Urban mosquito distributions are modulated by socioeconomic status and
environmental traits in the USA.
ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023:e2869. [PMID:
37140135 DOI:
10.1002/eap.2869]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of mosquitoes and associated vector diseases (e.g., West Nile, dengue, and Zika viruses) is likely a function of environmental conditions in the landscape. Urban environments are highly heterogeneous in the amount of vegetation, standing water, and concrete structures covering the land at a given time, each having the capacity to influence mosquito abundance and disease transmission. Previous research suggests that socioeconomic status is correlated with the ecology of the landscape, with lower-income neighborhoods generally having more concrete structures and standing water via residential abandonment, garbage dumps, and inadequate sewage. Whether these socio-ecological factors affect mosquito distributions across urban environments in the United States (US) remains unclear. Here, we present a meta-analysis of 42 paired observations from 18 articles testing how socioeconomic status relates to overall mosquito burden in urban landscapes in the US. We also analyzed how with socio-ecological covariates (e.g., abandoned buildings, vegetation, education, and garbage containers) varied across socioeconomic status in the same mosquito studies. The meta-analysis revealed that lower-income neighborhoods (regions with median household incomes <$50,000 household-1 year-1 ) are exposed to 63% greater mosquito densities and mosquito-borne illnesses compared to higher-income neighborhoods (≥$50,000 household-1 year-1 ). One common species of urban mosquito (Aedes aegypti) showed the strongest relationship with socioeconomic status, with Ae. aegypti being 126% higher in low-income than high-income neighborhoods. We also found that certain socio-ecological covariates correlated with median household income. Garbage, trash, and plastic containers were found 67% higher in low-income neighborhoods, whereas high-income neighborhoods tended to have higher levels of education. Together, these results indicate that socio-ecological factors can lead to disproportionate impacts of mosquitoes on humans in urban landscapes. Thus, concerted efforts to manage mosquito populations in low-income urban neighborhoods are required to reduce mosquito burden for the communities most vulnerable to human disease.
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