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Reimer M, Mayer K, Van Opdenbosch D, Scheibel T, Zollfrank C. Biocompatible Optical Fibers Made of Regenerated Cellulose and Recombinant Cellulose-Binding Spider Silk. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:37. [PMID: 36648823 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of green optical waveguides based on cellulose and spider silk might allow the processing of novel biocompatible materials. Regenerated cellulose fibers are used as the core and recombinantly produced spider silk proteins eADF4(C16) as the cladding material. A detected delamination between core and cladding could be circumvented by using a modified spider silk protein with a cellulose-binding domain-enduring permanent adhesion between the cellulose core and the spider silk cladding. The applied spider silk materials were characterized optically, and the theoretical maximum data rate was determined. The results show optical waveguide structures promising for medical applications, for example, in the future.
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Lubna T, Mahmud I, Cho YZ. Low Latency and High Data Rate (LLHD) Scheduler: A Multipath TCP Scheduler for Dynamic and Heterogeneous Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9869. [PMID: 36560235 PMCID: PMC9782081 DOI: 10.3390/s22249869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The scheduler is a crucial component of the multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) that dictates the path that a data packet takes. Schedulers are in charge of delivering data packets in the right order to prevent delays caused by head-of-line blocking. The modern Internet is a complicated network whose characteristics change in real-time. MPTCP schedulers are supposed to understand the real-time properties of the underlying network, such as latency, path loss, and capacity, in order to make appropriate scheduling decisions. However, the present scheduler does not take into account all of these characteristics together, resulting in lower performance. We present the low latency and high data rate (LLHD) scheduler, which successfully makes scheduling decisions based on real-time information on latency, path loss, and capacity, and achieves around 25% higher throughput and 45% lower data transmission delay than Linux's default MPTCP scheduler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Lubna
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Imtiaz Mahmud
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - You-Ze Cho
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Wang Z, Wei Z, Cai Y, Wang L, Li M, Liu P, Xie R, Wang L, Wei G, Fu HY. Encapsulation-Enabled Perovskite-PMMA Films Combining a Micro-LED for High-Speed White-Light Communication. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:54143-54151. [PMID: 34747607 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals have recently become emerging materials for color conversion in visible light communication (VLC) and solid-state lighting (SSL), due to their fast response and desirable optical properties. Herein, perovskite nanocrystal-polymethyl methacrylate (PNC-PMMA) films with red and yellow emission are prepared. The PNC-PMMA films, with optical properties such as a short lifetime and air stability, are used to make broadband color converters based on a high-bandwidth 75 μm blue micro-LED (μLED) for VLC. The yellow-emitting CsPb(Br/I)3 PNC-PMMA has a high bandwidth of 347 MHz, while the red-emitting CsPbI3 PNC-PMMA exhibits a higher modulation bandwidth of 822 MHz, which is ∼65 times larger than that of conventional phosphors. After fixing the two PNC-PMMA films in front of the μLED, a qualified warm white light is generated with a correlated color temperature of 5670 K, a color rendering index of 75.7, and a de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate at (0.33, 0.35). Although the color conversion of the blue light sacrifices some received power and slightly reduces the overall bandwidth from 1.130 to 1.005 GHz, a maximum real-time data rate of 1.7 Gbps is still achievable using the non-return-to-zero on-off keying modulation scheme, which is ∼6 times higher than that of the previous record. This study provides a practical approach to develop a considerably high-bandwidth white-light system for both high-speed VLC and high-quality SSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zixian Wei
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuting Cai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mutong Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rongjun Xie
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lai Wang
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guodan Wei
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - H Y Fu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Lyu B, Hua Y, Yuan J, Li S. Application of Ultra Narrow Band Modulation in Enhanced Loran System. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21134347. [PMID: 34202082 PMCID: PMC8271942 DOI: 10.3390/s21134347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Enhanced Loran (eLoran) system is valued for its important role in the positioning, navigation, and timing fields; however, with its current modulation methods, low data rate restricts its development. Ultra narrow band (UNB) modulation is a modulation method with extremely high spectrum utilization. If UNB modulation can be applied to the eLoran system, it will be very helpful. The extended binary phase shift keying modulation in UNB modulation is selected for a detailed study, parameters and application model are designed according to its unique characteristics of signal time and frequency domains, and it is verified through simulation that the application of this modulation not only meets the design constraints of the eLoran system but also does not affect the reception of the respective signals of both parties. Several feasible schemes are compared, analyzed, and selected. Studies have revealed that application of UNB modulation in the eLoran system is feasible, and it will increase the data rate of the system by dozens of times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyun Lyu
- National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, China; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (S.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Positioning and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-8389-0326
| | - Yu Hua
- National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, China; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Positioning and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, China
| | - Jiangbin Yuan
- National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, China; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Positioning and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, China; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Positioning and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, China
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Alsulami OZ, Alahmadi AA, Saeed SOM, Mohamed SH, El-Gorashi TEH, Alresheedi MT, Elmirghani JMH. Optimum resource allocation in optical wireless systems with energy-efficient fog and cloud architectures. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190188. [PMID: 32114911 PMCID: PMC7062005 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a promising technology that can provide high data rates while supporting multiple users. The optical wireless (OW) physical layer has been researched extensively, however, less work was devoted to multiple access and how the OW front end is connected to the network. In this paper, an OWC system which employs a wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) scheme is studied, for the purpose of supporting multiple users. In addition, a cloud/fog architecture is proposed for the first time for OWC to provide processing capabilities. The cloud/fog-integrated architecture uses visible indoor light to create high data rate connections with potential mobile nodes. These OW nodes are further clustered and used as fog mini servers to provide processing services through the OW channel for other users. Additional fog-processing units are located in the room, the building, the campus and at the metro level. Further processing capabilities are provided by remote cloud sites. Two mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models were proposed to numerically study networking and processing in OW systems. The first MILP model was developed and used to optimize resource allocation in the indoor OWC systems, in particular, the allocation of access points (APs) and wavelengths to users, while the second MILP model was developed to optimize the placement of processing tasks in the different fog and cloud nodes available. The optimization of tasks placement in the cloud/fog-integrated architecture was analysed using the MILP models. Multiple scenarios were considered where the mobile node locations were varied in the room and the amount of processing and data rate requested by each OW node was varied. The results help to identify the optimum colour and AP to use for communication for a given mobile node location and OWC system configuration, the optimum location to place processing and the impact of the network architecture. This article is part of the theme issue 'Optical wireless communication'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Zwaid Alsulami
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Amal A. Alahmadi
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah O. M. Saeed
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Sanaa Hamid Mohamed
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - T. E. H. El-Gorashi
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Mohammed T. Alresheedi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Mei S, Liu X, Zhang W, Liu R, Zheng L, Guo R, Tian P. High-Bandwidth White-Light System Combining a Micro-LED with Perovskite Quantum Dots for Visible Light Communication. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:5641-5648. [PMID: 29345894 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes a high-bandwidth white-light system consisting of a blue gallium nitride (GaN) micro-LED (μLED) exciting yellow-emitting CsPbBr1.8I1.2 perovskite quantum dots (YQDs) for high-speed real-time visible light communication (VLC). The packaged 80 μm × 80 μm blue-emitting μLED has a modulation bandwidth of ∼160 MHz and a peak emission wavelength of ∼445 nm. The achievable bandwidth of the white-light system is up to 85 MHz in the absence of filters and equalization technology. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the YQDs as a color converter is as high as 73 MHz with the blue GaN μLED as the pump source. A maximum data rate of 300 Mbps can be achieved by taking advantage of the high bandwidth of the white-light system using the non-return-to-zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK) modulation scheme. The resultant bit-error rate is 2.0 × 10-3, well beneath the forward error correction criterion of 3.8 × 10-3 required for error-free data transmission. In addition, the YQDs which we proposed as a color converter possess high stability for VLC. After half a year, the achievable bandwidths of the white-light system and the YQDs are still up to 83 and 70 MHz, respectively. This study provides the direction of developing high-bandwidth white-light system for both high-efficiency solid-state lighting and high-speed VLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Mei
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wanlu Zhang
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruiqian Guo
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pengfei Tian
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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