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Corti E, Falsini S, Schiff S, Tani C, Gonnelli C, Papini A. Saline Stress Impairs Lipid Storage Mobilization during Germination in Eruca sativa. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:366. [PMID: 36679079 PMCID: PMC9862935 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization become worse in the last decades, leading to reduced crop yields, especially in the Mediterranean basin. Eruca sativa is a common species cultivated in this area with remarkable economic importance. This study aimed at investigating the effect of salinity on this plant, focusing on (i) seedling development in terms of variations in germination and growth parameters and (ii) anatomical and ultra-structural changes in the morphology of cotyledons. For this reason, seeds were treated with different salinity levels ranging from 137 to 548 mM NaCl. Seed germination was delayed by all the concentrations tested, but only above 137 mM seedling growth was impaired. Results showed a high occurrence of lipid bodies within the mesophyll cells of cotyledons of seedlings exposed to salt concentrations above 137 mM, suggesting an impairment in lipid mobilization caused by salinity during plant development. The cotyledons of treated seedlings showed reduced intercellular spaces and ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts and peroxisomes. Moreover, salt-induced autophagic processes were present in samples grown at the highest NaCl levels. Interestingly, at 137 mM NaCl, seedlings showed the highest values of mesophyll thickness and fresh weight, implying a possible mechanism of salt adaptation during germination.
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Turiel-Silva M, Wendt C, Silva EO, Rodrigues APD, de Souza W, Miranda K, Diniz J. Three-dimensional Architecture of Cyrilia lignieresi Gametocyte-stage Development Inside Red Blood Cells. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12894. [PMID: 35152525 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Haemogregarinidae family (Apicomplexa: Adeleina) comprises hemoprotozoa that infect mammals, birds, amphibians, fish and reptiles. Some morphological characteristics of the Cyrilia lignieresi have been described previously, but the parasite-erythrocyte relationship is still poorly understood. In order to understand the structural architecture of Cyrilia lignieresi-infected red blood cells, electron microscopy-based three-dimensional reconstruction was carried out using TEM as well as FIB-SEM tomography. Results showed that development of the macrogametocyte-stage inside the red blood cell is related to an increase in cleft-like structures in the host cell cytoplasm. Furthermore, other aspects related to parasite intraerythrocytic development were explored by 3D visualization techniques. We observed the invagination of a large extension of the Inner Membrane Complex on the parasite body, which results from or induces a folding of the posterior end of the parasite. Small tubular structures were seen associated with areas related to Inner Membrane Complex folding. Taken together, results provide new information on the remodeling of erythrocytes induced by the protozoan C. lignieresi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Turiel-Silva
- Universidade do Estado do Pará, Centro de Ciëncias Biológicas e da Saúde, Marabá-PA, Brazil.,Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Belém-PA, Brazil
| | - Camila Wendt
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Edilene O Silva
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Belém-PA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Drummond Rodrigues
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Belém-PA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Kildare Miranda
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - José Diniz
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Belém-PA, Brazil
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3
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Muccifora S, Castillo-Michel H, Barbieri F, Bellani L, Ruffini Castiglione M, Spanò C, Pradas del Real AE, Giorgetti L, Tassi EL. Synchrotron Radiation Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy Techniques to Evaluate TiO 2 NPs Incorporation, Speciation, and Impact on Root Cells Ultrastructure of Pisum sativum L. Plants. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11040921. [PMID: 33916614 PMCID: PMC8066591 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biosolids (Bs) for use in agriculture are an important way for introducing and transferring TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) to plants and food chain. Roots of Pisum sativum L. plants grown in Bs-amended soils spiked with TiO2 800 mg/kg as rutile NPs, anatase NPs, mixture of both NPs and submicron particles (SMPs) were investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), synchrotron radiation based micro X-ray Fluorescence and micro X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (µXRF/µXANES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). TEM analysis showed damages in cells ultrastructure of all treated samples, although a more evident effect was observed with single anatase or rutile NPs treatments. Micro-XRF and TEM evidenced the presence of nano and SMPs mainly in the cortex cells near the rhizodermis. Micro-XRF/micro-XANES analysis revealed anatase, rutile, and ilmenite as the main TiO2 polymorphs in the original soil and Bs, and the preferential anatase uptake by the roots. For all treatments Ti concentration in the roots increased by 38–56%, however plants translocation factor (TF) increased mostly with NPs treatment (261–315%) and less with SMPs (about 85%), with respect to control. In addition, all samples showed a limited transfer of TiO2 to the shoots (very low TF value). These findings evidenced a potential toxicity of TiO2 NPs present in Bs and accumulating in soil, suggesting the necessity of appropriate regulations for the occurrence of NPs in Bs used in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Muccifora
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Hiram Castillo-Michel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Beamline ID21, 71 Av. Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.C.-M.); (A.E.P.d.R.)
| | - Francesco Barbieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Lorenza Bellani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (L.B.)
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Carmelina Spanò
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.R.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Ana E. Pradas del Real
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Beamline ID21, 71 Av. Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.C.-M.); (A.E.P.d.R.)
| | - Lucia Giorgetti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Eliana L. Tassi
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Guan H, Zhao L, Liu H, Xie D, Liu Y, Zhang G, Mason DC, Zhang S, Li Y, Zhang H. Effects of intermittent pressure imitating rolling manipulation in traditional Chinese medicine on ultrastructure and metabolism in injured human skeletal muscle cells. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:248-260. [PMID: 32051750 PMCID: PMC7013223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle injuries can cause significant change in the ultrastructure and the metabolism of the skeletal muscle cells. Observation of the ultrastructure and measurements of the metabolism biomarkers such as total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and creatine kinase (CK) can be used to evaluate the degree of damage in human skeletal muscle injury. Rolling manipulation is the most popular myofascial release technique in Traditional Chinese Medicine. This study aimed to investigate the effects of intermittent pressure imitating rolling manipulation (IPIRM) of Traditional Chinese Medicine on ultrastructure and metabolism in the injured HSKMCs. Methods: In vitro techniques were used to culture HSKMCs, which were injured with high doses of dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Cells were divided into four groups-control normal group (CNG), control injured group (CIG), rolling manipulation group (RMG), and sine pressure group (SPG). RMG and SPG cells were cyclically exposed to 3.0 Kg (6.6 Pounds) of maximum force at a frequency of 2.0 Hz for 10 min in the Flexcell compression system for duration of 3 days continually. The cell ultrastructure, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and creatine kinase (CK) activity of the groups were assessed. Conclusion: These results suggest that the mechanical effects of rolling manipulation in TCM could not only improve the recovery of injured skeletal muscle cells by ameliorating organelles arrangement, reducing organelle swelling, and maintaining nuclear membrane integrity, but also ameliorate the functions of cellular metabolism by increasing T-SOD activity and decreasing MDA content and CK activity in injured skeletal muscle. Then the Hippo/Yap signal pathway was detected, and the proteins in each group were detected by Western Blot. The protein expression of upstream protein p-LATS1 and downstream protein p-Yap (Ser127) in each group was observed to explore the biomechanical mechanism of the method. The relative protein expression of p-LATS1 and p-Yap in (RMG) group was significantly higher than that in injured (CIG) group (P < 0.05). It was suggested that Hippo/Yap pathway was related to the stimulation of 3D human skeletal muscle cells, and the proliferation pathway of 3D human skeletal muscle cells could be opened by stimulation of three dimensional human skeletal muscle cells. It may be one of the biological mechanisms caused by the mechanical effects of manipulations in TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazong Guan
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine100 GanHe Road, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine100 GanHe Road, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Howe Liu
- University of North Texas Health Science CenterFort Worth 76107, USA
| | - Dongyang Xie
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine100 GanHe Road, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yijie Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine1200 Cai Lun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-TechPark, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine100 GanHe Road, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - David C Mason
- University of North Texas Health Science CenterFort Worth 76107, USA
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineNo. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yafang Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine100 GanHe Road, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine100 GanHe Road, Shanghai 200437, China
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Gong Q, Wang L, Dai TW, Kang Q, Zhou JY, Li ZH. Effects of copper treatment on mineral nutrient absorption and cell ultrastructure of spinach seedlings. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2019; 30:941-950. [PMID: 30912387 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201903.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of heavy metals in soil has serious influence on plant growth and ecosystem balance. It is of great importance to explore the mechanism of plant tolerance to heavy me-tals. Although spinach is supposed to have strong Cu tolerance, the effects of Cu on mineral element absorption and cell ultrastructure are still unclear. In this study, the growth of spinach seedlings, the absorption of mineral elements and the ultrastructure of leaf cells were examined in a pot experiment. The results showed that Cu2+ accumulation in the root of spinach seedling was less than that in the shoot when CuSO4 concentration was 100 mg·L-1, with root growth being increased and shoot growth being slightly decreased. When copper concentration continued to increase, the growth parameters continuously declined. When the CuSO4 concentrations were less than 400 mg·L-1, the foliar N, K, Ca, Mg and Fe concentrations of spinach seedling increased, and that of P decreased. The concentrations of N, P and K in roots went down and that of Ca, Mg and Fe went up. All organelles in leaf cells were clearly visible. The basal granule layer was arranged orderly, and the inner and outer membranes of chloroplasts were intact. When the CuSO4 concentrations exceeded 600 mg·L-1, foliar N concentration increased while that of P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe decreased. The concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe in roots declined. The cell ultrastructure of spinach seedlings substantially changed with the increases of CuSO4 treated concentrations. The chloroplast in leaf cells became rounder, the chloroplast membrane became thinner, the stroma and basal granule layer became less, and the layer accumulation height decreased. The nucleus was broken up and small black spots were found in vacuoles and cell walls, which might be attributed to the enhancement of intracellular swelling pressure caused by high accumulation of Cu2+. In conclusion, low concentration of CuSO4 had little negative effect on the life activities of spinach seedlings, and the high concentrations of CuSO4 did not terminate their growth, indicating that spinach seedlings had strong copper resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Gong
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.,Xinjiang Vocation College of Agriculture, Changji 831100, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.,Hubei Rural Drinking Water Safe Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Tong Wei Dai
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qun Kang
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.,Hubei Rural Drinking Water Safe Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jing Yi Zhou
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhao Hua Li
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.,Hubei Rural Drinking Water Safe Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan 430062, China
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6
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Arinbasarova AY, Machulin AV, Biryukova EN, Sorokin VV, Medentsev AG, Suzina NE. Structural changes in the cell envelope of Yarrowia lipolytica yeast under stress conditions. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:359-365. [PMID: 29444416 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural changes in the cell envelope of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica as a stress response were examined using electron microscopy. The formation of new cellular surface structures, including membrane vesicles, pore channels, and wall surface globules, were shown for the first time under conditions of oxidative (endogenous and exogenous) or thermal stress. This demonstrates once again that under stress conditions the microorganisms reveal properties previously unknown for them. Particularly noteworthy is the accumulation of silicon in the surface globules, which was revealed by X-ray microanalysis of the elemental composition of thin sections of cells. A multilayered plasmalemma instead of a 3-layered one is also characteristic for stressed cells. The envelope modifications above were observed only as a stress response and were not detected in stationary-growth-phase yeast cells that assume different physiological states. A decrease in the intracellular level of cAMP allows us to assume that a common factor activates defensive mechanisms thus explaining the similarity of the response under different stress conditions. The data presented not only enable visualization of the yeast stress response and add to our awareness of the diversity of adaptive reactions, but they also raise questions about the interrelations of the stress phenomena and their functional necessity in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yu Arinbasarova
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
| | - Andrey V Machulin
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
| | - Elena N Biryukova
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Sorokin
- b Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, Building Leninsky Avenue, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander G Medentsev
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
| | - Natalya E Suzina
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
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7
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LaMassa N, Arenas-Mena C, Phillips GR. Electron microscopic characterization of nuclear egress in the sea urchin gastrula. J Morphol 2018; 279:609-615. [PMID: 29383750 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear egress, also referred to as nuclear envelope (NE) budding, is a process of transport in which vesicles containing molecular complexes or viral particles leave the nucleus through budding from the inner nuclear membrane (INM) to enter the perinuclear space. Following this event, the perinuclear vesicles (PNVs) fuse with the outer nuclear membrane (ONM), where they release their contents into the cytoplasm. Nuclear egress is thought to participate in many functions such as viral replication, cellular differentiation, and synaptic development. The molecular basis for nuclear egress is now beginning to be elucidated. Here, we observe in the sea urchin gastrula, using serial section transmission electron microscopy, strikingly abundant PNVs containing as yet unidentified granules that resemble the ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) previously observed in similar types of PNVs. Some PNVs were observed in the process of fusion with the ONM where they appeared to release their contents into the cytoplasm. These vesicles were abundantly observed in all three presumptive germ layers. These findings indicate that nuclear egress is likely to be an important mechanism for nucleocytoplasmic transfer during sea urchin development. The sea urchin may be a useful model to characterize further and gain a better understanding of the process of nuclear egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole LaMassa
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America.,Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America.,Program in Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cesar Arenas-Mena
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Greg R Phillips
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America.,Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America.,Program in Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
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8
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Janouškovec J, Tikhonenkov DV, Burki F, Howe AT, Rohwer FL, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ. A New Lineage of Eukaryotes Illuminates Early Mitochondrial Genome Reduction. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3717-3724.e5. [PMID: 29174886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The origin of eukaryotic cells represents a key transition in cellular evolution and is closely tied to outstanding questions about mitochondrial endosymbiosis [1, 2]. For example, gene-rich mitochondrial genomes are thought to be indicative of an ancient divergence, but this relies on unexamined assumptions about endosymbiont-to-host gene transfer [3-5]. Here, we characterize Ancoracysta twista, a new predatory flagellate that is not closely related to any known lineage in 201-protein phylogenomic trees and has a unique morphology, including a novel type of extrusome (ancoracyst). The Ancoracysta mitochondrion has a gene-rich genome with a coding capacity exceeding that of all other eukaryotes except the distantly related jakobids and Diphylleia, and it uniquely possesses heterologous, nucleus-, and mitochondrion-encoded cytochrome c maturase systems. To comprehensively examine mitochondrial genome reduction, we also assembled mitochondrial genomes from picozoans and colponemids and re-annotated existing mitochondrial genomes using hidden Markov model gene profiles. This revealed over a dozen previously overlooked mitochondrial genes at the level of eukaryotic supergroups. Analysis of trends over evolutionary time demonstrates that gene transfer to the nucleus was non-linear, that it occurred in waves of exponential decrease, and that much of it took place comparatively early, massively independently, and with lineage-specific rates. This process has led to differential gene retention, suggesting that gene-rich mitochondrial genomes are not a product of their early divergence. Parallel transfer of mitochondrial genes and their functional replacement by new nuclear factors are important in models for the origin of eukaryotes, especially as major gaps in our knowledge of eukaryotic diversity at the deepest level remain unfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Janouškovec
- University College London, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, London, UK; San Diego State University, Biology Department, San Diego, CA, USA; University of British Columbia, Botany Department, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Denis V Tikhonenkov
- University of British Columbia, Botany Department, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia.
| | - Fabien Burki
- University of British Columbia, Botany Department, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Science for Life Laboratory, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexis T Howe
- University of British Columbia, Botany Department, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Forest L Rohwer
- San Diego State University, Biology Department, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexander P Mylnikov
- Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- University of British Columbia, Botany Department, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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9
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Śladowska K, Opydo-Chanek M, Król T, Trybus W, Trybus E, Kopacz-Bednarska A, Handzlik J, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Mazur L. In Vitro Effects of Bromoalkyl Phenytoin Derivatives on Regulated Death, Cell Cycle and Ultrastructure of Leukemia Cells. Anticancer Res 2017; 37:6373-6380. [PMID: 29061822 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To search for new antileukemic agents, the chemical structure of phenytoin was modified. A possible cytotoxic activity of three bromoalkyl phenytoin analogs, methyl 2-(1-(3-bromopropyl)-2,4-dioxo-5,5-diphenylimidazolidin-3-yl) propanoate (PH2), 1-(3-bromopropyl)-3-methyl-5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (PH3) and 1-(4-bromobutyl)-3-methyl-5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (PH4) on regulated cell death, the cell cycle and cell ultrastructure was assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiments were performed in vitro on HL-60 and U937 cells, using flow cytometry and electron microscopy methods. RESULTS Application of PH2, PH3, and PH4 resulted in cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine and plasma membrane impairment, caspase-8, -9, and -3/7 activation, dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA breakage, cell-cycle disturbance and cell ultrastructural changes. In general, PH3 appeared to be the most active against the leukemia cells, and all bromoalkyl hydantoins, PH2-PH4, were more active in HL-60 cells than in U937 cells. CONCLUSION The antileukemic activity of the bromoalkyl phenytoin analogs depended on the combination of N-hydantoin substituents and the human cell line used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Śladowska
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Teodora Król
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Wojciech Trybus
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Ewa Trybus
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Kopacz-Bednarska
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lidia Mazur
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The distinction between pearl bodies (or pearl glands) and food bodies (FBs) is not clear; neither is our understanding of what these structures really represent. The present work examined the ontogenesis, structure, ultrastructure and histochemical aspects of the protuberances in Cissus verticillata, which have been described since the beginning of the 19th century as pearl glands or pearl bodies, in order to establish a relationship between their structure and function. METHODS Segments of stems and leaves in different stages of development were collected and fixed for study under light microscopy as well as electron transmission and scanning microscopy. Samples of FBs were subjected to chemical analysis using thin-layer chromatography. KEY RESULTS The FBs in C. verticillata are globose and attached to the plant by a short peduncle. These structures are present along the entire stem during primary growth, and on the inflorescence axis and the abaxial face of the leaves. The FBs were observed to be of mixed origin, with the participation of both the epidermis and the underlying parenchymatic cells. The epidermis is uniseriate with a thin cuticle, and the cells have dense cytoplasm and a large nucleus. The internal parenchymatic cells have thin walls; in the young structures these cells have dense cytoplasm with a predominance of mitochondria and plastids. In the mature FBs, the parenchymatic cells accumulate oils and soluble sugars; dictyosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum predominate in the cytoplasm; the vacuoles are ample. Removal of the FBs appears to stimulate the formation of new ones, at the same place. CONCLUSIONS The vegetative vigour of the plant seems to influence the number of FBs produced, with more vigorous branches having greater densities of FBs. The results allow the conclusion that the structures traditionally designated pearl glands or pearl bodies in C. verticillata constitute FBs that can recruit large numbers of ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elder Antônio Sousa Paiva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Buono RA, de Oliveira AB, Paiva EAS. Anatomy, ultrastructure and chemical composition of food bodies of Hovenia dulcis (Rhamnaceae). Ann Bot 2008; 101:1341-8. [PMID: 18413656 PMCID: PMC2710260 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Food bodies (FBs) are structures that promote mutualism between plants and ants, which help protect them against herbivores. The present study aims to describe the anatomical organization, ultrastructure and chemical composition of the FBs in Hovenia dulcis, which represent the first structures of this type described in Rhamnaceae. METHODS Leaves in various stages of development were collected and fixed for examination under light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Samples of FBs were subjected to chemical analysis using thin-layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance of (1)H and (13)C. KEY RESULTS The FBs vary from globose to conical and are restricted to the abaxial leaf surface, having a mixed origin, including epidermis and parenchyma. The FB epidermis is uniseriate, slightly pilose and has a thin cuticle. The epidermal cells are vacuolated and pigments or food reserves are absent. The parenchyma cells of immature FBs have dense cytoplasm showing mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and plastids. Mature FB cells store oils, which are free in the cytosol and occupy a large portion of the cell lumen. In these cells the plastids accumulate starch. CONCLUSIONS The lipids present in FBs are glycerin esters characteristic of plant energy reserves. Ants were observed collecting these FBs, which allows us to infer that these structures mediate plant-ant interactions and can help protect the young plants against herbivores, as these structures are prevalent at this developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrade Buono
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 – Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 – Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Elder Antonio Sousa Paiva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 – Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Paiva EAS, Machado SR. The floral nectary of Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae): structural aspects during floral development. Ann Bot 2008; 101:125-33. [PMID: 17951584 PMCID: PMC2701834 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Considering that few studies on nectary anatomy and ultrastructure are available for chiropterophilous flowers and the importance of Hymenaea stigonocarpa in natural 'cerrado' communities, the present study sought to analyse the structure and cellular modifications that take place within its nectaries during the different stages of floral development, with special emphasis on plastid dynamics. METHODS For the structural and ultrastructural studies the nectary was processed as per usual techniques and studied under light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Histochemical tests were employed to identify the main metabolites on nectary tissue and secretion samples. KEY RESULTS The floral nectary consists of the inner epidermis of the hypanthium and vascularized parenchyma. Some evidence indicates that the nectar release occurs via the stomata. The high populations of mitochondria, and their juxtaposition with amyloplasts, seem to be related to energy needs for starch hydrolysis. Among the alterations observed during the secretory phase, the reduction in the plastid stromatic density and starch grain size are highlighted. When the secretory stage begins, the plastid envelope disappears and a new membrane is formed, enclosing this region and giving rise to new vacuoles. After the secretory stage, cellular structures named 'extrastomatic bodies' were observed and seem to be related to the nectar resorption. CONCLUSIONS Starch hydrolysis contributes to nectar formation, in addition to the photosynthates derived directly from the phloem. In these nectaries, the secretion is an energy-requiring process. During the secretion stage, some plastids show starch grain hydrolysis and membrane rupture, and it was observed that the region previously occupied by this organelle continued to be reasonably well defined, and gave rise to new vacuoles. The extrastomatic bodies appear to be related to the resorption of uncollected nectar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elder Antonio Sousa Paiva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901-Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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STEFANOWSKA MARZANNA, KURAŚ MIECZYSŁAW, KACPERSKA ALINA. Low temperature-induced modifications in cell ultrastructure and localization of phenolics in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera L.) leaves. Ann Bot 2002; 90:637-45. [PMID: 12466105 PMCID: PMC4240457 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcf241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation of winter oilseed plants in the cold (i.e. at temperatures >0 degrees C) followed by short exposure to sub-lethal freezing temperatures resulted in pronounced ultrastructural changes of leaf epidermal and mesophyll cells. The following major changes were observed upon acclimation at 2 degrees C: increased thickness of cell walls; numerous invaginations of plasma membranes; the appearance of many large vesicles localized in the cytoplasm in close proximity to the central vacuole; the occurrence of abundant populations of microvesicles associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae or located in the vicinity of dictyosomes; and the occurrence of paramural bodies and myelin-like structures. In addition, large phenolic deposits were observed in the vicinity of the plasma membrane and membrane-bound organelles such as chloroplasts, large vesicles or cytoplasm/tonoplast interfaces. Transient freezing (-5 degrees C for 18 h) of the cold-acclimated leaves led to reversible disorganization of the cytoplasm and to pronounced structural changes of the cellular organelles. Chloroplasts were swollen, with the stroma occupying one half of their volume and the thylakoid system being displaced to the other half. Large phenolic aggregates disappeared but distinct layers of phenolic deposits were associated with mitochondrial membranes and with chloroplast envelopes. In frost-thawed cells recovered at 2 degrees C for 24 h, dictyosomes and dictyosome- or ER-derived small vesicles reappeared in the ribosome-rich cytoplasm. Aberrations in the structure of chloroplasts and mitochondria were less pronounced. Few phenolic deposits were seen as small grains associated with chloroplast envelopes and vesicle membranes. These observations demonstrate that plants undergo different changes in cell ultrastructure depending on whether they are subjected to chilling or freezing temperatures. Results are discussed in relation to membrane recycling and the possible role of phenolics during the first and second stages of plant acclimation at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARZANNA STEFANOWSKA
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology, Warsaw University, Miecznikowa 1, PL‐02 Warsaw, Poland
| | - MIECZYSŁAW KURAŚ
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology, Warsaw University, Miecznikowa 1, PL‐02 Warsaw, Poland
| | - ALINA KACPERSKA
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology, Warsaw University, Miecznikowa 1, PL‐02 Warsaw, Poland
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