Congenital Central Nervous System Malformations: A Rare Case of an Encephalocele and Literature Review of Its Associations, Imaging Modalities, Radiological Findings, and Treatments

Congenital central nervous system (CNS) malformations are relatively rare conditions present in fetuses that may result in intrauterine fetal deaths (IUFDs). We report a case of a 42-year-old female who presented at 29 weeks gestation with lack of a fetal heart beat likely due to a congenital malformation resulting in IUFD. This case report and literature review provides a better understanding of the encephalocele as a harbinger for IUFD.

Impact of introduction of mid-trimester scan on pregnancy outcome of open spina bifida in The Netherlands

OBJECTIVE

To examine the impact of introduction of the mid-trimester scan on pregnancy outcome in cases of open spina bifida in two regions of The Netherlands.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of 190 cases of open spina bifida diagnosed pre- or postnatally, with an estimated date of delivery between 2003 and 2011.

RESULTS

With implementation of the mid-trimester scan the percentage of cases of open spina bifida detected before the 24(th) week of pregnancy increased from 43% to 88%. The rise in prenatal detection rate was associated with a significant increase in the number of terminated pregnancies and a decrease in the rate of perinatal loss; the percentage of children born alive did not change significantly. In the subgroup that underwent a scan between 18 and 24 weeks of pregnancy, cranial signs were present in 94.4% of cases.

CONCLUSION

Introduction of the mid-trimester scan has led to an increase in early identification of pregnancies complicated by open spina bifida. Pregnancies previously destined to end in perinatal loss are now terminated whilst pregnancies with a relatively good prognosis are frequently continued; the number of children with open spina bifida who are born alive has not changed significantly. Our study confirms that prenatal diagnosis is usually triggered by visualization of a lemon-shaped skull or a banana-shaped cerebellum.