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Bashorun SD, Balogun BG, Ibidapo O, Bashorun AO. Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease in Type 2 Diabetic and Non-Diabetics: A Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study. J West Afr Coll Surg 2024; 14:180-187. [PMID: 38562387 PMCID: PMC10980320 DOI: 10.4103/jwas.jwas_100_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Aims and Objectives Dry eye disease (DED) is a common condition that affects the quality of life of may individuals. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of DED and identify potential risk factors in adult patients seeking care at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital., Nigeria. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional, hospital-based study that aimed to determine the prevalence of DED in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients. A total of 200 adult participants-100 with type 2 diabetes and 100 non-diabetic patients, were recruited into the study. A symptom screening standard patient evaluation for dryness questionnaire was administered and a fluorescein break-up time test was done to diagnose DED. Results The mean age was 61.4 years (±11.7 SD) and most were females (146, 72.86%). Using the standard patient evaluation for dryness questionnaire, 87.31% of the study participants had symptom(s) of DED. The proportion of DED in diabetics was 63.95% while in the non-diabetics was 68.37%, and this was significantly higher in the non-diabetic group (proportion difference of 16.47%, P = 0.006).The prevalence of DED as measured by the fluorescein break-up time was 55.81% (95% CI: 48.39-63.24). There was no significant difference in prevalence between diabetic and non-diabetic participants. Logistic regression analysis showed that increased duration of diabetes and age were significant predictors of DED in diabetic and non-diabetic groups, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of DED was high in our study population with increasing duration of diabetes in diabetics and older age in non-diabetics significantly associated with DED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bolanle Grace Balogun
- Ophthalmology Unit, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Olajumoke Ibidapo
- Ophthalmology Unit, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
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Abdelrahman AM, Awad AS, Abdel-Rahman EM. Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors: Mechanism of Action and Efficacy in Non-Diabetic Kidney Disease from Bench to Bed-Side. J Clin Med 2024; 13:956. [PMID: 38398269 PMCID: PMC10888733 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are currently available for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. SGLT2i acts by inhibiting renal SGLT2, thereby increasing glucosuria and lowering serum glucose. Recent trials are emerging supporting a role for SGLT2i irrespective of the diabetic status pointing towards that SGLT2i have other mechanisms of actions beyond blood sugar control. In this review, we will shed light on the role of this group of medications that act as SGLT2i in non-diabetics focusing on pre-clinical and clinical data highlighting the mechanism of renoprotection and effects of SGLT2i in the non-diabetic kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly M. Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod 123, Oman;
| | - Alaa S. Awad
- Division of Nephrology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
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Cheng H, Huang W, Huang X, Miao W, Huang Y, Hu Y. The triglyceride glucose index predicts short-term mortality in non-diabetic patients with acute heart failure. ADV CLIN EXP MED 2024; 33:103-110. [PMID: 37326578 DOI: 10.17219/acem/166043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triglyceride glucose index (TyG) has previously been considered a reliable indicator of insulin resistance (IR) and an independent prognostic predictor in heart failure (HF). OBJECTIVES To clarify the association between the TyG and short-term death in non-diabetic patients admitted for acute heart failure (AHF). MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined 886 out of 1620 consecutive AHF patients who were admitted to Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China, from June 1, 2014, to June 1, 2022. The median of the patientsf TyG values was used to divide them into 2 groups. The following formula was used to calculate the TyG: ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) ~ fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. The data on all-cause mortality of AHF patients during their hospital stay were collected. The 30-day Enhanced Feedback for Effective Cardiac Treatment (EFFECT) death risk score was used to assess the risk of death. RESULTS The TyG level was positively correlated with a poor AHF prognostic marker (N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)) (Ď = 0.207, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with a protective marker (serum albumin) (Ď = .0.43, p < 0.001). Higher TyG values were associated with an elevated EFFECT score and hospital mortality (p < 0.001). According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, higher TyG levels raised the risk of death in hospital (odds ratio (OR) = 1.73; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.03.3.27; p = 0.031) after adjusting for multiple variables, including age, EFFECT score and NT-proBNP. The TyG had a greater area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC: 0.688) for predicting hospital death compared to NT-proBNP (AUC: 0.506). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that the TyG is associated with the short-term mortality rate of non-diabetic patients admitted to the hospital for AHF. The TyG testing could be a useful prognostic indicator for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Panyu District He Xian Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
| | - Wang Miao
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
| | - Yuli Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
| | - Yunzhao Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
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Patil S, Biradar SM, Holyachi R, Devarmani S, Reddy S. Assessment of Serum Electrolytes and Glycated Hemoglobin Level in Non-diabetic Iron-Deficient Anaemic Patients. Cureus 2023; 15:e38656. [PMID: 37288229 PMCID: PMC10242358 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The WHO has recognised iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) as the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, with 30% of the population being affected by this condition. The patient's glycemic status during the past three months is shown by the glycated haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) test. According to several studies, iron deficiency can increase HbA1C levels without affecting blood sugar levels. HbA1C levels of ≥ 6.5% have been approved by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) as a diagnostic indicator for diabetes mellitus (DM). An imbalance in serum electrolyte levels and anaemia have been linked by several studies. Aim: To analyze the effect of iron deficiency anaemia on HbA1c levels and serum electrolytes in an adult non-diabetic population. METHODS This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Shri BM Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, India from January 2021 to June 2022. A total of 65 moderate to severe normoglycemic iron deficiency anemia patients between 18 to 75 years were enrolled in the study after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. A detailed history, clinical and biochemical examination was performed including HbA1c levels. The results were pooled and statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS We found elevated HbA1c levels (5.67±1.1%) in non-diabetic iron-deficient anaemia individuals, and elevation was more in women of reproductive age group (30.8%). There was a statistically significant Spearman negative correlation between hemoglobin and HbA1C levels. Also, 16 patients had hyponatremia with a mean haemoglobin (Hb) of 4.8 g/dL and one patient had hyperkalemia with a mean Hb of 3.2 g/dL which was statistically non-significant. CONCLUSION In this study haemoglobin and HbA1c had a statistically significant positive correlation with serum sodium and a negative correlation with serum potassium in moderate to severely iron-deficient anaemic patients, especially females of the reproductive age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirish Patil
- General Medicine, BLDE (DU) Shri B M Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Vijayapura, IND
| | - Siddanagouda M Biradar
- General Medicine, BLDE (DU) Shri B M Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Vijayapura, IND
| | - Renuka Holyachi
- Anaesthesiology, BLDE (DU) Shri B M Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Vijayapura, IND
| | - Shashidhar Devarmani
- General Medicine, BLDE (DU) Shri B M Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Vijayapura, IND
| | - Sethu Reddy
- Internal Medicine, BLDE (DU) Shri B M Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Vijayapura, IND
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Ul-Haque I, Ud Deen Z, Shafique S, Ur Rehman SI, Zaman M, Basalat ST, Munaf M, Wahidi Y. The Role of Glycated Hemoglobin A1c in Determining the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Subjects in Karachi. Cureus 2019; 11:e4982. [PMID: 31467816 PMCID: PMC6706255 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide by incidence. Over the years, many studies have been conducted to find predictors of coronary artery disease; however, in the last few decades, the level of HbA1c in diabetics has been investigated as a potential predictor. Our study offers additional insight by investigating similar relationships in non-diabetic patients and by investigating potential predictors more comprehensively, making it the first of its kind study. The aim of our study is to indicate that rising HbA1c levels suggest that there's a greater risk of coronary artery disease, which can further be confirmed by the SYNTAX score, degree of stenosis, and numbers of vessels involved. Methods Data from 177 diabetic and 378 non-diabetic patients, all of whom were above 18 years of age, were included in the research. HbA1c levels (>5.6%), SYNTAX score, hypertension, number of vessels involved, and other demographic elements, such as age, smoking, and body measurements, were calculated and compared for diabetics and non-diabetics. Results HbA1c was higher in comparison to non-diabetic subjects (p <0.001). Age >53 was found to be a predictor for SYNTAX score ≥23 in diabetic patients (p <0.05). Male gender and smoking were found to be independent predictors for three-vessel disease in the non-diabetic population (p-value<0.05). There was no significant relationship between the SYNTAX score and HbA1c levels in non-diabetics (p=0.885) and diabetics. In conclusion, there is no correlation between elevated HbA1c levels and SYNTAX score ≥23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtehaj Ul-Haque
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi , PAK
| | - Zia Ud Deen
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, PAK
| | - Shiza Shafique
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, PAK
| | - Syed Inam Ur Rehman
- Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, PAK
| | - Maryam Zaman
- Miscellaneous, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, PAK
| | - Syeda T Basalat
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, PAK
| | - Misbah Munaf
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, PAK
| | - Yusra Wahidi
- Internal Medicine: Critical Care, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, PAK
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Jeffers E, Dodds L, Allen V, Woolcott C. Predicting the Risk of Macrosomia at Mid-Pregnancy Among Non-Diabetics: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2017; 39:1129-36. [PMID: 28780218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors known in mid-pregnancy to be associated with risk of macrosomia (≥4000 g) among non-diabetic women and to develop a risk score to allow early identification of women at high risk. METHODS Data were obtained from a population-based perinatal database and a hospital laboratory database in Nova Scotia, Canada. The study included singleton live births born to non-diabetic women between 1998 and 2005. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors significantly associated with macrosomia. Risk scoring systems were developed for nulliparous and parous women separately and validated using the C-statistic. RESULTS Of the 23 857 mother-infant pairs included in the study, 16.7% of the infants were macrosomic. In nulliparous women, seven risk factors were identified, of which pre-pregnancy weight ≥90 kg with an OR of 4.8 (95% CI: 3.9 to 6.0) contributed a greater number of points to the risk score. The resulting risk score corresponded to a range of estimated risk of 0.2% to 47.0% and had a C-statistic of 0.70. In parous women, the most points were assigned to women with a previous large birth (OR: 3.7; 95% CI: 3.2-4.0) and a pre-pregnancy weight ≥90 kg (OR: 3.8; 95% CI: 3.1-4.7). The resulting risk score corresponded to a range of estimated risk of 0.4% to 88.0% and had a C-statistic of 0.75. CONCLUSIONS Macrosomia risk can be estimated by a simple calculation based on a woman's risk factor profile at mid-pregnancy.
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