S-AI score was higher than those in the non-acupoint group and sham-acupoint group (P<0.05). The difference of S-AI score in the non-acupoint group was higher than that in sham-acupoint group (P<0.05). The total effective rate was 92.5% (37/40) in the acupoint group, which was significantly superior to 25.0% (10/40) in the non- acupoint group, 17.5% (7/40) in the sham-acupoint group and 5.0% (2/40) in the blank group (P<0.05, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Acupuncture showes superior effect on claustrophobia, and its tranquilizing effect may be related with acupoint specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Li
- Heilongjiang University of CM, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wei Zou
- the Third Branch of Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of CM, Harbin 150040
| | - Xueping Yu
- the Third Branch of Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of CM, Harbin 150040
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Abstract
We retrieve and analyze the articles on body surface temperature of acupoints in the recent 50 years. Surface temperatures have been compared between acupoints and nonacupoints, and among acupoints in different states. The impacts of interventions for acupoint temperature are explored, including acupuncture,moxibustion and cupping, etc. We summarize the features and the rules of acupoint skin temperature. It is considered that there exists distribution rule for healthy people's acupoint skin temperature. That means acupoints have higher surface temperature than nonacupoints. In the same meridian the nearer acupoints close to the head and trunk, the higher the temperature is. The difference in symmetrical acupoints temperatures between the left and right side is about 0.5℃. In the different meridians the skin temperatures of adjacent acpoints are similar. The changes of acupoint's skin temperature in illness can be used as the auxiliary diagnosis. Acupuncture, moxibustion and cupping can produce acupoints stimulating, metabolism improving, yin-yang balance, acupoint temperature regulating. Thus,diseases are relieved. The specificity and regularity that acupoint's skin temperature presents may be one of the manifestations of the acupoint specificity, also it is an important starting point of the research on acupoint sensitization. The further studies should consider different diseases and modern biological engineering techniques, so that more rules of acupoints temperature can be found by more sensitive and objective temperature measurements as well as experimental and the mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhou
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xing Wang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yunyun Zhao
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Lan
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Preventive Treatment Center, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Wes-tern Medicine Hospital, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China.
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Zeng F, Lan L, Tang Y, Liu M, Liu X, Song W, Li Y, Qin W, Sun J, Yu S, Gao X, Tian J, Liang F. Cerebral responses to puncturing at different acupoints for treating meal-related functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:559-68. [PMID: 25693969 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the similarities and differences in cerebral responses to puncturing at different acupoints for treating meal-related functional dyspepsia (FD). METHODS Twenty right-handed FD patients were enrolled and randomized divided into two groups. Each patient received 20 sessions' electro-acupuncture treatment. The acupoints used in Group A were four acupoints on the Stomach Meridian, and the acupoints used in Group B were four acupoints on the Gallbladder Meridian. PET-CT scans were performed before and after acupuncture treatment to record the changes of cerebral glycometabolism. KEY RESULTS After treatment, the dyspepsia symptoms and the quality of life (QOL) of the patients in each group were significantly improved (p < 0.05) and there was insignificant difference in efficacy between the two groups (p > 0.05). In Group A, deactivation in brainstem, bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and cerebellum, left superior medial frontal gyrus, orbital frontal cortex (OFC), and thalamus, etc., and activation in bilateral middle cingulate cortex (MCC), precuneus and lingual gyrus, etc. were observed. In Group B, deactivation in brainstem, bilateral thalamus, putamen, ACC, postterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum, etc., and activation in bilateral MCC, precuneus, left OFC, etc. were observed (p < 0.05, Family-wise error corrected). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Different acupoints have similar clinical efficacy but relatively different cerebral responses. The influence on the sensory transduction regions (brainstem and thalamus) and visceral modulation regions might be the common mechanism of different acupoints treating for FD, and the modulation on some emotion/cognition-related areas (e.g., prefrontal cortex) is the potential difference between the different acupoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zeng
- Acupunture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Chen S, Xu M, Li H, Liang J, Yin L, Liu X, Jia X, Zhu F, Wang D, Shi X, Zhao L. Acupuncture at the Taixi (KI3) acupoint activates cerebral neurons in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1163-8. [PMID: 25206776 PMCID: PMC4146092 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.135319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous findings have demonstrated that acupuncture at the Taixi (KI3) acupoint in healthy youths can activate neurons in cognitive-related cerebral cortex. Here, we investigated whether acupuncture at this acupoint in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment can also activate neurons in these regions. Resting state and task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging showed that the pinprick senstation of acupuncture at the Taixi acupoint differed significantly between elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment and healthy elderly controls. Results showed that 20 brain regions were activated in both groups of participants, including the bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann areas [BA] 32, 24), left medial frontal cortex (BA 9, 10, 11), left cuneus (BA 19), left middle frontal gyrus (BA 11), left lingual gyrus (BA 18), right medial frontal gyrus (BA 11), bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47), left superior frontal gyrus (BA11), right cuneus (BA 19, 18), right superior temporal gyrus (BA 38), left subcallosal gyrus (BA 47), bilateral precuneus (BA 19), right medial frontal gyrus (BA 10), right superior frontal (BA 11), left cingulate gyrus (BA 32), left precentral gyrus (BA 6), and right fusiform gyrus (BA 19). These results suggest that acupuncture at the Taixi acupoint in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment can also activate some brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjie Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Baoan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China ; Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Maosheng Xu
- Department of Imaging, Baoan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jiuping Liang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Liang Yin
- Department of Imaging, Baoan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyan Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation, Baoan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fen Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Baoan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Baoan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuemin Shi
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Li D, Yang M, Zhao L, Zheng H, Li Y, Chang X, Cui J, Wang R, Shi J, Lv J, Leng J, Li J, Liang F. Acupuncture for chronic, stable angina pectoris and an investigation of the characteristics of acupoint specificity: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:50. [PMID: 24499445 PMCID: PMC3922315 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stable angina pectoris (CSAP) is a common cardiovascular condition that endangers a patient's life quality and longevity. As demonstrated in several clinical trials, acupuncture is attested to be effective for CSAP. Current trials are not adequate enough to provide high-quality evidence for clinical decision making, as a result of inadequate methodology design and small sample size. Notably, stark controversy toward acupoint specificity also exists in the clinical acupuncture trials for CSAP. Therefore, we designed the present study as a randomized controlled trial primarily to investigate the effectiveness of acupuncture in addition to routine care among patients with CSAP. Meanwhile, we examined whether acupoint on the disease-affected meridian (DAM) is superior to either acupoint on the non-affected meridian (NAM) or non-acupoint (NA), to further investigate the meridian-based characteristics of acupoint specificity. METHODS/DESIGN This study was a multicenter, assessor and statistician blinded, randomized controlled trial in China. In this study, 404 participants in sum will be randomly assigned to four groups through central randomization in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. The whole study period is 20 weeks including a 4-week baseline period, a 4-week treatment period and a 12-week follow-up. Participants in the DAM group receive acupuncture stimulation at acupoints on the disease-affected meridian, and three different control groups will undergo acupuncture stimulation at the NAM, the non-acupoint and no intervention respectively, in addition to basic treatment. Participants in the acupuncture groups will receive 12 sessions of acupuncture treatment over 4 weeks, while the wait-listed (WL) group would receive free acupuncture treatment after the completion of the study. The outcome measures in this trial include the frequency of angina attack during 4 weeks as the primary outcome and eight other secondary outcomes. DISCUSSION This trial will provide new and relatively high-quality evidence in acupuncture treatment for CSAP. Moreover, this trial may further validate the meridian-based characteristics of acupoint specificity by comparing the strength of acupoints on the disease-affected meridian versus that of the non-affected meridian, to further inspire optimization of acupuncture therapy for CSAP. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov NCT01686230.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxiao Yang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaorong Chang
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Cui
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Ruihui Wang
- Shanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junling Lv
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junyan Leng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fanrong Liang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.37, Shi Er Qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu 610075, China
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Li J, Zheng H, Zhao L, Li Y, Zhang Y, Chang XR, Wang RH, Shi J, Cui J, Huang YL, Li X, Chen J, Li DH, Liang FR. Acupuncture for patients with mild hypertension: study protocol of an open-label multicenter randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14:380. [PMID: 24216113 PMCID: PMC4225756 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies using acupuncture to treat essential hypertension have been carried out. However, whether acupuncture is efficacious for hypertension is still controversial. Therefore, this trial aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for patients with mild hypertension. METHODS/DESIGN This is a large scale, open-label, multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial with four parallel arms. We will recruit 428 hypertensive patients with systolic blood pressure (SBP) between 140 and 159 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between 90 and 99 mmHg. The participants will be randomly assigned to four different groups (three acupuncture groups and one waiting list group) (1).The affected meridian acupuncture group (n = 107) is treated with acupoints on the affected meridians (2).The non-affected meridian acupuncture group (n = 107) is treated with acupoints on the non-affected meridians (3).The invasive sham acupuncture group (n = 107) is provided with sham acupoints treatment (4).The waiting-list group (n = 107) is not offered any intervention until they complete the trial. Each patient allocated to acupuncture groups will receive 18 sessions of acupuncture treatment over 6 weeks. This trial will be conducted in 11 hospitals in China. The primary endpoint is the change in average 24-hSBP before and 6 weeks after randomization. The secondary endpoints are average SBP and average DBP during the daytime and night-time, and 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), and so on. DISCUSSION This is the first large scale, multicenter, randomized, sham controlled trial of acupuncture for essential hypertension in China. It may clarify the efficacy of acupuncture as a treatment for mild hypertension. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01701726.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiao-rong Chang
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Rui-hui Wang
- Shanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jing Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jin Cui
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yin-lan Huang
- Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, Gansu, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - De-hua Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fan-rong Liang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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