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Anastasiou G, Hadjicharalambous M, Terzis G, Zaras N. Reactive Strength Index, Rate of Torque Development, and Performance in Well-Trained Weightlifters: A Pilot Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:161. [PMID: 37987497 PMCID: PMC10660709 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the reactive strength index (RSI) using the drop jump (DJ) and the isometric rate of torque development (RTD) with weightlifting performance in national-level weightlifters. Seven male weightlifters (age: 28.3 ± 5.7 years, body mass: 80.5 ± 6.7 kg, body height: 1.73 ± 0.07 m) participated in this study. Measurements were performed 2 weeks prior to the national championship and included the countermovement jump (CMJ), the squat jump (SJ), the DJ from three different drop heights (20, 30, and 40 cm), and the isometric peak torque (IPT) and RTD. Performance in CMJ and SJ was significantly correlated with weightlifting performance (r ranging from 0.756 to 0.892). Significant correlations were found between weightlifting performance with DJ contact time (r ranging from -0.759 to -0.899) and RSI (r ranging from 0.790 to 0.922). Moreover, the best RSI was significantly correlated with the snatch (r = 0.921, p = 0.003) and total performance (r = 0.832, p = 0.020). Small to very large correlations were found between IPT and RTD with weightlifting performance (r ranging from 0.254 to 0.796). These results suggest that RSI and contact time variables from DJ may predict weightlifting performance in well-trained weightlifters. Additionally, IPT and RTD may provide useful insights into the neuromuscular fitness condition of the weightlifter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Anastasiou
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus (M.H.)
| | - Marios Hadjicharalambous
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus (M.H.)
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Zaras
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus (M.H.)
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Huebner M, Riemann B, Hatchett A. Grip Strength and Sports Performance in Competitive Master Weightlifters. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2033. [PMID: 36767396 PMCID: PMC9915202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Grip strength (GS) is correlated with major muscle group strength; weakness and asymmetry in older adults are predictive of future disease and functional limitation risk. GS at different ages and hand symmetry for Olympic-style weightlifters and their association with performance have not been established. GS was measured in 164 athletes participating in the 2022 World Master Weightlifting Championships. The objectives wereto study the magnitude of the age-associated decline in GS in weightlifters and the association of GS with weightlifting performance. Hand symmetry was considered as a potential factor in successful lifts. Ages ranged from 35 to 90 (mean 53 years). Participants reported weekly training averages of 8.3 h of weightlifting and 4.1 additional hours of physical activities. The age-associated decline in GS was less steep than the decline in weightlifting performance. GS was lower in weightlifters compared to athletes in other sports that require grasping or force application (t = -2.53, p=0.053 for females; t = -2.62, p= 0.029 for males). The rate of decline was similar across different populations (weightlifters, other athletes, community-dwelling adults). Height and age were associated with GS, but performance level and training hours were not. GS was associated with snatch performance (t = 3.56, p < 0.001) but not with clean and jerk (t = 0.48, p = 0.633).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Huebner
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bryan Riemann
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Armstrong Campus-Georgia Southern University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - Andrew Hatchett
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Aiken-University of South Carolina, Aiken, SC 29801, USA
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Zaras N, Stasinaki AN, Spiliopoulou P, Arnaoutis G, Hadjicharalambous M, Terzis G. Rate of Force Development, Muscle Architecture, and Performance in Elite Weightlifters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:216-23. [PMID: 33217725 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between weightlifting performance and the rate of force development (RFD), muscle architecture, and body composition in elite Olympic weightlifters. METHODS Six male Olympic weightlifters (age 23.3 [3.4] y, body mass 88.7 [10.2] kg, body height 1.76 [0.07] m, snatch 146.7 [15.4] kg, clean and jerk 179.4 [22.1] kg), all members of the national team, participated in the study. Athletes completed a 16-week periodized training program aiming to maximize their performance at the national competition event. Measurements, including maximal strength (1-repetition maximum) in snatch, clean and jerk, back and front squat, isometric leg press RFD and peak force, countermovement jump, vastus lateralis muscle architecture, and body composition, were performed before and after the training period. RESULTS Weightlifting performance increased significantly after training (P < .05). Leg press RFD increased only in time windows of 0 to 200 and 0 to 250 milliseconds after training (8.9% [8.5%] and 9.4% [7.7%], respectively, P < .05) while peak force remained unaltered (P < .05). Front squat strength increased significantly (P < .05), while countermovement jump power increased 2.3% (2.1%) (P < .05). No changes were observed for muscle architecture and lean body mass (P > .05). Significant correlations were observed between performance in snatch and clean and jerk with isometric leg press RFD, at all time windows, as well as with lean body mass and squat 1-repetition maximum. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that regular examination of RFD, lean body mass, and lower extremities' 1-repetition maximum may be useful performance predictors in elite Olympic weightlifters.
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Zaras N, Stasinaki AN, Spiliopoulou P, Hadjicharalambous M, Terzis G. Lean Body Mass, Muscle Architecture, and Performance in Well-Trained Female Weightlifters. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E67. [PMID: 32443514 PMCID: PMC7281262 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lean mass and quadriceps muscle architecture have been associated with performance in male well-trained weightlifters, but no data exist for female weightlifters. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between lean mass, quadriceps cross sectional area (CSA), and muscle architecture with weightlifting performance in female weightlifters. Eight well-trained female weightlifters (age 23.5 ± 6.3 years, maximum total lifting performance = 147.4 ± 34.1 kg) participated in the study. Five of the athletes were members of the national team and three were among the nation's top-five performers of the respective body-weight category. Measurements included maximum lifting performance in snatch and clean and jerk, body composition (dual x-ray absorptiometry), vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture, vastus intermedius (VI) muscle thickness and quadriceps muscles' CSA and countermovement jump (CMJ). Very large to nearly perfect correlations were found between snatch and clean and jerk for trunk lean body mass (r = 0.959 and 0.929), for total CSA (r = 0.732 and 0.608), and CMJ power (r = 0.933 and 0.896). These results suggest that lean body mass, quadriceps' CSA and CMJ should be monitored regularly in female weightlifters to detect potential modifications in lifting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Zaras
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., P.O. Box 24005, 1700 Nicosia, Cyprus;
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistassis str., 172 37 Daphne, Athens, Greece; (A.-N.S.); (P.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistassis str., 172 37 Daphne, Athens, Greece; (A.-N.S.); (P.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Polyxeni Spiliopoulou
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistassis str., 172 37 Daphne, Athens, Greece; (A.-N.S.); (P.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Marios Hadjicharalambous
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., P.O. Box 24005, 1700 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistassis str., 172 37 Daphne, Athens, Greece; (A.-N.S.); (P.S.); (G.T.)
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Travis SK, Goodin JR, Beckham GK, Bazyler CD. Identifying a Test to Monitor Weightlifting Performance in Competitive Male and Female Weightlifters. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6020046. [PMID: 29910350 PMCID: PMC6026842 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring tests are commonly used to assess weightlifter’s preparedness for competition. Although various monitoring tests have been used, it is not clear which test is the strongest indicator of weightlifting performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to (1) determine the relationships between vertical jump, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and weightlifting performance; and (2) compare vertical jumps to IMTP as monitoring tests of weightlifting performance in a large cohort of male and female weightlifters. Methods: Fifty-two competitive weightlifters (31 males, 21 females) participated in squat and countermovement jump testing (SJ, CMJ), and IMTP testing performed on force plates. All laboratory testing data was correlated to a recent competition where the athletes had attempted to peak. Results: Squat jump height (SJH) was the strongest correlate for men and women with the Sinclair Total (r = 0.686, p ≤ 0.01; r = 0.487, p ≤ 0.05, respectively) compared to countermovement jump height (r = 0.642, p ≤ 0.01; r = 0.413, p = 0.063), IMTP peak force allometrically scaled to body mass (r = 0.542, p ≤ 0.01; r = −0.044, p = 0.851) and rate of force development at 200 ms (r = 0.066, p = 0.723; r = 0.086, p = 0.711), respectively. Further, SJH was a stronger correlate of relative weightlifting performance compared to IMTP peak force in females (p = 0.042), but not male weightlifters (p = 0.191). Conclusions: Although CMJ and IMTP are still considered strong indicators of weightlifting performance, SJH appears to be the most indicative measure of weightlifting performance across a wide-range of performance levels. Thus, SJH can be used as a reliable measure to monitor weightlifting performance in male and female weightlifters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kyle Travis
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Jacob R Goodin
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - George K Beckham
- Kinesiology Department, California State University, Seaside, CA 93955, USA.
| | - Caleb D Bazyler
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Storey AG, Birch NP, Fan V, Smith HK. Stress responses to short-term intensified and reduced training in competitive weightlifters. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:29-40. [PMID: 25640639 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We sought to identify and evaluate the tolerance to, and consequences of, short-term variations in training load in competitive weightlifters. Seven international-level lifters performed 1 week of initial training followed by 2 weeks of intensified (INT: +100%, 36.5 ± 11.3 × 10(3) kg/week) and 1 week of subsequently reduced (RED: -25%) training within their annual program. After INT, but not RED, 90 min of weightlifting increased mRNA levels of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (CCL4), chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) and cellular stress-associated DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 40-240%. Resting- and weightlifting-induced changes in plasma protein carbonyls, indicative of oxidative stress, but not pro-inflammatory CCL4 concentrations differed between INT and RED. Symptoms of stress (Daily Analysis of Life Demands of Athletes questionnaire) were reported as worse than normal more frequently during INT and RED than initial training. Global (negative) mood state increased during INT and declined during RED. Maximal snatch (-4.3 ± 3.7%) and vertical jump (-7.2 ± 6.5%), but not clean and jerk, were reduced after INT and restored after RED. Chemokine signaling may thus be part of the stress response to intense weightlifting and short-term reductions in training load support recovery from periodic INT training in weightlifters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Storey
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - V Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - H K Smith
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Calhoon G, Fry AC. Injury rates and profiles of elite competitive weightlifters. J Athl Train 1999; 34:232-8. [PMID: 16558570 PMCID: PMC1322916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine injury types, natures, anatomical locations, recommended amount of time missed, and injury rates during weightlifting training. DESIGN AND SETTING We collected and analyzed medical injury records of resident athletes and during numerous training camps to generate an injury profile. SUBJECTS Elite US male weightlifters who were injured during training at the United States Olympic Training Centers. MEASUREMENTS United States Olympic Training Center weightlifting injury reports from a 6-year period were analyzed. Data were expressed as percentages and were analyzed via x(2) tests. RESULTS The back (primarily low back), knees, and shoulders accounted for the most significant number of injuries (64.8%). The types of injuries most prevalent in this study were strains and tendinitis (68.9%). Injuries of acute (59.6%) or chronic (30.4%) nature were significantly more common than recurrent injuries and complications. The recommended number of training days missed for most injuries was 1 day or fewer (90.5%). Injuries to the back primarily consisted of strains (74.6%). Most knee injuries were tendinitis (85.0%). The majority of shoulder injuries were classified as strains (54.6%). Rates of acute and recurring injuries were calculated to be 3.3 injuries/1000 hours of weightlifting exposure. CONCLUSIONS The injuries typical of elite weightlifters are primarily overuse injuries, not traumatic injuries compromising joint integrity. These injury pattems and rates are similar to those reported for other sports and activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Calhoon
- Human Performance Laboratories, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
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