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Yang J, Li ZD, Hou CY, Li ZY, Li Q, Miao SY, Zhang Q, Zhang XY, Zhu XF, Jiang JW. EM-2 inhibited autophagy and promoted G 2/M phase arrest and apoptosis by activating the JNK pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1139-49. [PMID: 33318625 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of EM-2, a natural active monomer purified from Elephantopusmollis H.B.K., on the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and the molecular mechanism involved. The results from the MTT assay revealed that EM-2 significantly inhibited the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in a dose-dependent manner but exhibited less cytotoxicity to the normal liver epithelial cell line LO2. EdU staining and colony formation assays further confirmed the inhibitory effect of EM-2 on the proliferation of Huh-7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. According to the RNA sequencing and KEGG enrichment analysis results, EM-2 markedly activated the MAPK pathway in Huh-7 cells, and the results of Western blotting further indicated that EM-2 could activate the ERK and JNK pathways. Meanwhile, EM-2 induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and G2/M phase arrest in Huh-7 cells, which could be partially reversed when treated with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor. Further study indicated that EM-2 induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and blocked autophagic flux in Huh-7 cells by inhibiting autophagy-induced lysosome maturation. Inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin A1 could reduce cell viability and increase the sensitivity of Huh-7 cells to EM-2. In conclusion, our findings revealed that EM-2 not only promoted G2/M phase arrest and activated ER stress but also induced apoptosis by activating the JNK pathway and blocked autophagic flux by inhibiting autolysosome maturation in Huh-7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Therefore, EM-2 is a potential therapeutic drug with promising antitumor effects against hepatocellular carcinoma and fewer side effects.
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Zhang E, Wang X, Liu X, Liang M, Hu H, Yin S. 3'-Desmethylarctigenin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through reactive oxygen species generation in hepatocarcinoma cells. Phytother Res 2019; 33:3218-3227. [PMID: 31468634 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that arctigenin is a promising chemopreventive or therapeutic agent against various cancers. However, less is known about anticancer activity of 3'-desmethylarctigenin (3'-DMAG), which is a biotransformed product from arctigenin or arctin. In this study, we compared the anticancer activity of 3'-DMAG with its parent compound arctigenin and demonstrated that 3'-DMAG exerted a more potent inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells than arctigenin. Mechanistically, reactive oxygen species generation played an apical role in 3'-DMAG-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the Chk2-Cdc25c-Cdc2-cyclin B1 cascade was found to contribute to the cell cycle arrest, whereas the activation of mitochondrial pathway was involved in the cell apoptosis by 3'-DMAG. Additionally, a mouse xenograft hepatocellular carcinoma model was used to evaluate the antitumor effect of 3'-DMAG in vivo, and the results indicated that 3'-DMAG treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth without apparent toxicity. Taken together, 3'-DMAG is highly effective against liver cancer both in vitro and in vivo. The findings of the present study suggest that this compound deserves to be further investigated for its potential anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enxiang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shutao Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Scavo MP, Depalo N, Rizzi F, Ingrosso C, Fanizza E, Chieti A, Messa C, Denora N, Laquintana V, Striccoli M, Curri ML, Giannelli G. FZD10 Carried by Exosomes Sustains Cancer Cell Proliferation. Cells 2019; 8:E777. [PMID: 31349740 PMCID: PMC6721576 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in intercellular communication during carcinogenesis, and cancer cells are able to secrete EVs, in particular exosomes containing molecules, that can be transferred to recipient cells to induce pathological processes and significant modifications, as metastasis, increase of proliferation, and carcinogenesis evolution. FZD proteins, a family of receptors comprised in the Wnt signaling pathway, play an important role in carcinogenesis of the gastroenteric tract. Here, a still unknown role of Frizzled 10 (FZD10) protein was identified. In particular, the presence of FZD10 and FZD10-mRNA in exosomes extracted from culture medium of the untreated colorectal, gastric, hepatic, and cholangio cancer cell lines, was detected. A substantial reduction in the FZD10 and FZD10-mRNA level was achieved in FZD10-mRNA silenced cells and in their corresponding exosomes. Concomitantly, a significant decrease in viability of the silenced cells compared to their respective controls was observed. Notably, the incubation of silenced cells with the exosomes extracted from culture medium of the same untreated cells promoted the restoration of the cell viability and, also, of the FZD10 and FZD10-mRNA level, thus indicating that the FZD10 and FZD10-mRNA delivering exosomes may be potential messengers of cancer reactivation and play an active role in long-distance metastatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Principia Scavo
- Personalized Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Depalo
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Ingrosso
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annarita Chieti
- Personalized Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Messa
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Personalized Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Scientific Direction, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte 70013 Bari, Italy.
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Yin K, Zhao G, Huang X, Gao G, Sun H, Wei Q, Liu Q, Li M, Xu C, Zhu S, Ba Z, Yan G. Inhibition of RhoA expression by adenovirus-mediated siRNA combined with TNF-α induced apoptosis of hepatocarcinoma cells. Biomed Mater Eng 2016; 26 Suppl 1:S2055-67. [PMID: 26405983 DOI: 10.3233/bme-151511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) has been used as an effective treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, however, inducing tumor cell apoptosis by TNF-α alone is still unsatisfactory. RhoA is highly expressed in hepatocarcinoma cells and can be activated by TNF-α. The activation of RhoA directly leads to a poor prognosis of HCC. Therefore, we propose to investigate the therapeutic effect of TNF-α together with RhoA siRNA. RhoA inhibition was accomplished by constructing a recombinant adenovirus that can efficiently express RhoA siRNA in HepG2 cells. The recombinant adenovirus AdshRNA-RhoA and AdU6-control were generated by adenovirus-mediated siRNA expression system. The inhibition effects were detected by RT-PCR in addition to immunoblot to quantify the decreased levels of RhoA expression, and the therapeutic effect for HCC was demonstrated by the proliferation and apoptosis ratios of HepG2 cells. The inhibition effects of RhoA by AdshRNA-RhoA were significant at both mRNA and protein levels: the transcription of RhoA mRNA decreased by 74.46%, and the expression of protein decreased by 76.48%. The proliferation rate of HepG2 cells detected by MTT showed that a treatment of AdshRNA-RhoA and TNF-α together could strengthen the suppression ability of TNF-α to HepG2 cells, resulting in approximately 14.2% more than those treated with only TNF-α. FCA and TUNEL assays results revealed that the combined treatment can induce apoptosis in approximately 52.14%-65% of the HepG2 cells, whereas this ratio in the TNF-α-alone group was only 21.91%-32%. Our results showed that AdshRNA-RhoA can efficiently enhance the TNF-α-induced apoptosis of hepatocarcinoma cells. This method might be a useful therapeutic route in HCC and other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yin
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining 272033, China
| | - Guihua Zhao
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining 272033, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining 272033, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining 272033, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining 272033, China
| | - Qingkuan Wei
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining 272033, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Liu
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining 272033, China
| | - Mian Li
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining 272033, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining 272033, China
| | - Song Zhu
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining 272033, China
| | - Zaihua Ba
- Jining Medical University, 16 Hehua Road, Jining 272000, China
| | - Ge Yan
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining 272033, China
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KIM EH, Kim MS, Cho CK, Jung WG, Jeong YK, Jeong JH. Low and high linear energy transfer radiation sensitization of HCC cells by metformin. J Radiat Res 2014; 55:432-42. [PMID: 24375278 PMCID: PMC4014154 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of metformin as a radiosensitizer for use in combination therapy for human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Three human HCC cell lines (Huh7, HepG2, Hep3B) and a normal human hepatocyte cell line were treated with metformin alone or with radiation followed by metformin. In vitro tests were evaluated by clonogenic survival assay, FACS analysis, western blotting, immunofluorescence and comet assay. Metformin significantly enhanced radiation efficacy under high and low Linear Energy Transfer (LET) radiation conditions in vitro. In combination with radiation, metformin abrogated G2/M arrest and increased the cell population in the sub-G1 phase and the ROS level, ultimately increasing HCC cellular apoptosis. Metformin inhibits the repair of DNA damage caused by radiation. The radiosensitizing effects of metformin are much higher in neutron (high LET)-irradiated cell lines than in γ (low LET)-irradiated cell lines. Metformin only had a moderate effect in normal hepatocytes. Metformin enhances the radiosensitivity of HCC, suggesting it may have clinical utility in combination cancer treatment with high-LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ho KIM
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-706, South Korea. Tel: +82-2-970-2412; Fax: +82-2-970-1264;
| | - Chul-Koo Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Won-Gyun Jung
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Youn Kyoung Jeong
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Jeong
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
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Abstract
AIM: To prepare a cancer vaccine (H22-DC) expressing high levels of costimulatory molecules based on fusions of hepatocarcinoma cells (H22) with dendritic cells (DC) of mice and to analyze the biological characteristics and induction of specific CTL activity of H22-DC.
METHODS: DCs were isolated from murine spleen by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation, purified based on its characteristics of semi-adhesion to culture plates and FcR-, and were cultured in the medium containing GM-CSF and IL-4. A large number of DC were harvested. DCs were then fused with H22 cells by PEG and the fusion cells were marked with CD11c MicroBeads. The H22-DC was sorted with Mimi MACS sorter. The techniques of cell culture, immunocytochemistry and light microscopy were also used to test the characteristics of growth and morphology of H22-DC in vitro. As the immunogen, H22-DC was inoculated subcutaneously into the right armpit of BALB/C mice, and their tumorigenicity in vivo was observed. MTT was used to test the CTL activity of murine spleen in vitro.
RESULTS: DC cells isolated and generated were CD11c+ cells with irregular shape, and highly expressed CD80, CD86 and CD54 molecules. H22 cells were CD11c- cells with spherical shape and bigger volume, and did not express CD80, CD86 and CD54 molecules. H22-DC was CD11c+ cells with bigger volume, being spherical, flat or irregular in shape, and highly expressed CD80, CD86 and CD54 molecules, too. H22-DC was able to divide and proliferate in vitro, but its activity of proliferation was significantly decreased as compared with H22 cells and its growth curve was flatter than H22 cells. After subcutaneous inoculation over 60 d, H22-DC showed no tumorigenecity in mice, which was significantly different from control groups (P < 0.01). The spleen CTL activity against H22 cells in mice implanted with fresh H22-DC was significantly higher than control groups (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: H22-DC could significantly stimulate the specific CTL activity of murine spleen, which suggests that the fusion cells have already obtained the function of antigen presenting of parental DC and could present H22 specific antigen which has not been identified yet, and H22-DC could induce antitumor immune response; although simply mixed H22 cells with DC could stimulate the specific CTL activity which could inhibit the growth of tumor in some degree, it could not prevent the generation of tumor. It shows that the DC vaccine is likely to become a helpful approach in immunotherapy of hepatocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China.
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