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Petrovic M, Kahle ER, Han L, Marcolongo MS. Biomimetic proteoglycans as a tool to engineer the structure and mechanics of porcine bioprosthetic heart valves. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35336. [PMID: 37818847 PMCID: PMC11055403 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The utility of bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) is limited to certain patient populations because of their poor durability compared to mechanical prosthetic valves. Histological analysis of failed porcine BHVs suggests that degeneration of the tissue extracellular matrix (ECM), specifically the loss of proteoglycans and their glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), may lead to impaired mechanical performance, resulting in nucleation and propagation of tears and ultimately failure of the prosthetic. Several strategies have been proposed to address this deterioration, including novel chemical fixatives to stabilize ECM constituents and incorporation of small molecule inhibitors of catabolic enzymes implicated in the degeneration of the BHV ECM. Here, biomimetic proteoglycans (BPGs) were introduced into porcine aortic valves ex vivo and were shown to distribute throughout the valve leaflets. Incorporation of BPGs into the heart valve leaflet increased tissue overall GAG content. The presence of BPGs also significantly increased the micromodulus of the spongiosa layer within the BHV without compromising the chemical fixation process used to sterilize and strengthen the tissue prior to implantation. These findings suggest that a targeted approach for molecularly engineering valve leaflet ECM through the use of BPGs may be a viable way to improve the mechanical behavior and potential durability of BHVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Petrovic
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Kahle
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michele S. Marcolongo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
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Phillips ER, Prudnikova K, Bui T, Taylor AJ, Galindo DA, Huneke RB, Hou JS, Mulcahey MK, Marcolongo MS. Biomimetic proteoglycans can molecularly engineer early osteoarthritic cartilage in vivo. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:403-411. [PMID: 30480335 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic proteoglycans (BPGs) have the potential to treat osteoarthritis (OA) given that these molecules mimic the structure and properties of natural proteoglycans, which are significantly reduced in OA. We examined the effects of BPGs injected into the intra-articular space in an in vivo OA rabbit knee model and evaluated the effect on histological response, joint friction, and BPG distribution and retention. Rabbits underwent ACL transection to create an arthritic state after 5 weeks. OA rabbits were treated with BPGs or Euflexxa® (hyaluronic acid) intra-articular injections. Non-OA rabbits were injected similarly with BPGs; contralateral joints served as controls. The progression of OA and response to injections were evaluated using Mankin and gross grading systems indicating that mild OA was achieved in operated joints. The coefficient of friction (COF) of the intact knee joints were measured using a custom pendulum friction apparatus, showing that OA joints and OA + Euflexxa® joints demonstrated increased COF than non-operated controls, while BPG-injected non-OA and OA + BPGs were not significantly different from non-OA controls. Injected fluorescently labeled BPGs demonstrated that BPGs diffused into cartilage with localization in the pericellular region. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:403-411, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R Phillips
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Katsiaryna Prudnikova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Tuan Bui
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19129
| | - Adam J Taylor
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19129
| | - Diego A Galindo
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 4170 City Line Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19131
| | - Richard B Huneke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 N 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19102
| | - J Steve Hou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19102
| | - Mary K Mulcahey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue Box 8632 Box 8632, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112
| | - Michele S Marcolongo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
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