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Kuzmanović N, Wolf J, Will SE, Smalla K, diCenzo GC, Neumann-Schaal M. Diversity and Evolutionary History of Ti Plasmids of "tumorigenes" Clade of Rhizobium spp. and Their Differentiation from Other Ti and Ri Plasmids. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad133. [PMID: 37463407 PMCID: PMC10410297 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacteria are important plant pathogens responsible for crown/cane gall and hairy root diseases. Crown/cane gall disease is associated with strains carrying tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids, while hairy root disease is caused by strains harboring root-inducing (Ri) plasmids. In this study, we analyzed the sequences of Ti plasmids of the novel "tumorigenes" clade of the family Rhizobiaceae ("tumorigenes" Ti plasmids), which includes two species, Rhizobium tumorigenes and Rhizobium rhododendri. The sequences of reference Ti/Ri plasmids were also included, which was followed by a comparative analysis of their backbone and accessory regions. The "tumorigenes" Ti plasmids have novel opine signatures compared with other Ti/Ri plasmids characterized so far. The first group exemplified by pTi1078 is associated with production of agrocinopine, nopaline, and ridéopine in plant tumors, while the second group comprising pTi6.2 is responsible for synthesis of leucinopine. Bioinformatic and chemical analyses, including opine utilization assays, indicated that leucinopine associated with pTi6.2 most likely has D,L stereochemistry, unlike the L,L-leucinopine produced in tumors induced by reference strains Chry5 and Bo542. Most of the "tumorigenes" Ti plasmids have conjugative transfer system genes that are unusual for Ti plasmids, composed of avhD4/avhB and traA/mobC/parA regions. Next, our results suggested that "tumorigenes" Ti plasmids have a common origin, but they diverged through large-scale recombination events, through recombination with single or multiple distinct Ti/Ri plasmids. Lastly, we showed that Ti/Ri plasmids could be differentiated based on pairwise Mash or average amino-acid identity distance clustering, and we supply a script to facilitate application of the former approach by other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Kuzmanović
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Urban Green, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Wolf
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabine Eva Will
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kornelia Smalla
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - George C diCenzo
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meina Neumann-Schaal
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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Hooykaas MJG, Hooykaas PJJ. The genome sequence of hairy root Rhizobium rhizogenes strain LBA9402: Bioinformatics analysis suggests the presence of a new opine system in the agropine Ri plasmid. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1180. [PMID: 33970547 PMCID: PMC8087989 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence of the Rhizobium rhizogenes (formerly Agrobacterium rhizogenes) strain LBA9402 (NCPPB1855rifR), a pathogenic strain causing hairy root disease. To assemble a complete genome, we obtained short reads from Illumina sequencing and long reads from Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing. The genome consists of a 3,958,212 bp chromosome, a 2,005,144 bp chromid (secondary chromosome) and a 252,168 bp Ri plasmid (pRi1855), respectively. The primary chromosome was very similar to that of the avirulent biocontrol strain K84, but the chromid showed a 724 kbp deletion accompanied by a large 1.8 Mbp inversion revealing the dynamic nature of these secondary chromosomes. The sequence of the agropine Ri plasmid was compared to other types of Ri and Ti plasmids. Thus, we identified the genes responsible for agropine catabolism, but also a unique segment adjacent to the TL region that has the signature of a new opine catabolic gene cluster including the three genes that encode the three subunits of an opine dehydrogenase. Our sequence analysis also revealed a novel gene at the very right end of the TL-DNA, which is unique for the agropine Ri plasmid. The protein encoded by this gene was most related to the succinamopine synthases of chrysopine and agropine Ti plasmids and thus may be involved in the synthesis of the unknown opine that can be degraded by the adjacent catabolic cluster. The available sequence will facilitate the use of R. rhizogenes and especially LBA9402 in both the laboratory and for biotechnological purposes.
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McFarlane JS, Zhang J, Wang S, Lei X, Moran GR, Lamb AL. Staphyl opine and pseudopaline dehydrogenase from bacterial pathogens catalyze reversible reactions and produce stereospecific metallophores. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17988-18001. [PMID: 31615895 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudopaline and staphylopine are opine metallophores biosynthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The final step in opine metallophore biosynthesis is the condensation of the product of a nicotianamine (NA) synthase reaction (i.e. l-HisNA for pseudopaline and d-HisNA for staphylopine) with an α-keto acid (α-ketoglutarate for pseudopaline and pyruvate for staphylopine), which is performed by an opine dehydrogenase. We hypothesized that the opine dehydrogenase reaction would be reversible only for the opine metallophore product with (R)-stereochemistry at carbon C2 of the α-keto acid (prochiral prior to catalysis). A kinetic analysis using stopped-flow spectrometry with (R)- or (S)-staphylopine and kinetic and structural analysis with (R)- and (S)-pseudopaline confirmed catalysis in the reverse direction for only (R)-staphylopine and (R)-pseudopaline, verifying the stereochemistry of these two opine metallophores. Structural analysis at 1.57-1.85 Å resolution captured the hydrolysis of (R)-pseudopaline and allowed identification of a binding pocket for the l-histidine moiety of pseudopaline formed through a repositioning of Phe-340 and Tyr-289 during the catalytic cycle. Transient-state kinetic analysis revealed an ordered release of NADP+ followed by staphylopine, with staphylopine release being the rate-limiting step in catalysis. Knowledge of the stereochemistry for opine metallophores has implications for future studies involving kinetic analysis, as well as opine metallophore transport, metal coordination, and the generation of chiral amines for pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S McFarlane
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Jian Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sanshan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois 60660
| | - Audrey L Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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Gan HM, Szegedi E, Fersi R, Chebil S, Kovács L, Kawaguchi A, Hudson AO, Burr TJ, Savka MA. Insight Into the Microbial Co-occurrence and Diversity of 73 Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera) Crown Galls Collected Across the Northern Hemisphere. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1896. [PMID: 31456792 PMCID: PMC6700373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Crown gall (CG) is a globally distributed and economically important disease of grapevine and other important crop plants. The causal agent of CG is Agrobacterium or Allorhizobium strains that harbor a tumor-inducing plasmid (pTi). The microbial community within the CG tumor has not been widely elucidated and it is not known if certain members of this microbial community promote or inhibit CG. This study investigated the microbiotas of grapevine CG tumor tissues from seven infected vineyards located in Hungary, Japan, Tunisia, and the United States. Heavy co-amplification of grapevine chloroplast and mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes was observed with the widely used Illumina V3-V4 16S rRNA gene primers, requiring the design of a new reverse primer to enrich for bacterial 16S rRNA from CG tumors. The operational taxonomic unit (OTU) clustering approach is not suitable for CG microbiota analysis as it collapsed several ecologically distinct Agrobacterium species into a single OTU due to low interspecies genetic divergence. The CG microbial community assemblages were significantly different across sampling sites (ANOSIM global R = 0.63, p-value = 0.001) with evidence of site-specific differentially abundant ASVs. The presence of Allorhizobium vitis in the CG microbiota is almost always accompanied by Xanthomonas and Novosphingobium, the latter may promote the spread of pTi plasmid by way of acyl-homoserine lactone signal production, whereas the former may take advantage of the presence of substrates associated with plant cell wall growth and repair. The technical and biological insights gained from this study will contribute to the understanding of complex interaction between the grapevine and its microbial community and may facilitate better management of CG disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ming Gan
- Deakin Genomics Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Ernõ Szegedi
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Research Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Kecskemét, Hungary
| | - Rabeb Fersi
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cédria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Samir Chebil
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cédria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - László Kovács
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States
| | - Akira Kawaguchi
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Fukuyama, Japan
| | - André O. Hudson
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J. Burr
- Section of Plant Pathology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael A. Savka
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
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Marty L, Vigouroux A, Aumont-Nicaise M, Pelissier F, Meyer T, Lavire C, Dessaux Y, Moréra S. Structural basis for two efficient modes of agropinic acid opine import into the bacterial pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Biochem J 2019; 476:165-78. [PMID: 30552142 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20180861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens pathogens genetically modify their host plants to drive the synthesis of opines in plant tumors. The mannityl-opine family encompasses mannopine, mannopinic acid, agropine and agropinic acid. These opines serve as nutrients and are imported into bacteria via periplasmic-binding proteins (PBPs) in association with ABC transporters. Structural and affinity data on agropine and agropinic acid opines bound to PBPs are currently lacking. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of AgtB and AgaA, proposed as the specific PBP for agropine and agropinic acid import, respectively. Using genetic approaches and affinity measurements, we identified AgtB and its transporter as responsible for agropine uptake in agropine-assimilating agrobacteria. Nonetheless, we showed that AgtB binds agropinic acid with a higher affinity than agropine, and we structurally characterized the agropinic acid-binding mode through three crystal structures at 1.4, 1.74 and 1.9 Å resolution. In the crystallization time course, obtaining a crystal structure of AgtB with agropine was unsuccessful due to the spontaneous lactamization of agropine into agropinic acid. AgaA binds agropinic acid only with a similar affinity in nanomolar range as AgtB. The structure of AgaA bound to agropinic acid at 1.65 Å resolution defines a different agropinic acid-binding signature. Our work highlights the structural and functional characteristics of two efficient agropinic acid assimilation pathways, of which one is also involved in agropine assimilation.
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González-Mula A, Lang J, Grandclément C, Naquin D, Ahmar M, Soulère L, Queneau Y, Dessaux Y, Faure D. Lifestyle of the biotroph Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the ecological niche constructed on its host plant. New Phytol 2018; 219:350-362. [PMID: 29701262 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens constructs an ecological niche in its host plant by transferring the T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into the host genome and by diverting the host metabolism. We combined transcriptomics and genetics for understanding the A. tumefaciens lifestyle when it colonizes Arabidopsis thaliana tumors. Transcriptomics highlighted: a transition from a motile to sessile behavior that mobilizes some master regulators (Hfq, CtrA, DivK and PleD); a remodeling of some cell surface components (O-antigen, succinoglucan, curdlan, att genes, putative fasciclin) and functions associated with plant defense (Ef-Tu and flagellin pathogen-associated molecular pattern-response and glycerol-3-phosphate and nitric oxide signaling); and an exploitation of a wide variety of host resources, including opines, amino acids, sugars, organic acids, phosphate, phosphorylated compounds, and iron. In addition, construction of transgenic A. thaliana lines expressing a lactonase enzyme showed that Ti plasmid transfer could escape host-mediated quorum-quenching. Finally, construction of knock-out mutants in A. tumefaciens showed that expression of some At plasmid genes seemed more costly than the selective advantage they would have conferred in tumor colonization. We provide the first overview of A. tumefaciens lifestyle in a plant tumor and reveal novel signaling and trophic interplays for investigating host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena González-Mula
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91190, France
| | - Julien Lang
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91190, France
| | - Catherine Grandclément
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91190, France
| | - Delphine Naquin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91190, France
| | - Mohammed Ahmar
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR5246, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Laurent Soulère
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR5246, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Yves Queneau
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR5246, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Yves Dessaux
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91190, France
| | - Denis Faure
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91190, France
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McFarlane JS, Davis CL, Lamb AL. Staphyl opine, pseudopaline, and yersinopine dehydrogenases: A structural and kinetic analysis of a new functional class of opine dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8009-8019. [PMID: 29618515 PMCID: PMC5971449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Opine dehydrogenases (ODHs) from the bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Yersinia pestis perform the final enzymatic step in the biosynthesis of a new class of opine metallophores, which includes staphylopine, pseudopaline, and yersinopine, respectively. Growing evidence indicates an important role for this pathway in metal acquisition and virulence, including in lung and burn-wound infections (P. aeruginosa) and in blood and heart infections (S. aureus). Here, we present kinetic and structural characterizations of these three opine dehydrogenases. A steady-state kinetic analysis revealed that the three enzymes differ in α-keto acid and NAD(P)H substrate specificity and nicotianamine-like substrate stereoselectivity. The structural basis for these differences was determined from five ODH X-ray crystal structures, ranging in resolution from 1.9 to 2.5 Å, with or without NADP+ bound. Variation in hydrogen bonding with NADPH suggested an explanation for the differential recognition of this substrate by these three enzymes. Our analysis further revealed candidate residues in the active sites required for binding of the α-keto acid and nicotianamine-like substrates and for catalysis. This work reports the first structural kinetic analyses of enzymes involved in opine metallophore biosynthesis in three important bacterial pathogens of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S McFarlane
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Cara L Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Audrey L Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045; Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045.
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Marty L, Vigouroux A, Aumont-Nicaise M, Dessaux Y, Faure D, Moréra S. Structural Basis for High Specificity of Amadori Compound and Mann opine Opine Binding in Bacterial Pathogens. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22638-22649. [PMID: 27609514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens pathogens genetically modify their host plants to drive the synthesis of opines in plant tumors. Opines are either sugar phosphodiesters or the products of condensed amino acids with ketoacids or sugars. They are Agrobacterium nutrients and imported into the bacterial cell via periplasmic-binding proteins (PBPs) and ABC-transporters. Mannopine, an opine from the mannityl-opine family, is synthesized from an intermediate named deoxy-fructosyl-glutamine (DFG), which is also an opine and abundant Amadori compound (a name used for any derivative of aminodeoxysugars) present in decaying plant materials. The PBP MotA is responsible for mannopine import in mannopine-assimilating agrobacteria. In the nopaline-opine type agrobacteria strain, SocA protein was proposed as a putative mannopine binding PBP, and AttC protein was annotated as a mannopine binding-like PBP. Structural data on mannityl-opine-PBP complexes is currently lacking. By combining affinity data with analysis of seven x-ray structures at high resolution, we investigated the molecular basis of MotA, SocA, and AttC interactions with mannopine and its DFG precursor. Our work demonstrates that AttC is not a mannopine-binding protein and reveals a specific binding pocket for DFG in SocA with an affinity in nanomolar range. Hence, mannopine would not be imported into nopaline-type agrobacteria strains. In contrast, MotA binds both mannopine and DFG. We thus defined one mannopine and two DFG binding signatures. Unlike mannopine-PBPs, selective DFG-PBPs are present in a wide diversity of bacteria, including Actinobacteria, α-,β-, and γ-proteobacteria, revealing a common role of this Amadori compound in pathogenic, symbiotic, and opportunistic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Marty
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Armelle Vigouroux
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Magali Aumont-Nicaise
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Yves Dessaux
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Denis Faure
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Solange Moréra
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
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