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Wu CP, Liang WM, Wang CC, Chang CS, Yeh HZ, Hsu JY, Ko CW, Lee SW, Chang SC, Sung FC, Lien HC. The suitability of the GERDyzer instrument in pH-test-proven laryngopharyngeal reflux patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4439. [PMID: 27495070 PMCID: PMC4979824 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments for the treatment outcome measure of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is crucial given the lack of objective markers. However, current symptom-based PRO instruments can only partially capture the impact of LPR. The GERD Analyzer (GERDyzer), an existing disease-specific PRO instrument, which measures multidimensional health-related quality of life (HRQL) affected by the illness rather than by any specific symptoms, has been validated in patients with erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration PRO guidance, we cross-culturally adapted the GERDyzer instrument into Chinese, and examined the qualitative and quantitative psychometric properties of the Chinese version GERDyzer in pH-test-proven LPR patients.The GERDyzer comprises 10 dimensions of HRQL, including general well-being, pain/discomfort, physical health, diet, energy, activities, leisure activities, social life, mood, and sleep. To examine the content validity, we recruited 26 pH-test-proven LPR participants to conduct 4 focus group meetings for direct patient input on clinical manifestations and HRQL impacts. We also tested the quantitative psychometric properties, including reliability, validity, and responsiveness in 100 pH-test-proven LPR patients.Saturation of concept elicitation was achieved from the 4 focus groups, and a strong conceptual match was evident between the GERDyzer contents and responses from the focus group participants. Cognitive debriefing assessment showed that the Chinese version GERDyzer was adequate for use by patients as it demonstrated linguistic validation and cultural harmonization. Quantitative psychometric properties showed evidence of high internal consistency (Cronbach α: 0.96), good to excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.84-0.98). Confirmatory factor analysis supported a 2-factor structure. Convergent validity was confirmed by moderate correlation assessments referencing the Reflux Symptoms Index and the Reflux Questionnaire. The discriminant validity was supported by the ability to discriminate moderate-to-severe disease from mild disease. The responsiveness was also high in participants with and without typical GERD symptoms (effect sizes 1.20 and 1.21, respectively).In conclusion, the Chinese version GERDyzer instrument is a reliable, valid, and responsive instrument for assessing HRQL in Taiwanese patients with LPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Pin Wu
- Health Examination Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Preventive Medicine Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Miin Liang
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Speech Language Pathology & Audiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sen Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Zen Yeh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Yuan Hsu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wang Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Wu Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Chang
- Department of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University College of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Lien
- Division of Gastroenterology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Han-Chung Lien, Division of Gastroenterology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Sec. 4, Taichung 40705, Taiwan ROC (e-mail: )
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Williams CD, McGill MR, Farhood A, Jaeschke H. Fas receptor-deficient lpr mice are protected against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity due to higher glutathione synthesis and enhanced detoxification of oxidant stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:228-35. [PMID: 23628456 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a classical model of hepatocellular necrosis; however, the involvement of the Fas receptor in the pathophysiology remains controversial. Fas receptor-deficient (lpr) and C57BL/6 mice were treated with APAP to compare the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Lpr mice were partially protected against APAP hepatotoxicity as indicated by reduced plasma ALT and GDH levels and liver necrosis. Hepatic Cyp2e1 protein, adduct formation and hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion were similar, demonstrating equivalent reactive metabolite generation. There was no difference in cytokine formation or hepatic neutrophil recruitment. Interestingly, hepatic GSH recovered faster in lpr mice than in wild type animals resulting in enhanced detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Driving the increased GSH levels, mRNA induction and protein expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase (gclc) were higher in lpr mice. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein levels at 6h were significantly lower in lpr mice, which correlated with reduced nitrotyrosine staining. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) mRNA levels were substantially higher in lpr mice after APAP. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the faster recovery of hepatic GSH levels during oxidant stress and peroxynitrite formation, reduced iNOS expression and enhanced induction of Hsp70 attenuated the susceptibility to APAP-induced cell death in lpr mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Shimizu M, Takeda Y, Yagita H, Yoshimoto T, Matsuzawa A. Antitumor activity exhibited by Fas ligand (CD95L) overexpressed on lymphoid cells against Fas+ tumor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1998; 47:143-8. [PMID: 9829839 PMCID: PMC11037326 DOI: 10.1007/s002620050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) cells of Fas-mutant mice lpr/lpr (lpr) and lpr(cg)/lpr(cg) (lpr(cg)) express an increased level of Fas ligand (FasL) (CD95L). We examined the antitumor potential of cell-bound FasL on these LN cells against Fas+ tumor cells. Fas+ F6b and Fas- N1d cells were produced from murine hepatoma MH134 (Fas-) by gene transfection. lpr and lpr(cg) LN cells inhibited growth of F6b but not N1d cells in vitro. Neither gld/gld lpr/lpr (gld/lpr) LN cells, which lack both FasL and Fas, nor wild-type LN cells showed growth-inhibitory activities against F6b and N1d cells. The effector cells and molecule were CD4-CD8- T cells and FasL, respectively. The tumor neutralization test and adoptive transfer demonstrated that lpr and lpr(cg), but not gld/lpr, LN cells retarded the growth of F6b cells. Although anti-Fas antibody and FasL cause severe liver failure, wild-type mice injected with lpr LN cells appeared clinically normal. Adoptive transfer of lpr LN cells to F6b-bearing mice exerted the same antitumor activity in wild-type and gld/lpr recipient mice, indicating the applicability of cell-bound FasL for Fas-mediated target therapy of cancer. These results suggest that antitumor activity was dependent on the Fas-FasL system and that lymphoid cells overexpressing FasL can be powerful antitumor effector cells against Fas+ tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimizu
- Department of Cancer Therapeutics, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan.
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Abstract
B cell malignancies arise with increased frequency in aging individuals and in patients with genetic or acquired immunodeficiency (e.g., AIDS) or autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms of lymphomagenesis in these individuals are poorly understood. In this report we investigated the possibility that mutations at the Fas (lpr) and Fasl (gld) loci, which prevent Fas-mediated apoptosis and cause an early onset benign lymphoid hyperplasia and autoimmunity, also predispose mice to malignant lymphomas later in life. Up to 6 mo of age, hyperplasia in lpr and gld mice results from the predominant accumulation of polyclonal T cell subsets and smaller numbers of polyclonal B cells and plasma cells. Here, we examined C3H-lpr, C3H-gld, and BALB-gld mice 6-15 mo of age for the emergence of clonal T and B cell populations and found that a significant proportion of aging mice exclusively developed B cell malignancies with many of the hallmarks of immunodeficiency-associated B lymphomas. By 1 yr of age, approximately 60% of BALB-gld and 30% of C3H-gld mice had monoclonal B cell populations that grew and metastasized in scid recipients but in most cases were rejected by immunocompetent mice. The tumors developed in a milieu greatly enriched for plasma cells, CD23- B cells and immunodeficient memory T cells and variably depleted of B220+ DN T cells. Growth factor-independent cell lines were established from five of the tumors. The majority of the tumors were CD23- and IgH isotype switched and a high proportion was CD5+ and dull Mac-1+. Considering their Ig secretion and morphology in vivo, most tumors were classified as malignant plasmacytoid lymphomas. The delayed development of the gld tumors indicated that genetic defects in addition to the Fas/Fasl mutations were necessary for malignant transformation. Interestingly, none of the tumors showed changes in the genomic organization of c-Myc but many had one or more somatically-acquired MuLV proviral integrations that were transmitted in scid passages and cell lines. Therefore, insertional mutagenesis may be a mechanism for transformation in gld B cells. Our panel of in vivo passaged and in vitro adapted gld lymphomas will be a valuable tool for the future identification of genetic abnormalities associated with B cell transformation in aging and autoimmune mice.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, SCID
- Phenotype
- Proviruses/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Virus Integration
- fas Receptor/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Davidson
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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