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Quist AJL, Fliss MD, Richardson DB, Delamater PL, Engel LS. Hurricanes, industrial animal operations, and acute gastrointestinal illness in North Carolina, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, HEALTH : ERH 2025; 3:015005. [PMID: 39759183 PMCID: PMC11696836 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/ad9ecf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 12/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2025]
Abstract
North Carolina (NC) ranks third among US states in both hog production and hurricanes. NC's hogs are housed in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in the eastern, hurricane-prone part of the state. Hurricanes can inundate hog waste lagoons, transporting fecal bacteria that may cause acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI). While CAFOs and hurricanes have separately been associated with AGI, few epidemiological studies have examined the joint effect of hurricanes and CAFOs. We examined the impacts of Hurricanes Matthew (2016) and Florence (2018) on the occurrence of post-storm AGI in areas with varying numbers of hog and poultry CAFOs. We used ZIP code-level disease surveillance data, 2016-2019, to calculate rates of AGI emergency department (ED) visits in NC. Using precipitation data, CAFO permit data, and interrupted time series methods, we assessed the change in AGI rate during the three weeks after Matthew and Florence in ZIP codes with heavy rain (>75th percentile of storm precipitation) and 0, 1-10, and >10 hog CAFOs. The AGI ED rate in ZIP codes with heavy storm rain and >10 hog CAFOs increased 15% (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.27) during the three weeks after Hurricane Florence, although there was little increase after Hurricane Matthew (RR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.86, 1.24). The AGI ED rates in ZIP codes with heavy storm rain and no hog CAFOs exhibited no increase during these post-hurricane periods (Matthew: RR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.80, 1.14; Florence: RR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.13). We also observed an increase in AGI ED rate in areas with both >10 hog CAFOs and >10 poultry CAFOs. Areas with heavy hurricane precipitation and many CAFOs had a higher proportion of Black, American Indian, and Hispanic residents and lower annual household incomes than the state averages. Heavy hurricane precipitation in areas with CAFOs may increase AGI rates, disproportionately affecting people of color in NC.
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Ngumbi EN. Could flooding undermine progress in building climate-resilient crops? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2025; 30:85-94. [PMID: 39168786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Flooding threatens crop productivity, agricultural sustainability, and global food security. In this article I review the effects of flooding on plants and highlight three important gaps in our understanding: (i) effects of flooding on ecological interactions mediated by plants both below (changing root metabolites and exudates) and aboveground (changing plant quality and metabolites, and weakening the plant immune system), (ii) flooding impacts on soil health and microorganisms that underpin plant and ecosystems health, and (iii) the legacy impacts of flooding. Failure to address these overlooked aspects could derail and undermine the monumental progress made in building climate-resilient crops and soil-microbe-assisted plant resilience. Addressing the outlined knowledge gaps will enhance solutions developed to mitigate flooding and preserve gains made to date.
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Allam A, Mangold M, Zhang P. Square Root Unscented Kalman Filter-Based Multiple-Model Fault Diagnosis of PEM Fuel Cells. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 25:29. [PMID: 39796820 DOI: 10.3390/s25010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2024] [Revised: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025]
Abstract
Harsh operating conditions imposed by vehicular applications significantly limit the utilization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in electric propulsion systems. Improper/poor management and supervision of rapidly varying current demands can lead to undesired electrochemical reactions and critical cell failures. Among other failures, flooding and catalytic degradation are failure mechanisms that directly impact the composition of the membrane electrode assembly and can cause irreversible cell performance deterioration. Due to the functional significance and high manufacturing costs of the catalyst layer, monitoring internal fuel cell states is crucial. For this purpose, a diagnostic-oriented multi-scale PEMFC catalytic degradation model is developed which incorporates the failure effects of catalytic degradation on cell dynamics and global stack performance. Embedded to the multi-scale model is a square root unscented Kalman filter (SRUKF)-based multiple-model fault diagnosis scheme. In this approach, multiple models are used to estimate specific internal PEMFC system parameters, such as the mass transfer coefficient of the gas diffusion layer or the exchange current density, which are treated as additional system states. Online state estimates are provided by the SRUKF, which additionally propagates model-conditioned statistical information to update a Bayesian framework for model selection. The Bayesian model selection method carries fault indication signals that are interpreted by a derived decision logic to obtain reliable information on the current-operating system regime. The proposed diagnosis scheme is evaluated through simulations using the LA 92 and NEDC driving cycles.
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Kaji M, Katano K, Anee TI, Nitta H, Yamaji R, Shimizu R, Shigaki S, Suzuki H, Suzuki N. Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Flooding with Physical Flow. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:3508. [PMID: 39771206 PMCID: PMC11678080 DOI: 10.3390/plants13243508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2024] [Revised: 12/05/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Flooding causes severe yield losses worldwide, making it urgent to enhance crop tolerance to this stress. Since natural flooding often involves physical flow, we hypothesized that the effects of submergence on plants could change when combined with physical flow. In this study, we analyzed the growth and transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to submergence or flooding with physical flow. Plants exposed to flooding with physical flow had smaller rosette diameters, especially at faster flow rates. Transcriptome analysis revealed that "defense response" transcripts were highly up-regulated in response to flooding with physical flow. In addition, up-regulation of transcripts encoding ROS-producing enzymes, SA synthesis, JA synthesis, and ethylene signaling was more pronounced under flooding with physical flow when compared to submergence. Although H2O2 accumulation changed in response to submergence or flooding with physical flow, it did not lead to lipid peroxidation, suggesting a role for ROS as signaling molecules under these conditions. Multiple regression analysis indicated possible links between rosette diameter under flooding with physical flow and the expression of Rbohs and SA synthesis transcripts. These findings suggest that pathogen defense responses, regulated by SA and ROS signaling, play crucial roles in plant responses to flooding with physical flow.
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Feit L, Doukas D, Silverberg M. Hurricane Ida - Mitigation and Preparedness for Flash- Flooding in New York City. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2024; 18:e314. [PMID: 39658547 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2024.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hurricane Ida delivered record rainfall to the northeast, resulting in 11 deaths in New York City. We review these deaths, identify risk factors, and discuss solutions to prevent recurrence. METHODS Deaths were confirmed by multiple sources. Locations of the deceased were obtained from obituaries and plotted on the NYC.gov flood-hazard map. Risk factor information of the decedents was collected when available. Current emergency response plans and mitigation efforts were identified on the NYC.gov officially sanctioned website. RESULTS All descendants resided in basement apartments. None of the deaths occurred in a location previously designated a "flood risk zone." While a flash flood emergency was issued during Hurricane Ida, guidance was not provided during the emergency. Flooding was compounded by the city's aging infrastructure and lack of green space. CONCLUSIONS Aging infrastructure, lack of pre-notification, illegal basement apartments, and lack of a planned response all appear to have played a role in these 11 deaths.
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Jiménez JDLC, Suresh K, Zeisler-Diehl V, Oi T, Takahisa Hirakawa, Takahashi H, Schreiber L, Nakazono M. Formation of Apoplastic Barriers to Radial O₂ Loss in Rice Roots: Effects of Low-O₂ and High-Fe Conditions, and the Roles of Suberin, Glycerol Esters, and Iron Plaques. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39659088 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Revised: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024]
Abstract
Lack of O2 and high concentrations of iron (Fe) are common in flooded soils where Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is cultivated. We tested the hypothesis that growing in stagnant or high Fe conditions might induce the formation of apoplastic barriers in roots with different properties and chemical compositions. We measured radial O2 loss (ROL) from intact roots, the chemical composition of roots and the formation of root iron plaques in Fe-sensitive and Fe-tolerant rice genotypes grown in aerated, deoxygenated stagnant solutions or in aerated solutions containing high concentrations of Fe. Roots of plants grown in stagnant conditions developed tight barriers to ROL, while those grown in high Fe conditions developed only partial barriers. Chemical analysis of enzymatically isolated sclerenchyma/exodermal root cells indicated that roots grown in stagnant conditions showed increased amounts of suberin and glycerol esters. In contrast, roots in high Fe conditions showed an increase in suberization along with formation of iron plaques covering the roots. In high Fe conditions, exodermal suberization and the formation of partial ROL barriers were not influenced by the genotype's tolerance to Fe. The amount of O2 diffused from roots is influenced by the various layers that impede O2 diffusion. Specifically, increased amounts of glycerol esters in the suberized exodermis provide the greater resistance to ROL.
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Rieder A, Lorenzetti J, Zelocualtecatl Montiel I, Dutta A, Iarchuk A, Mirolo M, Drnec J, Lorenzutti F, Haussener S, Kovács N, Vesztergom S, Broekmann P. ICP-MS Assisted EDX Tomography: A Robust Method for Studying Electrolyte Penetration Phenomena in Gas Diffusion Electrodes Applied to CO 2 Electrolysis. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2400200. [PMID: 38992994 PMCID: PMC11672170 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
A carbon paper-based gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is used with a bismuth(III) subcarbonate active catalyst phase for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in a gas/electrolyte flow-by configuration electrolyser at high current density. It is demonstrated that in this configuration, the gas and catholyte phases recombine to form K2CO3/KHCO3 precipitates to an extent that after electrolyses, vast amount of K+ ions is found by EDX mapping in the entire GDE structure. The fact that the entirety of the GDE gets wetted during electrolysis should, however, not be interpreted as a sign of flooding of the catalyst layer, since electrolyte perspiring through the GDE can largely be removed with the outflow gas, and the efficiency of electrolysis (toward the selective production of formate) can thus be maintained high for several hours. For a full spatial scale quantitative monitoring of electrolyte penetration into the GDE, (relying on K+ ions as tracer) the method of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) assisted energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) tomography is introduced. This new, cheap and robust tomography of non-uniform aspect ratio has a large planar span that comprises the entire GDE surface area and a submicrometer depth resolution, hence it can provide quantitative information about the amount and distribution of K+ remnants inside the GDE structure, in three dimensions.
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Menéndez E, Tundo S. Editorial: The interplay of plant biotic and abiotic stresses: mechanisms and management. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1518678. [PMID: 39649806 PMCID: PMC11622422 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1518678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 12/11/2024]
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Alhawsawi MRI, Lewis DA, Frigard RA, Smith EM, Sivakumar J, Sharma AM, Nantz AR, Sabile CEG, Kennedy J, Loni R, LeFevre G, Vaka A, Leanza Q, Kelley M, Stacey CL, Santhosh RA, Catlett N, Cady TL, Rizvi RS, Wagner Z, Olafson PU, Benoit JB. Developmental stage and level of submersion in water impact the viability of lone star and winter tick eggs. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024:tjae143. [PMID: 39574347 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/27/2024]
Abstract
Female ticks deposit large egg clusters that range in size from hundreds to thousands. These egg clusters are restricted to a deposition site as they are stationary, usually under leaf litter and other debris. In some habitats, these sites can be exposed to periodic flooding. When the clusters of tick eggs are disturbed, they may float to the surface or remain underneath organic debris entirely submerged underwater. Here, we examined the viability of egg clusters from winter ticks, Dermacentor albipictus, and lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum, when partially or fully submerged in water and in relation to the developmental stages of the eggs under lab conditions. In general, egg clusters that were older and partially submerged had a higher viability than fully submerged, younger eggs. Of the two species, A. americanum was more resistant to water exposure. These studies highlight that egg clusters for certain tick species can remain viable when exposed to water for at least two weeks. These results also suggest that distribution by flooding of egg clusters could occur for some species and water submersion will differentially impact tick egg survival based on the specific developmental stage of exposure and species.
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Nguyen CD, Lu CH, Chen YS, Lee HT, Lo SF, Wei AC, Ho THD, Yu SM. Mitochondrial AOX1a and an H 2O 2 feed-forward signalling loop regulate flooding tolerance in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 39533537 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Flooding is a widespread natural disaster that causes tremendous yield losses of global food production. Rice is the only cereal capable of growing in aquatic environments. Direct seeding by which seedlings grow underwater is an important cultivation method for reducing rice production cost. Hypoxic germination tolerance and root growth in waterlogged soil are key traits for rice adaptability to flooded environments. Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a non-ATP-producing terminal oxidase in the plant mitochondrial electron transport chain, but its role in hypoxia tolerance had been unclear. We have discovered that AOX1a is necessary and sufficient to promote germination/coleoptile elongation and root development in rice under flooding/hypoxia. Hypoxia enhances endogenous H2O2 accumulation, and H2O2 in turn activates an ensemble of regulatory genes including AOX1a to facilitate the conversion of deleterious reactive oxygen species to H2O2 in rice under hypoxia. We show that AOX1a and H2O2 act interdependently to coordinate three key downstream events, that is, glycolysis/fermentation for minimal ATP production, root aerenchyma development and lateral root emergence under hypoxia. Moreover, we reveal that ectopic AOX1a expression promotes vigorous root and plant growth, and increases grain yield under regular irrigation conditions. Our discoveries provide new insights into a unique sensor-second messenger pair in which AOX1a acts as the sensor perceiving low oxygen tension, while H2O2 accumulation serves as the second messenger triggering downstream root development in rice against hypoxia stress. This work also reveals AOX1a genetic manipulation and H2O2 pretreatment as potential targets for improving flooding tolerance in rice and other crops.
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Wu Y, Idros MN, Feng D, Huang W, Burdyny T, Wang B, Wang G, Li M, Rufford TE. Flooding Control by Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Additives in Silver Catalyst Layers for CO 2 Electrolysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:56967-56974. [PMID: 39393807 PMCID: PMC11505894 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Electrolyte flooding in porous catalyst layers on gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) limits the stability and high-current performance of CO2 and CO electrolyzers. Here, we demonstrate the in situ electroreduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) within a silver catalyst layer on a carbon GDE. The r-GO introduces hydrophobicity regions in the catalyst layer that help mitigate electrolyte flooding during high current density CO2 electrolysis to CO. The flooding-resistant r-GO/Ag-coated GDE achieves a sustained Faradaic efficiency of CO at 94% for more than 8 h, compared to a rapid drop from 95% to 66% in an Ag-coated GDE without r-GO at 100 mA·cm-2. We found that GO enhances the electrochemically active surface area of the catalyst layer during CO2 electrolysis tests because the incorporation of GO increases the roughness of the catalyst layer. The in situ method of electrochemically reducing GO to r-GO provides a low-cost, practical approach that can be applied during standard spray-deposition procedures to develop flooding-resistant GDEs.
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Kiefer EM, Felton D. A Review of Climate-Driven Threats to Recreational Water Users in Hawaii. Wilderness Environ Med 2024:10806032241286486. [PMID: 39399896 DOI: 10.1177/10806032241286486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
In Hawaii, impacts from climate change, such as sea-level rise and flooding, increased hurricanes and wildfires, and warmer temperatures, intersect with aging infrastructure, toxicities from the built environment, and pathogens to threaten the health of recreational ocean users via reduced water quality, severe weather and flooding, environmental degradation, and food systems impacts. An examination of climate-driven threats to water safety is a pertinent review of threats to coastal residents globally.
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Schippers JHM, von Bongartz K, Laritzki L, Frohn S, Frings S, Renziehausen T, Augstein F, Winkels K, Sprangers K, Sasidharan R, Vertommen D, Van Breusegem F, Hartman S, Beemster GTS, Mhamdi A, van Dongen JT, Schmidt-Schippers RR. ERFVII-controlled hypoxia responses are in part facilitated by MEDIATOR SUBUNIT 25 in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 120:748-768. [PMID: 39259461 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Flooding impairs plant growth through oxygen deprivation, which activates plant survival and acclimation responses. Transcriptional responses to low oxygen are generally associated with the activation of group VII ETHYLENE-RESPONSE FACTOR (ERFVII) transcription factors. However, the exact mechanisms and molecular components by which ERFVII factors initiate gene expression are not fully elucidated. Here, we show that the ERFVII factors RELATED TO APETALA 2.2 (RAP2.2) and RAP2.12 cooperate with the Mediator complex subunit AtMED25 to coordinate gene expression under hypoxia in Arabidopsis thaliana. Respective med25 knock-out mutants display reduced low-oxygen stress tolerance. AtMED25 physically associates with a distinct set of hypoxia core genes and its loss partially impairs transcription under hypoxia due to decreased RNA polymerase II recruitment. Association of AtMED25 with target genes requires the presence of ERFVII transcription factors. Next to ERFVII protein stabilisation, also the composition of the Mediator complex including AtMED25 is potentially affected by hypoxia stress as shown by protein-complex pulldown assays. The dynamic response of the Mediator complex to hypoxia is furthermore supported by the fact that two subunits, AtMED8 and AtMED16, are not involved in the establishment of hypoxia tolerance, whilst both act in coordination with AtMED25 under other environmental conditions. We furthermore show that AtMED25 function under hypoxia is independent of ethylene signalling. Finally, functional conservation at the molecular level was found for the MED25-ERFVII module between A. thaliana and the monocot species Oryza sativa, pointing to a potentially universal role of MED25 in coordinating ERFVII-dependent transcript responses to hypoxia in plants.
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Poulakida I, Kotsiou OS, Boutlas S, Stergioula D, Papadamou G, Gourgoulianis KI, Papagiannis D. Leptospirosis Incidence Post- Flooding Following Storm Daniel: The First Case Series in Greece. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:880-887. [PMID: 39311210 PMCID: PMC11417790 DOI: 10.3390/idr16050069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the public health impact of flooding on leptospirosis incidence after Storm Daniel in Thessaly, Greece, in September 2023. A notable increase in cases was observed, with seven cases of female patients and a mean age of 40.2 years, indicating a significant risk among working-age adults. From the end of September to the beginning of November 2023, a total of 35 patients from flood-prone areas presented to the Emergency Department of the Tertiary University Hospital of Larissa. Diagnosis of leptospirosis was established by meeting the criteria suggested by the national public health organisation (EODY)-compatible clinical course, epidemiological exposure, molecular and serologic confirmation by the detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to leptospira spp. using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative PCR for the molecular detection of leptospira. The larger part (84.6%) of leptospirosis cases were associated with contact with floodwater. The majority of these patients (71.4%) were from the prefecture of Larissa, followed by 14.3% from the prefecture of Karditsa, 8.6% from the prefecture of Trikala, and 5.7% from the prefecture of Magnesia. Occupational exposure and urbanisation were key risk factors. The most prevalent clinical feature was rash (69.2%), followed by fever (61.5%) and myalgia (30.7%). The findings emphasise the need for robust public health strategies, improved sanitation, rodent control, and protective measures for sanitation workers. The data highlight the broader implications of climate change on public health and the necessity for ongoing surveillance and community education to mitigate future outbreaks.
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Rosenzweig B, Montalto FA, Orton P, Kaatz J, Maher N, Kleyman J, Chen Z, Sanderson E, Adhikari N, McPhearson T, Herreros-Cantis P. NPCC4: Climate change and New York City's flood risk. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1539:127-184. [PMID: 39159317 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
This chapter of the New York City Panel on Climate Change 4 (NPCC4) report provides a comprehensive description of the different types of flood hazards (pluvial, fluvial, coastal, groundwater, and compound) facing New York City and provides climatological context that can be utilized, along with climate change projections, to support flood risk management (FRM). Previous NPCC reports documented coastal flood hazards and presented trends in historical and future precipitation and sea level but did not comprehensively assess all the city's flood hazards. Previous NPCC reports also discussed the implications of floods on infrastructure and the city's residents but did not review the impacts of flooding on the city's natural and nature-based systems (NNBSs). This-the NPCC's first report focused on all drivers of flooding-describes and profiles historical examples of each type of flood and summarizes previous and ongoing research regarding exposure, vulnerability, and risk management, including with NNBS and nonstructural measures.
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Gui G, Zhang Q, Hu W, Liu F. Application of multiomics analysis to plant flooding response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1389379. [PMID: 39193215 PMCID: PMC11347887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1389379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Flooding, as a natural disaster, plays a pivotal role in constraining the growth and development of plants. Flooding stress, including submergence and waterlogging, not only induces oxygen, light, and nutrient deprivation, but also alters soil properties through prolonged inundation, further impeding plant growth and development. However, hypoxia (or anoxia) is the most serious and direct damage to plants caused by flooding. Moreover, flooding disrupts the structural integrity of plant cell walls and compromises endoplasmic reticulum functionality, while hindering nutrient absorption and shifting metabolic processes from normal aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration. It can be asserted that flooding exerts comprehensive effects on plants encompassing phenotypic changes, transcriptional alterations, protein dynamics, and metabolic shifts. To adapt to flooding environments, plants employ corresponding adaptive mechanisms at the phenotypic level while modulating transcriptomic profiles, proteomic characteristics, and metabolite levels. Hence, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomics investigations conducted on flooding stress on model plants and major crops, elucidating their response mechanisms from diverse omics perspectives.
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Zhao L, Wang H, Wang K, Shen C, Tao M. Study on the relationship between PTSD and academic control and academic emotion in primary and middle school students after flood disaster. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1429238. [PMID: 39171232 PMCID: PMC11336700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1429238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and students' academic control and academic emotion in the aftermath of a flood disaster. The findings will offer educators and relevant departments valuable insights to understand and facilitate the restoration of learning capabilities among students affected by the disaster. Methods This study employed a combined approach of questionnaire surveys and longitudinal tracking. Students from Guangling Primary and Secondary School (Shouguang City, Weifang, Shandong Province) participated in surveys administered in September 2018, December 2018, and September 2019. The instruments utilized included the Post-Disaster Trauma Assessment Questionnaire, the Adolescent Academic Control Scale, and the mathematical version of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire. Data analysis involved two-factor correlation and mediation effect testing. Results Significant differences were observed in overall PTSD scores and its three dimensions between the 1-week and 1-year post-disaster assessments. Both the average PTSD score and the detection rate were higher 1 year after the disaster compared to the first week. Students' academic control demonstrated a strong positive correlation with positive academic emotions and a significant negative correlation with anxiety-related academic emotions. Cross-lagged regression analysis indicated a predictive relationship: academic control measured 3 months post-disaster significantly predicted academic emotions at the 9-month assessment, and conversely, academic emotions at the 3-month point were predictive of academic control at 9 months. In addition, academic control appears to play a complete mediating role in the relationship between PTSD and academic emotions. Conclusion Students exhibited a range of PTSD symptoms following the disaster, with a higher prevalence noted in the first year compared to the initial week. PTSD negatively affects academic standing in these students, and is predictive of both their sense of academic control and their emotional responses to learning. Crucially, academic control and academic emotions exhibit a strong correlation and can mutually affect one another. Interventions aimed at reducing PTSD symptoms, cultivating positive academic emotions, and strengthening students' sense of academic control must therefore consider the relationship between these factors. This holistic approach will enhance psychological well-being and improve academic performance.
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García P, Singh S, Graciet E. New Insights into the Connections between Flooding/Hypoxia Response and Plant Defenses against Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2176. [PMID: 39204612 PMCID: PMC11358971 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The impact of global climate change has highlighted the need for a better understanding of how plants respond to multiple simultaneous or sequential stresses, not only to gain fundamental knowledge of how plants integrate signals and mount a coordinated response to stresses but also for applications to improve crop resilience to environmental stresses. In recent years, there has been a stronger emphasis on understanding how plants integrate stresses and the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between the signaling pathways and transcriptional programs that underpin plant responses to multiple stresses. The combination of flooding (or resulting hypoxic stress) with pathogen infection is particularly relevant due to the frequent co-occurrence of both stresses in nature. This review focuses on (i) experimental approaches and challenges associated with the study of combined and sequential flooding/hypoxia and pathogen infection, (ii) how flooding (or resulting hypoxic stress) influences plant immunity and defense responses to pathogens, and (iii) how flooding contributes to shaping the soil microbiome and is linked to plants' ability to fight pathogen infection.
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Luo X, Xu X, Xu J, Zhao X, Zhang R, Shi Y, Xia M, Xian B, Zhou W, Zheng C, Wei S, Wang L, Du J, Liu W, Shu K. Melatonin Priming Promotes Crop Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment Under Flooding Stress by Mediating ABA, GA, and ROS Cascades. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e13004. [PMID: 39145574 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Both seed germination and subsequent seedling establishment are key checkpoints during the life cycle of seed plants, yet flooding stress markedly inhibits both processes, leading to economic losses from agricultural production. Here, we report that melatonin (MT) seed priming treatment enhances the performance of seeds from several crops, including soybean, wheat, maize, and alfalfa, under flooding stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed that MT priming promotes seed germination and seedling establishment associated with changes in abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed that MT priming increases the expression levels of GA biosynthesis genes, ABA catabolism genes, and ROS biosynthesis genes while decreasing the expression of positive ABA regulatory genes. Further, measurements of ABA and GA concentrations are consistent with these trends. Following MT priming, quantification of ROS metabolism-related enzyme activities and the concentrations of H2O2 and superoxide anions (O2 -) after MT priming were consistent with the results of transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR. Finally, exogenous application of GA, fluridone (an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor), or H2O2 partially rescued the poor germination of non-primed seeds under flooding stress. Collectively, this study uncovers the application and molecular mechanisms underlying MT priming in modulating crop seed vigor under flooding stress.
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Elas M, Witkowska M, Meissner W. Factors Affecting Survival of Common Sandpiper ( Actitis hypoleucos) Nests along the Semi-Natural Vistula River in Poland. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2055. [PMID: 39061517 PMCID: PMC11273745 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Predation is an important factor limiting bird populations and is usually the main factor influencing nest survival. In riverine habitats, flooding poses an additional significant challenge. Our study aimed to elucidate the influence of nest location and incubation timing on the survival of common sandpiper nests in a large, semi-natural, lowland river. The survey was carried out in central Poland on the Vistula River, in 2014-2015, 2021, and 2023, along two river sections 2 km and 10 km in length. The nest survival rate was 27%, which is twice as low as that reported on small upland rivers, with flooding being an additional factor causing losses on the Vistula River. Our research showed that mammalian and avian predation accounted for 51% of losses and flooding for 49% of losses. The negative impact of floods on nest survival decreased as the breeding season progressed between May and July, while the chances of being depredated increased during the same period. Nests placed under shrubs were less likely predated than nests located in grass. Moreover, locating the nest in proximity to water increased nesting survival and in fact, more nests found in our study were situated close to the water's edge.
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Leap SR, Soled DR, Sampath V, Nadeau KC. Effects of extreme weather on health in underserved communities. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2024; 133:20-27. [PMID: 38648975 PMCID: PMC11222027 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Increased fossil fuel use has increased carbon dioxide concentrations leading to global warming and climate change with increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as thunderstorms, wildfires, droughts, and heat waves. These changes increase the risk of adverse health effects for all human beings. However, these experiences do not affect everyone equally. Underserved communities, including people of color, the elderly, people living with chronic conditions, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, have greater vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. These vulnerabilities are a result of multiple factors such as disparities in health care, lower educational status, and systemic racism. These social inequities are exacerbated by extreme weather events, which act as threat multipliers increasing disparities in health outcomes. It is clear that without human action, these global temperatures will continue to increase to unbearable levels creating an existential crisis. There is now global consensus that climate change is caused by anthropogenic activity and that actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change are urgently needed. The 2015 Paris Accord was the first truly global commitment that set goals to limit further warming. It also aimed to implement equity in action, founded on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. Meeting these goals requires individual, community, organizational, national, and global cooperation. Health care professionals, often in the frontline with firsthand knowledge of the health impacts of climate change, can play a key role in advocating for just and equitable climate change adaptation and mitigation policies.
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Zhang Q, Chen G, Ke W, Peng C. Adaptation of the Invasive Plant Sphagneticola trilobata to Flooding Stress by Hybridization with Native Relatives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6738. [PMID: 38928441 PMCID: PMC11204346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hybridization is common between invasive and native species and may produce more adaptive hybrids. The hybrid (Sphagneticola × guangdongensis) of Sphagneticola trilobata (an invasive species) and S. calendulacea (a native species) was found in South China. In this study, S. trilobata, S. calendulacea, and Sphagneticola × guangdongensis were used as research materials to explore their adaptability to flooding stress. Under flooding stress, the ethylene content and the expression of key enzyme genes related to ethylene synthesis in Sphagneticola × guangdongensis and S. calendulacea were significantly higher than those in S. trilobata. A large number of adventitious roots and aerenchyma were generated in Sphagneticola × guangdongensis and S. calendulacea. The contents of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde in Sphagneticola × guangdongensis and S. calendulacea were lower than those in S. trilobata, and the leaves of S. trilobata were the most severely damaged under flooding stress. The results indicate that hybridization catalyzed the tolerance of Sphagneticola × guangdongensis to flooding stress, and the responses of Sphagneticola × guangdongensis to flooding stress were more similar to that of its native parent. This suggests that hybridization with native relatives is an important way for invasive species to overcome environmental pressure and achieve invasion.
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Rankenberg T, van Veen H, Sedaghatmehr M, Liao CY, Devaiah MB, Stouten EA, Balazadeh S, Sasidharan R. Differential leaf flooding resilience in Arabidopsis thaliana is controlled by ethylene signaling-activated and age-dependent phosphorylation of ORESARA1. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100848. [PMID: 38379284 PMCID: PMC11211547 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The phytohormone ethylene is a major regulator of plant adaptive responses to flooding. In flooded plant tissues, ethylene quickly increases to high concentrations owing to its low solubility and diffusion rates in water. Ethylene accumulation in submerged plant tissues makes it a reliable cue for triggering flood acclimation responses, including metabolic adjustments to cope with flood-induced hypoxia. However, persistent ethylene accumulation also accelerates leaf senescence. Stress-induced senescence hampers photosynthetic capacity and stress recovery. In submerged Arabidopsis, senescence follows a strict age-dependent pattern starting with the older leaves. Although mechanisms underlying ethylene-mediated senescence have been uncovered, it is unclear how submerged plants avoid indiscriminate breakdown of leaves despite high systemic ethylene accumulation. We demonstrate that although submergence triggers leaf-age-independent activation of ethylene signaling via EIN3 in Arabidopsis, senescence is initiated only in old leaves. EIN3 stabilization also leads to overall transcript and protein accumulation of the senescence-promoting transcription factor ORESARA1 (ORE1) in both old and young leaves during submergence. However, leaf-age-dependent senescence can be explained by ORE1 protein activation via phosphorylation specifically in old leaves, independent of the previously identified age-dependent control of ORE1 via miR164. A systematic analysis of the roles of the major flooding stress cues and signaling pathways shows that only the combination of ethylene and darkness is sufficient to mimic submergence-induced senescence involving ORE1 accumulation and phosphorylation. Hypoxia, most often associated with flooding stress in plants, appears to have no role in these processes. Our results reveal a mechanism by which plants regulate the speed and pattern of senescence during environmental stresses such as flooding. Age-dependent ORE1 activity ensures that older, expendable leaves are dismantled first, thus prolonging the life of younger leaves and meristematic tissues that are vital to whole-plant survival.
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Armstrong JT, Bulluck LP, Davidson AT, Stunkle CR, Vonesh JR. Regional and local factors interact to shape colonization and extinction dynamics of invasive Hydrilla verticillata in a patchy landscape. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11558. [PMID: 38895573 PMCID: PMC11184213 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the response of species to global change requires disentangling the drivers of their distributions across landscapes. Colonization and extinction processes, shaped by the interplay of landscape-level and local patch-level factors, are key determinants of these distributions. However, disentangling the influence of these factors, when larger-scale processes manifest at local scales, remains a challenge. We addressed this challenge by investigating the colonization and extinction dynamics of the aquatic plant, Hydrilla verticillata, in a complex riverine rock pool system. This system, with hundreds of rock pools experiencing varying flooding frequencies, provided a natural laboratory to examine how a single landscape-level disturbance can differentially impact colonization and extinction depending on local patch characteristics to shape species distributions. Using 5 years of data across over 500 sites and more than 5000 surveys, we employed dynamic occupancy models to model colonization, extinction, and changes in Hydrilla patch occupancy while accounting for imperfect detection. Our results revealed that larger, infrequently flooded pools closer to the river were more likely to be colonized. In contrast, local extinction of Hydrilla was more likely in smaller pools closer to the river that flooded frequently. These findings underscore the importance of considering context-dependence in species distribution models. The same landscape-level disturbance (flooding) had opposing effects on colonization and extinction, with the direction and magnitude of these effects varying with local patch characteristics. Our study highlights the need for integrating local and landscape-level factors, and considering how larger-scale processes play out at the patch level, to understand the complex dynamics that shape species distributions.
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Ullah N, Tan DKY, Ahmad W, Pampana S. Editorial: Adaptation of plants to waterlogging and hypoxia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1425012. [PMID: 38835862 PMCID: PMC11148463 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1425012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
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