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Abstract
Cocaine is a highly addictive drug that has seen a steady uptrend causing severe health problems worldwide. Currently, there are no approved therapeutics for treating cocaine use disorder; hence, there is an urgent need to identify new medications. Immunopharmacotherapeutics is a promising approach utilizing endogenous antibodies generated through active vaccination, and if properly programmed, can blunt a drug's psychoactive and addictive effects. However, drug vaccine efficacy has largely been limited by the modest levels of antibodies induced. Herein, we explored an adjuvant system consisting of a polyphosphazene macromolecule, specifically poly[di(carboxylatoethylphenoxy)-phosphazene] (PCEP), a biocompatible synthetic polymer that was solicited for improved cocaine conjugate vaccine delivery performance. Our results demonstrated PCEP's superior assembling efficiency with a cocaine hapten as well as with the combined adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). Importantly, this combination led to a higher titer response, balanced immunity, successful sequestering of cocaine in the blood, and a reduction in the drug in the brain. Moreover, a PCEP-cocaine conjugate vaccine was also found to function well via intranasal administration, where its efficacy was demonstrated through the antibody titer, affinity, mucosal IgA production, and a reduction in cocaine's locomotor activity. Overall, a comprehensive evaluation of PCEP integrated within a cocaine vaccine established an advance in the use of synthetic adjuvants in the drugs of abuse vaccine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander Marin
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Maoz A, Hicks MJ, Vallabhjosula S, Synan M, Kothari PJ, Dyke JP, Ballon DJ, Kaminsky SM, De BP, Rosenberg JB, Martinez D, Koob GF, Janda KD, Crystal RG. Adenovirus capsid-based anti- cocaine vaccine prevents cocaine from binding to the nonhuman primate CNS dopamine transporter. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2170-8. [PMID: 23660705 PMCID: PMC3773666 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a major problem for which there is no approved pharmacotherapy. We have developed a vaccine to cocaine (dAd5GNE), based on the cocaine analog GNE linked to the capsid proteins of a serotype 5 adenovirus, designed to evoke anti-cocaine antibodies that sequester cocaine in the blood, preventing access to the CNS. To assess the efficacy of dAd5GNE in a large animal model, positron emission tomography (PET) and the radiotracer [(11)C]PE2I were used to measure cocaine occupancy of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in nonhuman primates. Repeat administration of dAd5GNE induced high anti-cocaine titers. Before vaccination, cocaine displaced PE2I from DAT in the caudate and putamen, resulting in 62±4% cocaine occupancy. In contrast, dAd5GNE-vaccinated animals showed reduced cocaine occupancy such that when anti-cocaine titers were >4 × 10(5), the cocaine occupancy was reduced to levels of <20%, significantly below the 47% threshold required to evoke the subjective 'high' reported in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Maoz
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA,Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin J Hicks
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shankar Vallabhjosula
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA,Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Synan
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paresh J Kothari
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan P Dyke
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas J Ballon
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen M Kaminsky
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bishnu P De
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan B Rosenberg
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Martinez
- Division of Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- The Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY 10065, USA, Tel: +1 646 962 4363, Fax: +1 646 962 0220, E-mail:
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