Effect of Match Schedule Density on Self-Reported Wellness and Sleep in Referees During the Rugby World Cup

PURPOSE

To examine the effect of match schedule on self-reported wellness and sleep in rugby union referees during the 2019 Rugby World Cup.

METHODS

Following an observational design, 18 international-level male referees participating in the 2019 Rugby World Cup completed a daily questionnaire to quantify wellness status (sleep quality, mood, stress, fatigue, muscle soreness, and total wellness) and sleep characteristics (bedtime, wake-up time, and time in bed) from the previous night across the tournament. Linear mixed models and effect sizes (Hedges gav) assessed differences in wellness and sleep characteristics between prematch and postmatch days surrounding single-game and 2-game congested match schedules (prematch1, postmatch1, prematch2, and postmatch2 days).

RESULTS

During regular schedules, all self-reported wellness variables except stress were reduced (gav = 0.33-1.05, mean difference -0.32 to -1.21 arbitrary units [AU]) and referees went to bed later (1.08, 1:07 h:min) and spent less time in bed (-0.78, 00:55 h:min) postmatch compared with prematch days. During congested schedules, only wellness variables differed across days, with total wellness reduced on postmatch1 (-0.88, -3.56 AU) and postmatch2 (-0.67, -2.70 AU) days, as well as mood (-1.01, -0.56 AU) and fatigue (-0.90, -1.11 AU) reduced on postmatch1 days compared with prematch days.

CONCLUSION

Referees were susceptible to acute reductions in wellness on days following matches regardless of schedule. However, only single-game regular match schedules negatively impacted the sleep characteristics of referees. Targeted strategies to maximize wellness status and sleep opportunities in referees considering the match schedule faced should be explored during future Rugby World Cup competitions.

A Critical Review on the Factors that Influence Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens: From Building Entry to Fixtures in Residences

Residential buildings provide unique conditions for opportunistic premise plumbing pathogen (OPPP) exposure via aerosolized water droplets produced by showerheads, faucets, and tubs. The objective of this review was to critically evaluate the existing literature that assessed the impact of potentially enhancing conditions to OPPP occurrence associated with residential plumbing and to point out knowledge gaps. Comprehensive studies on the topic were found to be lacking. Major knowledge gaps identified include the assessment of OPPP growth in the residential plumbing, from building entry to fixtures, and evaluation of the extent of the impact of typical residential plumbing design (e.g., trunk and branch and manifold), components (e.g., valves and fixtures), water heater types and temperature setting of operation, and common pipe materials (copper, PEX, and PVC/CPVC). In addition, impacts of the current plumbing code requirements on OPPP responses have not been assessed by any study and a lack of guidelines for OPPP risk management in residences was identified. Finally, the research required to expand knowledge on OPPP amplification in residences was discussed.

Implants outcome inserted in different sites

Oral rehabilitation by means dental implants has high standards of success. Recently, a new type of two-pieces spiral implants has been introduced in the market. Since few reports focus of the efficacy of this medical device as a reliable tool for oral rehabilitation, here a retrospective study is reported. In the period June-December 2017 one hundred and two spiral fixtures were inserted, half in females and 51 in males. The median age was 56 ± 8 (min-max 36-73 years). Forty-eight implants were inserted in upper jawbone and 54 in mandible. Two implants were lost and thus survival rate (SVR) is 99.9%. Then peri-implant bone resorption was used to investigate the clinical success (success rate, SCR) over time. No implants have a crestal bone resorption greater than 1.5 mm in the first year follow up. No studied variable has an effect on clinical outcome. In conclusion the studied implants have high SCR and SVR so that they are good tools for oral rehabilitation.

Dental implants inserted in native bone: Cases series analyses

Background:

The concept of osseointegration, i.e., the direct anchorage of endosseous implants made of commercially pure or titanium alloy to the bone caused a breakthrough in oral rehabilitation. The identification of factors for long-term survival and success rate are the main goal of the recent literature. Several variables can influence the final result, and in general they are grouped in surgery-, host-, implant-, and occlusion-related factors.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective analysis on a large series of dental implants was performed to detect those variables influencing the clinical outcome. In the period between January 2007 and December 2009, 157 patients were operated. A total of 429 implants were inserted. Dental implants are reliable devices to be used in oral rehabilitation.

Results:

Globally, very few implants were lost at the end of the follow-up period. Slight but significant differences existed among different implants types with regard to peri-implant bone resorption.

Conclusion:

A better clinical outcome was revealed for Sweden and Martina global implant.