1
|
Li J, Guo S, Tan Y, Zhang J, Wu Z, Stalin A, Zhang F, Huang Z, Wu C, Liu X, Huang J, Wu J. Integrated network pharmacology analysis and in vitro validation revealed the underlying mechanism of Xiyanping injection in treating coronavirus disease 2019. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34866. [PMID: 37653800 PMCID: PMC10470725 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide, leading to a pandemic. In China, Xiyanping injection (XYP) has been recommended as a drug for COVID-19 treatment in the Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 by the National Health Commission of the People Republic of China and National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Trial eighth Edition). However, the relevant mechanisms at the molecular-level need to be further elucidated. METHODS In this study, XYP related active ingredients, potential targets and COVID-19 related genes were searched in public databases. Protein-protein interaction network and module analyzes were used to screen for key targets. gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes were performed to investigate the potentially relevant signaling pathways. Molecular docking was performed using Autodock Tools and Vina. For the validation of potential mechanism, PolyI:C was used to induce human lung epithelial cells for an inflammation model. Subsequently, CCK-8 assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot were employed to determine the effect of XYP on the expression of key genes. RESULTS Seven effective active ingredients in XYP were searched for 123 targets in the relevant databases. Furthermore, 6446 COVID-19 disease targets were identified. Sodium 9-dehydro-17-hydro-andrographolide-19-yl sulfate was identified as the vital active compounds, and IL-6, TNF, IL-1β, CXCL8, STAT3, MAPK1, MAPK14, and MAPK8 were considered as the key targets. In addition, molecular docking revealed that the active compound and the targets showed good binding affinities. The enrichment analysis predicted that the XYP could regulate the IL-17, Toll-like receptor, PI3K-Akt and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Consistently, further in vitro experiments demonstrated that XYP could slow down the cytokine storm in the lung tissue of COVID-19 patients by down-regulating IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL8, and p-STAT3. CONCLUSION Through effective network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking, this study suggests that XYP contains many effective compounds that may target COVID-19 related signaling pathways. Moreover, the in vitro experiment confirmed that XYP could inhibit the cytokine storm by regulating genes or proteins related to immune and inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Siyu Guo
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Tan
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhishan Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Antony Stalin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanqin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Huang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinkui Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen F, Wu S, Li D, Dong J, Huang X. Leaf Extract of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt Promotes Adipocyte Browning via the p38 MAPK Pathway and PI3K-AKT Pathway. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061487. [PMID: 36986217 PMCID: PMC10054491 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The leaf of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt (PF) has been reported to negatively affect adipocyte formation, inhibit body-fat formation, and lower body weight. However, its effect on adipocyte browning remains unknown. Thus, the mechanism of PF in promoting adipocyte browning was investigated. The ingredients of PF were acquired from the online database and filtered with oral bioavailability and drug-likeness criteria. The browning-related target genes were obtained from the Gene Card database. A Venn diagram was employed to obtain the overlapped genes that may play a part in PF promoting adipocyte browning, and an enrichment was analysis conducted based on these overlapped genes. A total of 17 active ingredients of PF were filtered, which may regulate intracellular receptor-signaling pathways, the activation of protein kinase activity, and other pathways through 56 targets. In vitro validation showed that PF promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and upregulates brite adipocyte-related gene expression. The browning effect of PF can be mediated by the p38 MAPK pathway as well as PI3K-AKT pathway. The study revealed that PF could promote adipocyte browning through multitargets and multipathways. An in vitro study validated that the browning effect of PF can be mediated by both the P38 MAPK pathway and the PI3K-AKT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fancheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Silin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dejian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Facutly of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kasabe B, Ahire G, Patil P, Punekar M, Davuluri KS, Kakade M, Alagarasu K, Parashar D, Cherian S. Drug repurposing approach against chikungunya virus: an in vitro and in silico study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1132538. [PMID: 37180434 PMCID: PMC10174255 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1132538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. There are no licenced antivirals or vaccines for treatment or prevention. Drug repurposing approach has emerged as a novel concept to find alternative uses of therapeutics to battle pathogens. In the present study, anti CHIKV activity of fourteen FDA-approved drugs was investigated by in vitro and in silico approaches. Focus-forming unit assay, immunofluorescence test, and quantitative RT-PCR assay were used to assess the in vitro inhibitory effect of these drugs against CHIKV in Vero CCL-81 cells. The findings showed that nine compounds, viz., temsirolimus, 2-fluoroadenine, doxorubicin, felbinac, emetine, lomibuvir, enalaprilat, metyrapone and resveratrol exhibit anti chikungunya activity. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking studies performed by targeting CHIKV structural and non-structural proteins revealed that these drugs can bind to structural protein targets such as envelope protein, and capsid, and non-structural proteins NSP2, NSP3 and NSP4 (RdRp). Findings from in vitro and in silico studies reveal that these drugs can suppress the infection and replication of CHIKV and further in vivo studies followed by clinical trials are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashri Kasabe
- Bioinformatics Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gunwant Ahire
- Dengue & Chikungunya Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Poonam Patil
- Dengue & Chikungunya Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhura Punekar
- Dengue & Chikungunya Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kusuma Sai Davuluri
- Dengue & Chikungunya Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahadeo Kakade
- Dengue & Chikungunya Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kalichamy Alagarasu
- Dengue & Chikungunya Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepti Parashar
- Dengue & Chikungunya Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- *Correspondence: Deepti Parashar, ; Sarah Cherian,
| | - Sarah Cherian
- Bioinformatics Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- *Correspondence: Deepti Parashar, ; Sarah Cherian,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qi X, Wang XQ, Jin L, Gao LX, Guo HF. Uncovering potential single nucleotide polymorphisms, copy number variations and related signaling pathways in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9313-9331. [PMID: 34723755 PMCID: PMC8809958 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease, which is difficult to accurately diagnose due to symptom diversity in patients, especially at earlier stages. We tried to find potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), copy number variations (CNVs) and related signaling pathways. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of 12 individuals (7 individuals from 3 pSS pedigrees and 5 sporadic cases) for whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis. SNPs and CNVs were identified, followed by functional annotation of genes with SNPs and CNVs. Gene expression profile (involving 64 normal controls and 166 cases) was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO) dataset for differentially expression analysis. Sanger sequencing and in vitro validation was used to validate the identified SNPs and differentially expressed genes, respectively. A total of 5 SNPs were identified in both pedigrees and sporadic cases, such as FES, PPM1J, and TRAPPC9. A total of 3402 and 19 CNVs were identified in pedigrees and sporadic cases, respectively. Fifty-one differentially expressed genes were associated with immunity, such as BATF3, LAP3, BATF2, PARP9, and IL15RA. AMPK signaling pathway and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) were the most significantly enriched signaling pathways of identified SNPs. Identified CNVs were associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, mineral absorption, and HTLV-I infection. IL2-STAT5 signaling, interferon-gamma response, and interferon-alpha response were significantly enriched immune related signaling pathways of identified differentially expressed genes. In conclusion, our study found some potential SNPs, CNVs, and related signaling pathways, which could be useful in understanding the pathological mechanism of pSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qi
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xi-Qin Wang
- Internal Medicine, Yuhua Yunfang Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Clinic, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Li-Xia Gao
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hui-Fang Guo
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gimeno A, Cuffaro D, Nuti E, Ojeda-Montes MJ, Beltrán-Debón R, Mulero M, Rossello A, Pujadas G, Garcia-Vallvé S. Identification of Broad-Spectrum MMP Inhibitors by Virtual Screening. Molecules 2021; 26:4553. [PMID: 34361703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the family of proteases that are mainly responsible for degrading extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In the skin, the overexpression of MMPs as a result of ultraviolet radiation triggers an imbalance in the ECM turnover in a process called photoaging, which ultimately results in skin wrinkling and premature skin ageing. Therefore, the inhibition of different enzymes of the MMP family at a topical level could have positive implications for photoaging. Considering that the MMP catalytic region is mostly conserved across different enzymes of the MMP family, in this study we aimed to design a virtual screening (VS) workflow to identify broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors that can be used to delay the development of photoaging. Our in silico approach was validated in vitro with 20 VS hits from the Specs library that were not only structurally different from one another but also from known MMP inhibitors. In this bioactivity assay, 18 of the 20 compounds inhibit at least one of the assayed MMPs at 100 μM (with 5 of them showing around 50% inhibition in all the tested MMPs at this concentration). Finally, this VS was used to identify natural products that have the potential to act as broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors and be used as a treatment for photoaging.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ionov NS, Baryshnikova MA, Bocharov EV, Pogodin PV, Lagunin AA, Filimonov DA, Karpova RV, Kosorukov VS, Stilidi IS, Matveev VB, Bocharova OA, Poroikov VV. [Possibilities of in silico estimations for the development of pharmaceutical composition phytoladaptogene cytotoxic for bladder cancer cells]. Biomed Khim 2021; 67:278-288. [PMID: 34142535 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216703278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Based on the prediction of biological activity spectra for several secondary metabolites of medicinal plants using the PASS computer program and validation in vitro of the predictions results the priority direction of the pharmaceutical composition Phytoladaptogene (PLA) development was determined. PLA is a complex of structurally diverse small organic compounds including biologically active substances of phytoadaptogenes (ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, rhodionin from Rhodiola rosea and others) compiled considering previously developed pharmaceutical compositions. Two variants of the pharmaceutical composition were studied: - the major and minor variants included 22 and 13 compounds, respectively. The probability of activity exceeds the probability of inactivity for 1400 out of 1945 pharmacological effects and mechanisms predicted by PASS for the major variant of PLA. The wide range of predicted activities is mainly due to the low structural similarity of constituent compounds. An in silico prediction indicates the possibilities of antitumor properties against bladder, stomach, colon, ovarian and cervical cancers both for minor and major PLA compositions. It was found that the highest probability values of activity were predicted for three mechanisms: apoptosis agonist, caspase-3 stimulant, and transcription factor NF-κB inhibitor. According to the PharmaExpert program they are associated with the antitumor effect against bladder cancer. Experimental validation was using the human bladder cancer cell line RT-112. The results of the MTT test have shown that the cytotoxicity of the major PLA variant is higher than that of the minor PLA variant. In vitro experiments performed using two methods (double staining with annexin V and propidium iodide and detection of active caspase-3 in cells) confirmed that the death of bladder cancer cells occurred via the apoptotic mechanism. The data obtained correspond to the results of the prediction and indicate advantages of the major PLA composition. Thus, PLA can become the basis for the development of a drug with the antitumor activity against bladder cancer. The antitumor activity predicted by PASS for other cancers may be the subject of further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Ionov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Baryshnikova
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Bocharov
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - P V Pogodin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Lagunin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - R V Karpova
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V S Kosorukov
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I S Stilidi
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V B Matveev
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Bocharova
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Poroikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zavan B, Gardin C, Guarino V, Rocca T, Cruz Maya I, Zanotti F, Ferroni L, Brunello G, Chachques JC, Ambrosio L, Gasbarro V. Electrospun PCL-Based Vascular Grafts: In Vitro Tests. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11030751. [PMID: 33809791 PMCID: PMC8002398 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrospun fibers have attracted a lot of attention from researchers due to their several characteristics, such as a very thin diameter, three-dimensional topography, large surface area, flexible surface, good mechanical characteristics, suitable for widespread applications. Indeed, electro-spinning offers many benefits, such as great surface-to-volume ratio, adjustable porosity, and the ability of imitating the tissue extra-cellular matrix. METHODS we processed Poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) via electrospinning for the production of bilayered tubular scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering application. Endothelial cells and fibroblasts were seeded into the two side of the scaffolds: endothelial cells onto the inner side composed of PCL/Gelatin fibers able to mimic the inner surface of the vessels, and fibroblasts onto the outer side only exposing PCL fibers. Extracellular matrix production and organization has been performed by means of classical immunofluorescence against collagen type I fibers, Scanning Electron-Microscopy (SEM) has been performed in order to evaluated ultrastructural morphology, gene expression by means gene expression has been performed to evaluate the phenotype of endothelial cells and fibroblasts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION results confirmed that both cells population are able to conserve their phenotype colonizing the surface supporting the hypothesis that PCL scaffolds based on electrospun fibers should be a good candidate for vascular surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zavan
- GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (C.G.); (L.F.)
- Translational Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Chiara Gardin
- GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (C.G.); (L.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F.Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.G.); (I.C.M.); (L.A.)
| | - Tiberio Rocca
- Division of Internal Medicine, St. Anna Hospital, 44123 Ferrara, Italy; (T.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Iriczalli Cruz Maya
- Institute of Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F.Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.G.); (I.C.M.); (L.A.)
| | - Federica Zanotti
- Translational Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Letizia Ferroni
- GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (C.G.); (L.F.)
| | - Giulia Brunello
- Department of Neurosciences, Dentistry Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Juan-Carlos Chachques
- Laboratory of Biosurgical Research (Alain Carpentier Foundation), Pompidu Hospital, University Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare, Pad.20, V.le J.F.Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.G.); (I.C.M.); (L.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Gasbarro
- Division of Internal Medicine, St. Anna Hospital, 44123 Ferrara, Italy; (T.R.); (V.G.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ferrara University, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fei Q, Li X, Lin J, Yu L, Yang Y. Identification of Aberrantly Expressed Long Non-Coding RNAs and Nearby Targeted Genes in Male Osteoporosis. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15:1779-1792. [PMID: 33061329 PMCID: PMC7522435 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s271689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate different expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs between male osteoporosis and normal control by high throughput RNA sequencing. METHODS We obtained the different expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs between male osteoporosis and normal control by high throughput RNA sequencing. Compared to normal control, we identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and the nearby targeted DEGs of DElncRNAs in male osteoporosis. Functional annotation was used to further study the functions of DEGs in male osteoporosis. The DElncRNAs-DEGs interaction network was constructed. One DElncRNA-nearby targeted DEG interaction pair of LINC02009-CCR2 was validated in vitro. RESULTS Totally, 3296 DEGs, 204 DElncRNAs and 168 DElncRNAs-nearby targeted DEGs pairs were obtained. The most significantly up-regulated and down-regulated DElncRNAs in male osteoporosis were Loc105372801 and KCNQ1OT1, respectively. Osteoclast differentiation and chemokine signaling pathway were significantly enriched pathways in male osteoporosis. Based on the DElncRNAs-DEGs interaction network in male osteoporosis, we obtained several interaction pairs including SNHG5-SYNCRIP-HBA1-HBB, HCG27-HLA-C, LINC02009-CCR2, and LOC101926887-IFIT1-IFIT2/IFIT3/IFIT5. The expression of LINC02009 and CCR2 was down-regulated in keeping with the RNA sequencing data. CONCLUSION Identified DElncRNAs-DEGs interaction pairs may be involved in the development of male osteoporosis, which make a contribution to underlying the mechanism of male osteoporosis. Among which, the validated DElncRNAs-nearby targeted DEGs interaction pair of LINC02009-CCR2 may be important regulators in the development of male osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fei
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jisheng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjia Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Merema BBJ, Kraeima J, Glas HH, Spijkervet FKL, Witjes MJH. Patient-specific finite element models of the human mandible: Lack of consensus on current set-ups. Oral Dis 2020; 27:42-51. [PMID: 32372548 PMCID: PMC7818111 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of finite element analysis (FEA) has increased rapidly over the last decennia and has become a popular tool to design implants, osteosynthesis plates and prostheses. With increasing computer capacity and the availability of software applications, it has become easier to employ the FEA. However, there seems to be no consensus on the input variables that should be applied to representative FEA models of the human mandible. This review aims to find a consensus on how to define the representative input factors for a FEA model of the human mandible. A literature search carried out in the PubMed and Embase database resulted in 137 matches. Seven papers were included in this current study. Within the search results, only a few FEA models had been validated. The material properties and FEA approaches varied considerably, and the available validations are not strong enough for a general consensus. Further validations are required, preferably using the same measuring workflow to obtain insight into the broad array of mandibular variations. A lot of work is still required to establish validated FEA settings and to prevent assumptions when it comes to FEA applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Barteld Jan Merema
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Kraeima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Haye H Glas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred K L Spijkervet
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Max J H Witjes
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Feng J, Zhou Q, Gao W, Wu Y, Mu R. Seeking for potential pathogenic genes of major depressive disorder in the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2020; 12:e12379. [PMID: 31889427 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common mental disorders worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify potential pathological genes in MDD. METHODS We searched and downloaded gene expression data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MDD. Then, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, Gene Ontology analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were applied to investigate the biological function of identified DEGs. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and a published dataset were used to validate the result of bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS A total of 514 DEGs were identified in MDD. In the PPI network, some hub genes with high degrees were identified, such as EEF2, RPL26L1, RPLP0, PRPF8, LSM3, DHX9, RSRC1, and AP2B1. The result of in vitro validation of RPL26L1, RSRC1, TOMM20L, RPLPO, PRPF8, AP2B1, STIP1, and C5orf45 was consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. Electronic validation of C5orf45, STIP1, PRPF8, AP2B1, and SLC35E1 was consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. DISCUSSION The deregulated genes could be used as potential pathological factors of MDD. In addition, EEF2, RPL26L1, RPLP0, PRPF8, LSM3, DHX9, RSRC1, and AP2B1 might be therapeutic targets for MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Pizhou Dongda Hospital, Pizhou, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Pizhou Dongda Hospital, Pizhou, China
| | - Wenquan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Pizhou Dongda Hospital, Pizhou, China
| | - Yanying Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Pizhou Dongda Hospital, Pizhou, China
| | - Ruibin Mu
- Department of Cardiology, Pizhou Dongda Hospital, Pizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang P, Jia L, Tian Y, Xi L, Duan R, Chen X, Xiao J, Yao X, Lan J, Li S. Discovery of potential Toxoplasma gondii CDPK1 inhibitors with new scaffolds based on the combination of QSAR and scaffold-hopping method with in vitro validation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 95:476-484. [PMID: 31436911 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To discover drugs for toxoplasmosis with less side-effects and less probability to get drug resistance is eagerly appealed for pregnant women, infant or immunocompromised patients. In this work, using TgCDPK1 as drug target, we design a method to discover new inhibitors for CDPK1 as potential drug lead for toxoplasmosis with novel scaffolds based on the combination of 2D/3D-QSAR and scaffold-hopping methods. All the binding sites of the potential inhibitors were checked by docking method, and only the ones that docked to the most conserved sites of TgCDPK1, which make them have less probability to get drug resistance, were remained. As a result, 10 potential inhibitors within two new scaffolds were discovered for TgCDPK1 with experimentally verified inhibitory activities in micromole level. The discovery of these inhibitors may contribute to the drug development for toxoplasmosis. Besides, the pipeline which is composed in this work as the combination of QSAR and scaffold-hopping is simple, easy to repeat for researchers without need of in-depth knowledge of pharmacology to get inhibitors with novel scaffolds, which will accelerate the procedure of drug discovery and contribute to the drug repurposing study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lipei Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yafei Tian
- Department of Burn Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lili Xi
- Department of Pharmacy, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruizhi Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ximing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxi Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Lan
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Z, Linghu KG, Hu Y, Zuo H, Yi H, Xiong SH, Lu J, Chan G, Yu H, Huang RY. Deciphering the Pharmacological Mechanisms of the Huayu-Qiangshen-Tongbi Formula Through Integrating Network Pharmacology and In Vitro Pharmacological Investigation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1065. [PMID: 31607918 PMCID: PMC6767993 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, causing articular and extra-articular dysfunctions among patients, and it could result in irreversible joint damages or disability if untreated. A traditional Chinese medicine formula, Huayu-Qiangshen-Tongbi (HT) formula, has been observed successful in controlling rheumatoid arthritis progression in traditional Chinese medicine clinics. In this study, we conducted a systematic analysis of the HT formula with a purpose of proposing for its potential mechanism of action using network pharmacological methods. The potential targets of the formula were collected and screened according to the topological features of their protein–protein interaction network, and we subsequently validated our prediction results through in vitro experiments. We proposed that the HT formula could interfere with the bone metabolism and the inflammatory pathways of the body. The experimental validation results indicated that HT formula could exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by regulating several signaling pathways specifically the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, phosphoinositide-3-kinase–Akt signaling pathway, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and activator protein 1 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ke-Gang Linghu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Huali Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hao Yi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Hang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jinjian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ging Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,HKBU Shenzhen Research Center, Shenzhen, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Run-Yue Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Umamaheswari A, Puratchikody A, Hari N. Synthesis and Investigation of Therapeutic Potential of Isoform-Specific HDAC8 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:916-934. [PMID: 30836926 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190301150254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The available treatment option for any type of cancer including CTCL is chemotherapy and radiation therapy which indiscriminately persuade on the normal cells. One way out for selective destruction of CTCL cells without damaging normal cells is the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). Despite promising results in the treatment of CTCL, these HDACi have shown a broadband inhibition profile, moderately selective for one HDAC class but not for a particular isotype. The prevalence of drug-induced side effects leaves open a narrow window of speculation that the decreased therapeutic efficacy and observed side effects may be most likely due to non specific HDAC isoform inhibition. The aim of this paper is to synthesis and evaluates HDAC8 isoform specific inhibitors. METHODS Based on the preliminary report on the design and in silico studies of 52 hydroxamic acid derivatives bearing multi-substituent heteroaromatic rings with chiral amine linker, five compounds were shortlisted and synthesized by microwave assisted approach and high yielding synthetic protocol. A series of in vitro assays in addition to HDAC8 inhibitory activity was used to evaluate the synthesised compounds. RESULTS Inhibitors 1e, 2e, 3e, 4e and 5e exerted the anti-proliferative activities against CTCL cell lines at 20- 100 µM concentrations. Both the pyrimidine- and pyridine-based probes exhibited μM inhibitory activity against HDAC8. The pyrimidine-based probe 1e displayed remarkable HDAC8 selectivity superior to that of the standard drug, SAHA with an IC50 at 0.1µM. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that simple modifications at different portions of pharmacophore in the hydroxamic acid analogues are effective for improving both HDAC8 inhibitory activity and isoform selectivity. Potent and highly isoform-selective HDAC8 inhibitors were identified. These findings would be expedient for further development of HDAC8-selective inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Appavoo Umamaheswari
- D-3 Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering (BIT Campus), Anna University Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ayarivan Puratchikody
- D-3 Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering (BIT Campus), Anna University Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Natarajan Hari
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hernandez JJ, Pryszlak M, Smith L, Yanchus C, Kurji N, Shahani VM, Molinski SV. Giving Drugs a Second Chance: Overcoming Regulatory and Financial Hurdles in Repurposing Approved Drugs As Cancer Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2017; 7:273. [PMID: 29184849 PMCID: PMC5694537 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The repositioning or “repurposing” of existing therapies for alternative disease indications is an attractive approach that can save significant investments of time and money during drug development. For cancer indications, the primary goal of repurposed therapies is on efficacy, with less restriction on safety due to the immediate need to treat this patient population. This report provides a high-level overview of how drug developers pursuing repurposed assets have previously navigated funding efforts, regulatory affairs, and intellectual property laws to commercialize these “new” medicines in oncology. This article provides insight into funding programs (e.g., government grants and philanthropic organizations) that academic and corporate initiatives can leverage to repurpose drugs for cancer. In addition, we highlight previous examples where secondary uses of existing, Food and Drug Administration- or European Medicines Agency-approved therapies have been predicted in silico and successfully validated in vitro and/or in vivo (i.e., animal models and human clinical trials) for certain oncology indications. Finally, we describe the strategies that the pharmaceutical industry has previously employed to navigate regulatory considerations and successfully commercialize their drug products. These factors must be carefully considered when repurposing existing drugs for cancer to best benefit patients and drug developers alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Javier Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Pryszlak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Connor Yanchus
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krishnamoorthy N, Tseng YT, Gajendrarao P, Sarathchandra P, McCormack A, Carubelli I, Sohier J, Latif N, Chester AH, Yacoub MH. A Strategy to Enhance Secretion of Extracellular Matrix Components by Stem Cells: Relevance to Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:145-156. [PMID: 28467727 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to secrete extracellular matrix proteins is an important property in the repair, replacement, and regeneration of living tissue. Cells that populate tissue-engineered constructs need to be able to emulate these functions. The motifs, KTTKS or palmitoyl-KTTKS (peptide amphiphile), have been shown to stimulate production of collagen and fibronectin in differentiated cells. Molecular modeling was used to design different forms of active peptide motifs to enhance the efficacy of peptides to increase collagen and fibronectin production using terminals KTTKS/SKTTK/SKTTKS connected by various hydrophobic linkers, V4A3/V4A2/A4G3. Molecular dynamic simulations showed SKTTKS-V4A3-SKTTKS (P3), with palindromic (SKTTKS) motifs and SKTTK-V4A2-KTTKS (P5), maintained structural integrity and favorable surface electrostatic distributions that are required for functionality. In vitro studies showed that peptides, P3 and P5, showed low toxicity to human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) and significantly increased the production of collagen and fibronectin in a concentration-dependent manner compared with the original active peptide motif. The 4-day treatment showed that stem cell markers of hADSCs remained stable with P3. The molecular design of novel peptides is a promising strategy for the development of intelligent biomaterials to guide stem cell function for tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethakrishnan Krishnamoorthy
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Research (QCRC), Qatar Foundation, Sidra Medical and Research Centre , Doha, Qatar .,2 Division of Translational Medicine (Experimental Genetics), Sidra Medical and Research Centre , Doha, Qatar .,3 National Heart and Lung Institute, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London , Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan-Tsan Tseng
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Research (QCRC), Qatar Foundation, Sidra Medical and Research Centre , Doha, Qatar .,3 National Heart and Lung Institute, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London , Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Poornima Gajendrarao
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Research (QCRC), Qatar Foundation, Sidra Medical and Research Centre , Doha, Qatar .,3 National Heart and Lung Institute, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London , Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- 3 National Heart and Lung Institute, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London , Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Ann McCormack
- 3 National Heart and Lung Institute, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London , Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Carubelli
- 3 National Heart and Lung Institute, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London , Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Sohier
- 4 INSERM U 791, Laboratory for Osteoarticular and Dental Tissue Engineering (LIOAD), University of Nantes , Nantes, France
| | - Najma Latif
- 3 National Heart and Lung Institute, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London , Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian H Chester
- 3 National Heart and Lung Institute, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London , Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Research (QCRC), Qatar Foundation, Sidra Medical and Research Centre , Doha, Qatar .,3 National Heart and Lung Institute, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London , Middlesex, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|