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Vardar Acar N, Özgül RK. The bridge between cell survival and cell death: reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular stress. EXCLI J 2023; 22:520-555. [PMID: 37534225 PMCID: PMC10390897 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
As a requirement of aerobic metabolism, regulation of redox homeostasis is indispensable for the continuity of living homeostasis and life. Since the stability of the redox state is necessary for the maintenance of the biological functions of the cells, the balance between the pro-oxidants, especially ROS and the antioxidant capacity is kept in balance in the cells through antioxidant defense systems. The pleiotropic transcription factor, Nrf2, is the master regulator of the antioxidant defense system. Disruption of redox homeostasis leads to oxidative and reductive stress, bringing about multiple pathophysiological conditions. Oxidative stress characterized by high ROS levels causes oxidative damage to biomolecules and cell death, while reductive stress characterized by low ROS levels disrupt physiological cell functions. The fact that ROS, which were initially attributed as harmful products of aerobic metabolism, at the same time function as signal molecules at non-toxic levels and play a role in the adaptive response called mithormesis points out that ROS have a dose-dependent effect on cell fate determination. See also Figure 1(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Vardar Acar
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism, Institute of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Riza Köksal Özgül
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism, Institute of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Zinellu E, Zinellu A, Pau MC, Piras B, Fois AG, Mellino S, Carru C, Mangoni AA, Pirina P. Glutathione Peroxidase in Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111745. [PMID: 34829616 PMCID: PMC8615188 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease that is characterized by a state of persistent inflammation and oxidative stress. The presence of oxidative stress in COPD is the result of an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms. The aim of this review was to investigate a possible association between glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a key component of antioxidant defense mechanisms, and COPD. A systematic search for relevant studies was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, from inception to June 2021. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were used to express the differences in GPx concentrations between COPD patients and non-COPD subjects. Twenty-four studies were identified. In 15 studies assessing whole blood/erythrocytes (GPx isoform 1), the pooled results showed that GPx concentrations were significantly lower in patients with COPD (SMD = −1.91, 95% CI −2.55 to −1.28, p < 0.001; moderate certainty of evidence). By contrast, in 10 studies assessing serum/plasma (GPx isoform 3), the pooled results showed that GPx concentrations were not significantly different between the two groups (very low certainty of evidence). The concentration of GPx-1, but not GPx-3, is significantly lower in COPD patients, suggesting an impairment of antioxidant defense mechanisms in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Zinellu
- Clinical and Interventional Pulmonology, University Hospital Sassari (AOU), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.Z.); (A.G.F.)
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.Z.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Maria Carmina Pau
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Barbara Piras
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Alessandro G. Fois
- Clinical and Interventional Pulmonology, University Hospital Sassari (AOU), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.Z.); (A.G.F.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Sabrina Mellino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.Z.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.Z.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Arduino A. Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Pietro Pirina
- Clinical and Interventional Pulmonology, University Hospital Sassari (AOU), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.Z.); (A.G.F.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.P.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Gu Q, Wang C, Xiao Q, Chen Z, Han Y. Melatonin Confers Plant Cadmium Tolerance: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11704. [PMID: 34769134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most injurious heavy metals, affecting plant growth and development. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was discovered in plants in 1995, and it is since known to act as a multifunctional molecule to alleviate abiotic and biotic stresses, especially Cd stress. Endogenously triggered or exogenously applied melatonin re-establishes the redox homeostasis by the improvement of the antioxidant defense system. It can also affect the Cd transportation and sequestration by regulating the transcripts of genes related to the major metal transport system, as well as the increase in glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs). Melatonin activates several downstream signals, such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and salicylic acid (SA), which are required for plant Cd tolerance. Similar to the physiological functions of NO, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is also involved in the abiotic stress-related processes in plants. Moreover, exogenous melatonin induces H2S generation in plants under salinity or heat stress. However, the involvement of H2S action in melatonin-induced Cd tolerance is still largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the progresses in various physiological and molecular mechanisms regulated by melatonin in plants under Cd stress. The complex interactions between melatonin and H2S in acquisition of Cd stress tolerance are also discussed.
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Su W, Raza A, Gao A, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Hussain MA, Mehmood SS, Cheng Y, Lv Y, Zou X. Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Profile of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Gene Family in Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) under Different Hormones and Abiotic Stress Conditions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1182. [PMID: 34439430 PMCID: PMC8389029 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important enzyme that acts as the first line of protection in the plant antioxidant defense system, involved in eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS) under harsh environmental conditions. Nevertheless, the SOD gene family was yet to be reported in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Thus, a genome-wide investigation was carried out to identify the rapeseed SOD genes. The present study recognized 31 BnSOD genes in the rapeseed genome, including 14 BnCSDs, 11 BnFSDs, and six BnMSDs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SOD genes from rapeseed and other closely related plant species were clustered into three groups based on the binding domain with high bootstrap values. The systemic analysis exposed that BnSODs experienced segmental duplications. Gene structure and motif analysis specified that most of the BnSOD genes displayed a relatively well-maintained exon-intron and motif configuration within the same group. Moreover, we identified five hormones and four stress- and several light-responsive cis-elements in the promoters of BnSODs. Thirty putative bna-miRNAs from seven families were also predicted, targeting 13 BnSODs. Gene ontology annotation outcomes confirm the BnSODs role under different stress stimuli, cellular oxidant detoxification processes, metal ion binding activities, SOD activity, and different cellular components. Twelve BnSOD genes exhibited higher expression profiles in numerous developmental tissues, i.e., root, leaf, stem, and silique. The qRT-PCR based expression profiling showed that eight genes (BnCSD1, BnCSD3, BnCSD14, BnFSD4, BnFSD5, BnFSD6, BnMSD2, and BnMSD10) were significantly up-regulated under different hormones (ABA, GA, IAA, and KT) and abiotic stress (salinity, cold, waterlogging, and drought) treatments. The predicted 3D structures discovered comparable conserved BnSOD protein structures. In short, our findings deliver a foundation for additional functional investigations on the BnSOD genes in rapeseed breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Lv
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China; (W.S.); (A.R.); (A.G.); (Z.J.); (Y.Z.); (M.A.H.); (S.S.M.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiling Zou
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China; (W.S.); (A.R.); (A.G.); (Z.J.); (Y.Z.); (M.A.H.); (S.S.M.); (Y.C.)
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Seleiman MF, Semida WM, Rady MM, Mohamed GF, Hemida KA, Alhammad BA, Hassan MM, Shami A. Sequential Application of Antioxidants Rectifies Ion Imbalance and Strengthens Antioxidant Systems in Salt-Stressed Cucumber. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9121783. [PMID: 33339191 PMCID: PMC7765626 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous antioxidant applications enable salt-stressed plants to successfully cope with different environmental stresses. The objectives of this investigation were to study the effects of sequential treatments of proline (Pro), ascorbic acid (AsA), and/or glutathione (GSH) on 100 mM NaCl-stressed cucumber transplant’s physio-biochemical and growth traits as well as systems of antioxidant defense. Under salinity stress, different treatment of AsA, Pro, or/and GSH improved growth characteristics, stomatal conductance (gs), enhanced the activities of glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) as well as increased contents of AsA, Pro, and GSH. However, sequential application of antioxidants (GSH-Pro- AsA) significantly exceeded all individual applications, reducing leaf and root Cd2+ and Na+ contents in comparison to the control. In plants grown under NaCl-salt stress, growth characteristics, photosynthetic efficiency, membrane stability index (MSI), relative water content (RWC), contents of root and leaf K+ and Ca2+, and ratios of K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ were notably reduced, while leaf contents of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants, as well as root and leaf Cd2+ and Na+ concentrations were remarkably increased. However, AsA, Pro, or/and GSH treatments significantly improved all investigated growth characteristics, photosynthetic efficiency, RWC and MSI, as well as AsA, Pro, and GSH, and enzymatic activity, leaf and root K+ and Ca2+ contents and their ratios to Na+, while significantly reduced leaf and root Cd2+ and Na+ contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud F. Seleiman
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +96-655-315-3351
| | - Wael M. Semida
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Mostafa M. Rady
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt; (M.M.R.); (G.F.M.)
| | - Gamal F. Mohamed
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt; (M.M.R.); (G.F.M.)
| | - Khaulood A. Hemida
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Bushra Ahmed Alhammad
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanity Studies, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj Box 292, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed M. Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Sheben El-Kom, Menoufia 32514, Egypt
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11617, Saudi Arabia;
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Sofy AR, Dawoud RA, Sofy MR, Mohamed HI, Hmed AA, El-Dougdoug NK. Improving Regulation of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Stress-Related Gene Stimulation in Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus-Infected Cucumber Plants Treated with Glycine Betaine, Chitosan and Combination. Molecules 2020; 25:E2341. [PMID: 32429524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) is a deadly plant virus that results in crop-yield losses with serious economic consequences. In recent years, environmentally friendly components have been developed to manage crop diseases as alternatives to chemical pesticides, including the use of natural compounds such as glycine betaine (GB) and chitosan (CHT), either alone or in combination. In the present study, the leaves of the cucumber plants were foliar-sprayed with GB and CHT—either alone or in combination—to evaluate their ability to induce resistance against CMV. The results showed a significant reduction in disease severity and CMV accumulation in plants treated with GB and CHT, either alone or in combination, compared to untreated plants (challenge control). In every treatment, growth indices, leaf chlorophylls content, phytohormones (i.e., indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid), endogenous osmoprotectants (i.e., proline, soluble sugars and glycine betaine), non-enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., ascorbic acid, glutathione and phenols) and enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, lipoxygenase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase) of virus-infected plants were significantly increased. On the other hand, malondialdehyde and abscisic acid contents have been significantly reduced. Based on a gene expression study, all treated plants exhibited increased expression levels of some regulatory defense genes such as PR1 and PAL1. In conclusion, the combination of GB and CHT is the most effective treatment in alleviated virus infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the induction of systemic resistance against CMV by using GB.
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Rohn I, Raschke S, Aschner M, Tuck S, Kuehnelt D, Kipp A, Schwerdtle T, Bornhorst J. Treatment of Caenorhabditis elegans with Small Selenium Species Enhances Antioxidant Defense Systems. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801304. [PMID: 30815971 PMCID: PMC6499701 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Small selenium (Se) species play a key role in Se metabolism and act as dietary sources of the essential trace element. However, they are redox-active and trigger pro- and antioxidant responses. As health outcomes are strongly species-dependent, species-specific characteristics of Se compounds are tested in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS In the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), immediate and sustained effects of selenite, selenomethionine (SeMet), and Se-methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys) are studied regarding their bioavailability, incorporation into proteins, as well as modulation of the cellular redox status. While all tested Se compounds are bioavailable, only SeMet persistently accumulates and is non-specifically incorporated into proteins. However, the protection toward chemically-induced formation of reactive species is independent of the applied Se compound. Increased thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD) activity and changes in mRNA expression levels of antioxidant proteins indicate the activation of cellular defense mechanisms. However, in txnrd-1 deletion mutants, no protective effects of the Se species are observed anymore, which is also reflected by differential gene expression data. CONCLUSION Se species protect against chemically-induced reactive species formation. The identified immediate and sustained systemic effects of Se species give rise to speculations on possible benefits facing subsequent periods of inadequate Se intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Rohn
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Stefanie Raschke
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | - Simon Tuck
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Doris Kuehnelt
- Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Kipp
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- TraceAge - DFG Research Unit FOR 2558, Berlin-Potsdam-Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- TraceAge - DFG Research Unit FOR 2558, Berlin-Potsdam-Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- TraceAge - DFG Research Unit FOR 2558, Berlin-Potsdam-Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
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