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Langas G, Tsiakaras S, Mykoniatis I, Karamitsou P, Paraskevas GK, Lazaridis N, Chrysanthou C, Anastasopoulos N, Poutoglidis A. Uncommon Anatomical Variation of the Facial Artery: A Cadaveric Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e50275. [PMID: 38196413 PMCID: PMC10775914 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The facial artery is a branch of the external carotid artery, one of the major arteries supplying blood to the head and neck. The normal route of the facial artery follows a well-defined path. It typically arises from the external carotid artery, above the superior border of the hyoid bone. During its route, the facial artery gives off branches in the neck, mandible, buccal region, and face. This case report explores a rare anatomical variation of the facial artery characterized by an unusual termination point above the upper lip as the superior labial artery, found during a routine cadaveric dissection. While variations in the course of the facial artery are documented, this particular deviation, with its termination anterior to the typical endpoint, presents a unique anatomical variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Langas
- 1st Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, 'G. Gennimatas' General Hospital, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Stavros Tsiakaras
- 1st Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, 'G. Gennimatas' General Hospital, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Ioannis Mykoniatis
- 1st Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, 'G. Gennimatas' General Hospital, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Paraskevi Karamitsou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 'G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - George K Paraskevas
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Nikolaos Lazaridis
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Chrysanthos Chrysanthou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Nikolaos Anastasopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Alexandros Poutoglidis
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
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2
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Balduzzi A, Marchegiani G. From Tutoring Gross Anatomy to Pancreatic Surgery Innovation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19:359. [PMID: 35010619 PMCID: PMC8744739 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The training for pancreatic surgery still is not conducted according to standardized protocols, and academic programs differ between countries and hospitals. Moreover, due to recent technological innovations such as minimally invasive and robotic surgery, and the broader indications for complex pancreatic procedures due to the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, training is continuously redefining itself. The historical paradigm of "see one, do one, teach one" has been challenged and might have become obsolete. Finally, the rising number of surgical residents along with the limited time required practicing during residency might represent a major limitation to becoming an independent surgeon. Gross anatomy is a solid practice for the active learning of human anatomy during medical school. With regards to the pancreas, it offers a unique opportunity to both actively study the pancreatic gland anatomy during dissection and simulate actual surgical procedures. A critical review of the literature was conducted, aiming to assess the role of gross anatomy in surgical training and possible future perspectives.
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Aung WY, Sakamoto H, Sato A, Yi EEPN, Thein ZL, Nwe MS, Shein N, Linn H, Uchiyama S, Kunugita N, Win-Shwe TT, Mar O. Indoor Formaldehyde Concentration, Personal Formaldehyde Exposure and Clinical Symptoms during Anatomy Dissection Sessions, University of Medicine 1, Yangon. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18020712. [PMID: 33467564 PMCID: PMC7830549 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The formaldehyde (FA) embalming method, the world's most common protocol for the fixation of cadavers, has been consistently used in medical universities in Myanmar. This study was designed to examine the indoor FA concentrations in anatomy dissection rooms, an exposed site, and lecture theater, an unexposed control site, and to access personal exposure levels of FA and clinical symptoms of medical students and instructors. In total, 208 second year medical students (1/2019 batch) and 18 instructors from Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine 1, participated. Thirteen dissection sessions were investigated from February 2019 to January 2020. Diffusive sampling devices were used as air samplers and high-performance liquid chromatography was used for measurement of FA. Average indoor FA concentration of four dissection rooms was 0.43 (0.09-1.22) ppm and all dissection rooms showed indoor concentrations above the occupational exposure limits and short-term exposure limit for general population. Personal FA exposure values were higher than indoor FA concentrations and the instructors (0.68, 0.04-2.11 ppm) had higher exposure than the students (0.44, 0.06-1.72 ppm). Unpleasant odor, eye and nose irritations and inability to concentrate were frequently reported FA-related symptoms, and the students were found to have significantly higher risks (p < 0.05) of having these symptoms during the dissection sessions than during lecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win-Yu Aung
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar; (W.-Y.A.); (E.-E.-P.-N.Y.); (Z.-L.T.); (O.M.)
| | - Hironari Sakamoto
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (H.S.); (A.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Ayana Sato
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (H.S.); (A.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Ei-Ei-Pan-Nu Yi
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar; (W.-Y.A.); (E.-E.-P.-N.Y.); (Z.-L.T.); (O.M.)
| | - Zaw-Lin Thein
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar; (W.-Y.A.); (E.-E.-P.-N.Y.); (Z.-L.T.); (O.M.)
| | - Myint-San Nwe
- Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar; (M.-S.N.); (N.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Nanda Shein
- Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar; (M.-S.N.); (N.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Htin Linn
- Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar; (M.-S.N.); (N.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Shigehisa Uchiyama
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (H.S.); (A.S.); (S.U.)
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan;
| | - Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba-City 305-8506, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-850-2542
| | - Ohn Mar
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar; (W.-Y.A.); (E.-E.-P.-N.Y.); (Z.-L.T.); (O.M.)
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Stephens GC, Rees CE, Lazarus MD. How does Donor Dissection Influence Medical Students' Perceptions of Ethics? A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Qualitative Study. Anat Sci Educ 2019; 12:332-348. [PMID: 30903742 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of donor dissection to modern anatomy pedagogy remains debated. While short-term anatomy knowledge gains from dissection are questionable, studies suggest that donor dissection may have other impacts on students including influencing medical students' professional development, though evidence for such is limited. To improve the understanding of how anatomy education influences medical student professional development, the cross-sectional and longitudinal impacts of donor dissection on medical students' perceptions of ethics were explored. A cross-sectional and longitudinal qualitative study was undertaken at an Australian university where student responses to online discussion forums and in-person interviews were analyzed. Data were collected across the 1.5 years that undergraduate medical students received anatomy instruction (three semesters during first and second years). A total of 207 students participated in the online discussion forums, yielding 51,024 words; 24 students participated in at least 1 of 11 interviews, yielding over 11 hours of interview data. Framework analysis identified five themes related to ethics in an anatomical education context: (1) Dignity, (2) Beneficence, (3) Consent, (4) Justification for versus the necessity of dissection, and (5) Dichotomy of objectification and personification. The dominant themes of students' ethical perceptions changed with time, with a shift from focusing on donors as people, toward the utility of donors in anatomy education. Additionally, themes varied by student demographics including gender, ancestry, and religiosity. Together this study suggests a strong impact of donor dissection on priming students' focus on medical ethics and provides further advocacy for formal and purposeful integration of medical ethics with anatomy education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina C Stephens
- Centre for Human Anatomy Education, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charlotte E Rees
- Monash Centre for Scholarship in Health Education (MCSHE), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle D Lazarus
- Centre for Human Anatomy Education, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Centre for Scholarship in Health Education (MCSHE), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Wilson AB, Lazarus MD. Closing a window - opening a door: A response to the letter to the editor. Clin Anat 2018; 31:1207-1209. [PMID: 30238500 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this response, the authors of "A meta-analysis of anatomy laboratory pedagogies" (Wilson, 2018) make counter arguments to a letter submitted to the editor while encouraging academicians to consider a more modern perspective of anatomy education in the context of changing curricular models. While the authors agree the dissection laboratory is fertile ground for cultivating professional skill development, in more modern settings there are a myriad of outlets and experiences through which trainees can gain the necessary exposure to the same professional skills which are often touted as being informally developed in the anatomy laboratory. Overall, the authors advocate for closing the window on evaluating short-term anatomy knowledge outcomes so that the door can be opened to evaluating the effects of dissection on long-term knowledge gains and determining whether there are irreplaceable teaching advantages within hidden/informal curricula in the anatomy laboratory. Clin. Anat. 31:1207-1209, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Wilson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michelle D Lazarus
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Centre of Human Anatomy Education and Monash Centre for Scholarship in Health Education, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Dosani F, Neuberger L. Anatomy and humanity: Examining the effects of a short documentary film and first anatomy laboratory experience on medical students. Anat Sci Educ 2016; 9:28-39. [PMID: 25919991 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Medical students begin their education inside a laboratory dissecting cadavers to learn human gross anatomy. Many schools use the course experience as a way to instill empathy and some have begun integrating video and recorded interviews with body donors to humanize the experience, but their impact has yet to be measured. This study examines the effects of a brief documentary film and the initial cadaver encounter on student perceptions and attitudes towards the laboratory experience. A pre-test, exposure, post-test design was used with 77 first-year medical students at the University of Central Florida. A previously validated questionnaire was adapted to measure attitudes, emotions, initial reaction to cadaver, perception of the donor as a person, and impressions of the film. An online questionnaire was completed before the first day of laboratory, in which students watched the film Anatomy and Humanity and handled their respective cadavers (no dissection was performed). The post-test was administered immediately following the activities of the first laboratory day. Results indicate an increase in negative attitudes towards dissection, but a more positive initial reaction to the cadaver than originally anticipated. Students also experienced a decrease in emotions like sadness and guilt regarding anatomy laboratory and were less likely to view the cadaver as a once-living person. Findings suggest a higher comfort level, but also greater detachment toward the cadavers from day one despite the video intervention. These results provide novel insight that may aid other interventions aimed at promoting humanism in the anatomy laboratory experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Dosani
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Lindsay Neuberger
- Nicholson School of Communication, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Wisco JJ, Young S, Rabedeaux P, Lerner SD, Wimmers PF, Byus C, Guzman CR. Student Perceived Value of Anatomy Pedagogy, Part I: Prosection or Dissection? J Med Educ Curric Dev 2015; 2:10.4137_JMECD.S17496. [PMID: 35187248 PMCID: PMC8855374 DOI: 10.4137/jmecd.s17496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of three annual surveys of David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM) at UCLA students and UCR/UCLA Thomas Haider Program in Biomedical Sciences students were administered from 2010 to 2012 to ascertain student perceptions of which anatomy pedagogy-prosection or dissection-was most valuable to them during the first year of preclinical medical education and for the entire medical school experience in general. Students were asked, "What value does gross anatomy education have in preclinical medical education?" We further asked the students who participated in both prosection and dissection pedagogies, "Would you have preferred an anatomy curriculum like the Summer Anatomy Dissection during your first year in medical school instead of prosection?" All students who responded to the survey viewed anatomy as a highly valued part of the medical curriculum, specifically referring to four major themes: Anatomy is (1) the basis for medical understanding, (2) part of the overall medical school experience, (3) a bridge to understanding pathology and physiology, and (4) the foundation for clinical skills. Students who participated in both prosection and dissection pedagogies surprisingly and overwhelmingly advocated for a prosection curriculum for the first year of medical school, not a dissection curriculum. Time efficiency was the dominant theme in survey responses from students who learned anatomy through prosection and then dissection. Students, regardless of whether interested in surgery/radiology or not, appreciated both pedagogies but commented that prosection was sufficient for learning basic anatomy, while dissection was a necessary experience in preparation for the anatomical medical specialties. This suggests that anatomy instruction should be integrated into the clinical years of medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Wisco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stephanie Young
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Rabedeaux
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Seth D. Lerner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Paul F. Wimmers
- The Center for Educational Development and Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Craig Byus
- UCR/UCLA Thomas Haider Program in Biomedical Sciences, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Carlos R. Guzman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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