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Wang J, He W, Wang W, Luo Z, Han L, Xiang C, Chai M, Li T, Li J, Luo K, Zhao R, Liu S. A Novel Allotriploid Hybrid Derived From Female Goldfish × Male Bleeker's Yellow Tail. Front Genet 2022; 13:880591. [PMID: 35518352 PMCID: PMC9061998 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.880591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization is a traditional and effective strategy to alter the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring, and distant hybridization is a useful strategy to generate polyploids in fish. In this study, goldfish (Carassius auratus, GF, 2n = 100) and Bleeker’s yellow tail (Xenocypris davidi Bleeker, YT, 2n = 48), which belong to different subfamilies, were crossed with each other. The cross of female GF × male YT successfully obtained hybrid offspring (GFYT hybrids), while the cross of female YT × male GF was lethal, and all the fertilized eggs stopped developing before the neurula stage of embryogenesis. All GFYT hybrids possessed 124 chromosomes (3n = 124) with two sets from GF and one set from YT. The measurable and countable traits of GFYT hybrids were identified, and the genetic characteristics of 5S rDNA between GFYT hybrids and their parents were also revealed. There were, respectively, four and three different 5S rDNA types in GF (assigned as GF-Ⅰ∼Ⅳ) and YT (assigned as YT-Ⅰ∼Ⅲ), and GFYT hybrids specifically inherited YT-Ⅰ and YT-Ⅱ 5S rDNA types from YT and GF-Ⅲ and GF-Ⅳ from GF. In addition, there were only testis-like and fat-like gonads been found in GFYT hybrids. Interestingly, there were pyknotic and heteromorphous chromatin and invaginated cell membrane observed in the spermatids of testis-like gonads, but no mature sperm were found. Furthermore, TUNEL assays indicated that, compared with control, apparent apoptotic signals, which were mainly distributed around spermatid regions, were detected in the testis-like gonads, and the expression of apoptosis pathway-related genes including p53, bcl-2, bax, and caspase9 was significantly upregulated. Moreover, the expression of meiosis-related genes including spo11, dmc1, and rad51 showed an abnormally high expression, but mns1 and meig1, two key genes involved in the maturation of spermatid, were extremely downregulated. In brief, this is the first report of allotriploid via distant hybridization between GF and YT that possessing different chromosome numbers in vertebrates. The obtainment of GFYT hybrids not only harbors potential benefits and application in aquaculture but also further extends the understanding of the influence of hybridization and polyploidization on the genomic constitution of the hybrid offspring. Furthermore, they can be used as a model to test the origin and consequences of polyploidization and served as a proper resource to study the underlying mechanisms of spermatogenesis dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiguo He
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziye Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Linmei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Caixia Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingli Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Tangluo Li
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Kaikun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Rurong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Huang XY, Shang J, Zhong YH, Li DL, Song LJ, Wang J. Disaggregation of Ploidy, Gender, and Genotype Effects on Wood and Fiber Traits in a Diploid and Triploid Hybrid Poplar Family. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:866296. [PMID: 35432438 PMCID: PMC9011097 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.866296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triploid breeding based on unilateral sexual polyploidization is an effective approach for genetic improvement of Populus, which can integrate heterosis and ploidy vigor in an elite variety. However, the phenotypic divergence of unselected allotriploids with the same cross-combination remains poorly understood, and the contributions of ploidy, gender, and genotype effects on phenotypic variation are still unclear. In this study, wood and fiber traits, including basic density (BD), lignin content (LC), fiber length (FL), fiber width (FW), and fiber length/width (FL/W), were measured based on a 10-year-old clonal trial, including full-sib diploid and triploid hybrids of (Populus pseudo-simonii × P. nigra 'Zheyin3#') × P. × beijingensis, and contributions of ploidy, gender, and genotype effects on the variation of these traits, were disaggregated to enhance our understanding of triploid breeding. We found a significant phenotypic variation for all measured traits among genotypes. All the wood and fiber traits studied here underwent strong clonal responses with high repeatabilities (0.55-0.76). The Pearson's correlation analyses based on the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) revealed that BD was significantly positively correlated with FL (r = 0.65, p = 0.030), suggesting that BD could be improved together with FL during triploid breeding. The FL of the triploids was significantly larger than that of the diploids (p < 0.001), suggesting that ploidy strongly affected the variation of FL traits. The difference between females and males was not significant for any measured trait, implying that gender might not be a major factor for variation in these traits. Further analyses of variance components showed that genotype dominantly contributed to the variation of BD, LC, and FW traits (with 54, 62, and 53% contributions, respectively) and ploidy contributed strongly to variation in FL and FL/W (77 and 50%, respectively). The genetic coefficient of variation (CVG) of triploids for each trait was low, suggesting that it is necessary to produce many triploids for selection or to use different Populus species as parents. Our findings provide new insights into the genetic effects of ploidy, gender, and genotype on wood and fiber traits within a full-sib poplar family, enhancing the understanding of the triploid breeding program of Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yan Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Shang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dai-Li Li
- Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Lian-Jun Song
- Breeding and Propagation Base for Tree Varieties in Weixian County, Xingtai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Du K, Liao T, Ren Y, Geng X, Kang X. Molecular Mechanism of Vegetative Growth Advantage in Allotriploid Populus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020441. [PMID: 32284503 PMCID: PMC7014019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allotriploid poplar has a prominent vegetative growth advantage that impacts dramatically on lumber yield. The growth regulation is complex which involves abundant genes, metabolic and signaling pathways, while the information about the functional control process is very little. We used high-throughput sequencing and physiological index measurement to obtain a global overview of differences between allotriploid and diploid Populus. The genes related to plant growth advantage show a higher expression compared to diploid, and most of them are revolved around hormones, photosynthesis and product accumulation. Thus, allotriploid Populus showed more efficient photosynthesis, carbon fixation, sucrose and starch synthesis, and metabolism as well as augmented biosynthesis of auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin. These data enable the connection of metabolic processes, signaling pathways, and specific gene activity, which will underpin the development of network models to elucidate the process of triploid Populus advantage growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; (K.D.); (Y.R.); (X.G.)
| | - Ting Liao
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences No. 12 A Rui Wang Fen, Fragrance Hills Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yongyu Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; (K.D.); (Y.R.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xining Geng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; (K.D.); (Y.R.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; (K.D.); (Y.R.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6233-6168
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Tao M, Hu H, Huang L, Li S, Yuan L, Zhou T, Song C, Zhao R, Liu S. Differential expression of activin β A and β B genes in female allotriploid and diploid red crucian carp Carassius auratus red var. J Fish Biol 2019; 95:1523-1529. [PMID: 31631336 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
activin βA and βB from diploid and allotriploid crucian carp were cloned.The differential expression of activin βA and βB genes in female allotriploid and diploid red crucian carp Carassius auratus red var. were studied and found to be expressed in all the tested tissues; particularly, the expression of activin βA and βB was elevated in the ovaries of allotriploids and differential expression in pituitaries during the non-breeding season and the breeding season period. The immunohistochemistry indicated that the abnormal triploid ovaries were dominated by small oogonium-like cells with dense signals and that the elevated expression of activin βA and βB in the ovaries of allotriploids may be related to allotriploid sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Liujiao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Can Song
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Rurong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Ren L, Yan X, Cao L, Li J, Zhang X, Gao X, Liu J, Cui J, Liu S. Combined effects of dosage compensation and incomplete dominance on gene expression in triploid cyprinids. DNA Res 2019; 26:485-494. [PMID: 31883002 PMCID: PMC6993813 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization and polyploidy are pervasive evolutionary features of flowering plants and frequent among some animal groups, such as fish. These processes always lead to novel genotypes and various phenotypes, including growth heterosis. However, its genetic basis in lower vertebrate is still poorly understood. Here, we conducted transcriptome-level analyses of the allopolyploid complex of Carassius auratus red var. (R) (♀) × Cyprinus carpio L. (C) (♂), including the allodiploid and allotetraploid with symmetric subgenomes, and the two allotriploids with asymmetric subgenomes. The gradual changes of gene silencing and novel gene expression suggested the weakening of the constraint of polymorphic expression in genotypic changes. Then, analyses of the direction and magnitude of homoeolog expression exhibited various asymmetric expression patterns, which supported that R incomplete dominance and dosage compensation were co-regulated in the two triploids. Under these effects, various magnitudes of R-homoeolog expression bias were observed in growth-regulated genes, suggesting that they might contribute to growth heterosis in the two triploids. The determination of R incomplete dominance and dosage compensation, which might be led by asymmetric subgenomes and multiple sets of homologous chromosomes, explained why various expression patterns were shaped and their potential contribution to growth heterosis in the two triploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Liu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Jiaming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Xueyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Jialin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
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Hu F, Fan J, Qin Q, Huo Y, Wang Y, Wu C, Liu Q, Li W, Chen X, Liu C, Tao M, Wang S, Zhao R, Luo K, Liu S. The Sterility of Allotriploid Fish and Fertility of Female Autotriploid Fish. Front Genet 2019; 10:377. [PMID: 31105746 PMCID: PMC6498098 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the formation of an autotetraploid fish line (4nAUT, 4n = 200; F2-F11) derived from the distant hybridization of female Carassius auratus red var. (RCC, 2n = 100) × male Megalobrama amblycephala (BSB, 2n = 48), we produced autotriploid hybrids (3nAUT) by crossing females of RCC with males of 4nAUT and allotriploid hybrids (3nALT) by crossing females of Cyprinus carpio (CC, 2n = 100) with males of 4nAUT. The aim of this study was to comparatively investigate the reproductive characteristics of 3nALT and 3nAUT. We investigated morphological traits, chromosomal numbers, DNA content and gonadal development in 3nAUT and 3nALT. The results indicated both 3nAUT and 3nALT possessed 150 chromosomes and were triploid hybrids. The females and males of 3nALT and males of 3nAUT had abnormal gonadal development and could not generate mature eggs or sperm, but the females of 3nAUT had normal gonadal development and generated mature eggs at 2 years old. The females of 3nAUT generated different sizes of eggs, which fertilized with haploid sperm from RCC and formed viable diploid, triploid, and tetraploid offspring. The formation of these two kinds of triploid hybrids provides an ideal model for studying the reproductive traits of triploid hybrids, which is of great value in animal genetics and reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Wang Y, Li Y, Suo Y, Min Y, Kang X. Proteomic Changes Between Populus Allotriploids and Diploids Revealed Using an iTRAQ-based Quantitative Approach. CURR PROTEOMICS 2017; 14:166-174. [PMID: 29151823 PMCID: PMC5676023 DOI: 10.2174/1570164614666170310142405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Polyploid breeding is a powerful approach for Populus genetic improve-ment because polyploid trees have valuable characteristics, including better timber quality and a higher degree of stress resistance compared with their full-sib diploids. However, the genetic mech-anism underlying this phenomenon remains unknown. Objective To better understand the proteomic changes between Populus allotriploids and diploids, we examined the proteomic profiles of allotriploid and diploid Populus by iTRAQ labeling coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS). Method iTRAQ labeling coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS). Results Between the Populus allotriploid and the full-sib diploid, 932 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. These DEPs were primarily involved in stress, defense, transportation, transcriptional and/or translational modification, and energy production. The pathway analysis indi-cated that most of the DEPs were implicated in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, nitrogen me-tabolism and glycolysis, and the ribosome assembly pathway. These data suggest high protein di-vergence between Populus allotriploids and diploids, and rapid changes during hybridization. Conclusion The results provide new data for further understanding of the mechanisms of polyploid trees that generally display increased height growth compared with their full-sib diploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing100083, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing100083, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Yujing Suo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing100083, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Yu Min
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing100083, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing100083, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing100083, China
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