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Silori Y, Chawla S, De AK, Shirke RP, Grover J, Ramasastry SSV, Sathyamurthy N. Spectral characteristics of the flavones and anthocyanins present in passionflower (Passiflora incarnata). Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:923-935. [PMID: 38148662 DOI: 10.1111/php.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Rich in antioxidants with a variety of flavones and anthocyanins, passionflower/fruit has been extensively used in food, beverage, medicinal, and natural dyes industries. The individual components present in passionflower are identified by extracting them in methanol, partitioning them between ethyl acetate and aqueous layers, and recording their ESI mass spectrometric data. The steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra of the extract in methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide are recorded and the lifetime of the fluorescing species is reported. The pH dependence of the absorption spectrum confirms the presence of the anthocyanins.
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Liu K, Li X, Liu Z, Ming X, Han B, Cai W, Yang X, Huang Z, Shi Z, Wu J, Hao B, Chen X. Orientin Promotes Antioxidant Capacity, Mitochondrial Biogenesis, and Fiber Transformation in Skeletal Muscles through the AMPK Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6226-6235. [PMID: 38492240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The sleep-breathing condition obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive upper airway collapse, which can exacerbate oxidative stress and free radical generation, thereby detrimentally impacting both motor and sensory nerve function and inducing muscular damage. OSA development is promoted by increasing proportions of fast-twitch muscle fibers in the genioglossus. Orientin, a water-soluble dietary C-glycosyl flavonoid with antioxidant properties, increased the expression of slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and signaling factors associated with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation both in vivo and in vitro. Inhibiting AMPK signaling diminished the effects of orientin on slow MyHC, fast MyHC, and Sirt1 expression. Overall, orientin enhanced type I muscle fibers in the genioglossus, enhanced antioxidant capacity, increased mitochondrial biogenesis through AMPK signaling, and ultimately improved fatigue resistance in C2C12 myotubes and mouse genioglossus. These findings suggest that orientin may contribute to upper airway stability in patients with OSA, potentially preventing airway collapse.
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Liu S, Li D, Qin Z, Zeng W, Zhou J. Enhancing Glycosylation of Flavonoids by Engineering the Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Supply in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17842-17851. [PMID: 37941337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation can enhance the solubility and stability of flavonoids. The main limitation of the glycosylation process is low intracellular uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) availability. This study aimed to create a glycosylation platform strain in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) by multiple metabolic engineering of the UDPG supply. Glycosyltransferase TcCGT1 was introduced to synthesize vitexin and orientin from apigenin and luteolin, respectively. To further expand this glycosylation platform strain, not only were UDP rhamnose and UDP galactose synthesis pathways constructed, but rhamnosyltransferase (GtfC) and galactosyltransferase (PhUGT) were also introduced, respectively. In a 5 L bioreactor with apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, and quercetin as glycosyl acceptors, vitexin, orientin, afzelin, quercitrin, hyperoside, and trifolin glycosylation products reached 17.2, 36.5, 5.2, 14.1, 6.4, and 11.4 g/L, respectively, the highest titers reported to date for all. The platform strain has great potential for large-scale production of glycosylated flavonoids.
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Rooibos Flavonoids, Aspalathin, Iso orientin, and Orientin Ameliorate Antimycin A-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Improving Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206289. [PMID: 34684871 PMCID: PMC8539189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the physiological effects of flavonoids found in daily consumed rooibos tea, aspalathin, isoorientin, and orientin on improving processes involved in mitochondrial function in C2C12 myotubes. To achieve this, C2C12 myotubes were exposed to a mitochondrial channel blocker, antimycin A (6.25 µM), for 12 h to induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Thereafter, cells were treated with aspalathin, isoorientin, and orientin (10 µM) for 4 h, while metformin (1 µM) and insulin (1 µM) were used as comparators. Relevant bioassays and real-time PCR were conducted to assess the impact of treatment compounds on some markers of mitochondrial function. Our results showed that antimycin A induced alterations in the mitochondrial respiration process and mRNA levels of genes involved in energy production. In fact, aspalathin, isoorientin, and orientin reversed such effects leading to the reduced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. These flavonoids further enhanced the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function, such as Ucp 2, Complex 1/3, Sirt 1, Nrf 1, and Tfam. Overall, the current study showed that dietary flavonoids, aspalathin, isoorientin, and orientin, have the potential to be as effective as established pharmacological drugs such as metformin and insulin in protecting against mitochondrial dysfunction in a preclinical setting; however, such information should be confirmed in well-established in vivo disease models.
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Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Mthembu SXH, Tshiitamune A, Muvhulawa N, Mthiyane FT, Ziqubu K, Muller CJF, Dludla PV. Orientin Improves Substrate Utilization and the Expression of Major Genes Involved in Insulin Signaling and Energy Regulation in Cultured Insulin-Resistant Liver Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206154. [PMID: 34684734 PMCID: PMC8538794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our group has progressively reported on the impact of bioactive compounds found in rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and their capacity to modulate glucose homeostasis to improve metabolic function in experimental models of type 2 diabetes. In the current study, we investigated how the dietary flavone, orientin, modulates the essential genes involved in energy regulation to enhance substrate metabolism. We used a well-established hepatic insulin resistance model of exposing C3A liver cells to a high concentration of palmitate (0.75 mM) for 16 hrs. These insulin-resistant liver cells were treated with orientin (10 µM) for 3 h to assess the therapeutic effect of orientin. In addition to assessing the rate of metabolic activity, end point measurements assessed include the uptake or utilization of glucose and palmitate, as well as the expression of genes involved in insulin signaling and regulating cellular energy homeostasis. Our results showed that orientin effectively improved metabolic activity, mainly by maintaining substrate utilization which was marked by enhanced glucose and palmitate uptake by liver cells subjected to insulin resistance. Interestingly, these effects can be explained by the improvement in the expression of genes involved in glucose transport (Glut2), insulin signaling (Irs1 and Pi3k), and energy regulation (Ampk and Cpt1). These preliminary findings lay an important foundation for future research to determine the bioactive properties of orientin against dyslipidemia or insulin resistance in reliable and well-established models of type 2 diabetes.
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Wang L, Jing S, Qu H, Wang K, Jin Y, Ding Y, Yang L, Yu H, Shi Y, Li Q, Wang D. Orientin mediates protection against MRSA-induced pneumonia by inhibiting Sortase A. Virulence 2021; 12:2149-2161. [PMID: 34369293 PMCID: PMC8354611 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1962138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has severely threatened human health and arouses widespread concern. Sortase A (SrtA) is an essential virulence factor of S. aureus, which is responsible for the covalent anchoring of a variety of virulence-related proteins to the cell wall. SrtA has always been regarded as an ideal pharmacological target against S. aureus infections. In this research, we have determined that orientin, a natural compound isolated from various medicinal plants, can effectively inhibit the activity of SrtA with an IC50 of 50.44 ± 0.51 µM. We further demonstrated that orientin inhibited the binding of S. aureus to fibrinogen and diminished biofilm formation and the attaching of Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) to the cell wall in vitro. Using the fluorescence quenching assay, we demonstrated a direct interaction between orientin and SrtA. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the residues Glu-105, Thr-93, and Cys-184 were the key sites for the binding of SrtA to orientin. Importantly, we demonstrated that treatment with orientin attenuated S. aureus virulence of in vivo and protected mice against S. aureus-induced lethal pneumonia. These findings indicate that orientin is a potential drug to counter S. aureus infections and limit the development of drug resistance.
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Liu S, Lyu Y, Yu S, Cheng J, Zhou J. Efficient Production of Orientin and Vitexin from Luteolin and Apigenin Using Coupled Catalysis of Glycosyltransferase and Sucrose Synthase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6578-6587. [PMID: 34061537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Orientin and vitexin are flavone 8-C-glycosides that exhibit many biological characteristics. This study aimed to establish a two-enzyme-coupled catalytic strategy to enhance the biosynthesis of orientin and vitexin from apigenin and luteolin, respectively. The C-glucosyltransferase (TcCGT1) gene from Trollius chinensis was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The optimal activity of TcCGT1 was achieved at pH 9.0 and 37 °C. TcCGT1 was relatively stable over the pH range of 7.0-10.0 at a temperature lower than 45 °C. The coupled catalytic strategy of TcCGT1 and different sucrose synthases was adopted to enhance the production of orientin and vitexin. By optimizing the coupling reaction conditions, orientin and vitexin production successfully achieved 2324.4 and 5524.1 mg/L with a yield of 91.4 and 89.3% (mol/mol), respectively. The coupled catalytic strategy proposed in this study might serve as a promising candidate for the large-scale production of orientin and vitexin in the future.
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Jesus CCMD, Araújo MHD, Simão TLBV, Lasunskaia EB, Barth T, Muzitano MF, Pinto SC. Natural products from Vitex polygama and their antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:1337-1341. [PMID: 33380215 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1868461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide public health threat because of the emergence of resistant strains and subsequent inappropriate response to current therapy. We have been studying the restinga plants' antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory potential. Dichloromethane fraction (DCM) from Vitex polygama Cham. showed high activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv. In this context, DCM fraction and isolated compounds were investigated against Mtb H37Rv and M299 (MDR strain) and for their immunomodulatory and cytotoxicity actions. Orientin showed the best antimycobacterial effect against Mtb M299 MDR strain (MIC50 15.4 ± 1.6 µg/mL), capacity of inhibiting NO production by macrophages (IC50 6.5 ± 1.2 µg/mL) and no significant cytotoxicity. The antimycobacterial effect of orientin was also observed on Mtb H37Rv intracellular growth in RAW 264.7 macrophages (MIC50 3.5 ± 1.1 and MIC90 9.1 ± 1.0 µg/mL). This is the first report describing the antimycobacterial effect of orientin, in both extra- and intracellular growth.
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Subacute Oral Administration of Clinacanthus nutans Ethanolic Leaf Extract Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicities in ICR Mice. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112631. [PMID: 32517000 PMCID: PMC7325574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the leaves of Clinacanthus nutans for its bioactive compounds and acute and subacute toxicity effects of C. nutans ethanolic leaf extract (CELE) on blood, liver and kidneys of ICR mice. A total of 10 8-week-old female mice were divided into groups A (control) and B (2000 mg/kg) for the acute toxicity study. A single dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered to group B through oral gavage and mice were monitored for 14 days. In the subacute toxicity study, mice were divided into five groups: A (control), B (125 mg/kg), C (250 mg/kg), D (500 mg/kg) and E (1000 mg/kg). The extract was administered daily for 28 days via oral gavage. The mice were sacrificed, and samples were collected for analyses. Myricetin, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, isookanin, apigenin and ferulic acid were identified in the extract. Twenty-eight days of continuous oral administration revealed significant increases (p < 0.05) in creatinine, ALT and moderate hepatic and renal necrosis in groups D and E. The study concluded that the lethal dose (LD50) of CELE in mice is greater than 2000 mg/kg and that repeated oral administrations of CELE for 28 days induced hepatic and renal toxicities at 1000 mg/kg in female ICR mice.
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Flavonoid Compounds and Photosynthesis in Passiflora Plant Leaves under Varying Light Intensities. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050633. [PMID: 32429275 PMCID: PMC7285318 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional constituents in the leaves of Passiflora plants contain antidepressant and antianxiety effects which are beneficial to human health and fitness. The objective of this study was to investigate leaf growth, physiological parameters, and secondary metabolite contents of Tainung No. 1 variety (P. edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa.) and P. suberosa in response to three light intensity conditions, including 100% light intensity (LI-100), 50% light intensity (LI-50), and 15% light intensity (LI-15) for 2 months. The leaf number, length, width, area, dry weight (DW), minimal fluorescence (Fo), maximal fluorescence (Fm), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values of all tested plants increased with a decreasing light intensity, except for the leaf number and DW of P. suberosa plants. Low values of the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of Tainung No. 1 leaves in the LI-15 treatment showed the acclimation capacity of these plants. These observations together with high values of leaf growth traits of Fo, Fm, SPAD, and the intercellular-to-atmospheric CO2 concentration ratio indicate their physiological plasticity, which is of fundamental importance when cultivating plants in environments with different light availabilities. Wide variations occurred in total phenol (TP), total flavonoid (TF), orientin (OR), and isovitexin (IV) contents of the two Passiflora varieties, and P. suberosa contained higher TP and TF contents than did Tainung No. 1 in each light treatment but IV content of P. suberosa was lower than that of Tainung No. 1 in the LI-15 treatment. Moreover, increases in TF, OR, and IV contents of Tainung No. 1 and P. suberosa were clear in the LI-50 and LI-100 treatments, respectively, compared to LI-15 treatment. Leaf growth, physiological parameters, and secondary metabolite accumulations in Passiflora species can be optimized for commercial production via lighting control technologies, and this approach may also be applicable to leafy vegetables to produce a stable industrial supply of high leaf yields and metabolite contents.
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Adamczak A, Ożarowski M, Karpiński TM. Antibacterial Activity of Some Flavonoids and Organic Acids Widely Distributed in Plants. J Clin Med 2019; 9:E109. [PMID: 31906141 PMCID: PMC7019947 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Among natural substances widespread in fruits, vegetables, spices, and medicinal plants, flavonoids and organic acids belong to the promising groups of bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of 13 common flavonoids (flavones, flavonols, flavanones) and 6 organic acids (aliphatic and aromatic acids). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of selected plant substances were determined by the micro-dilution method using clinical strains of four species of pathogenic bacteria. All tested compounds showed antimicrobial properties, but their biological activity was moderate or relatively low. Bacterial growth was most strongly inhibited by salicylic acid (MIC = 250-500 μg/mL). These compounds were generally more active against Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than Gram-positive ones: Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. An analysis of the antibacterial effect of flavone, chrysin, apigenin, and luteolin showed that the presence of hydroxyl groups in the phenyl rings A and B usually did not influence on the level of their activity. A significant increase in the activity of the hydroxy derivatives of flavone was observed only for S. aureus. Similarly, the presence and position of the sugar group in the flavone glycosides generally had no effect on the MIC values.
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Thangaraj K, Balasubramanian B, Park S, Natesan K, Liu W, Manju V. Orientin Induces G0/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest and Mitochondria Mediated Intrinsic Apoptosis in Human Colorectal Carcinoma HT29 Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090418. [PMID: 31461995 PMCID: PMC6770649 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma is one of the utmost diagnosed cancer with a steep increase in mortality rate. The incidence has been increasing in developing countries like India due to a westernization life style. Flavonoids have been explored widely for its various pharmacological activity including antitumor activity. Orientin, an analogue of luteolin (citrus flavonoid) isolated from rooibos and tulsi leaves is also expected to deliver significant antitumor activity similar to that of luteolin. The present study anticipates exploring the antitumor activity of orientin against colorectal carcinoma cells (HT29). Orientin exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity against HT29 cells, which is clearly evident from tetrazolium based cytotoxicity and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. Orientin induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and regulates cyclin and cyclin-dependent protein kinases in order to prevent the entry of the cell cycle to the S phase. Annexin V-FITC (V-Fluorescein Isothiocyanate) dual staining reveals the apoptotic induction ability of orientin. The Bcl-2 family proteins along with the inhibitor of apoptotic proteins were regulated and the tumor suppressor p-53 expression have been decreased. In conclusion, our results proposed that orientin could be a potent chemotherapeutic agent against colorectal cancer after ascertaining their molecular mechanisms.
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Thangaraj K, Natesan K, Settu K, Palani M, Govindarasu M, Subborayan V, Vaiyapuri M. Orientin mitigates 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine induced lipid peroxidation, antioxidant and biotransforming bacterial enzyme alterations in experimental rats. J Cancer Res Ther 2018; 14:1379-1388. [PMID: 30488860 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1363_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most diagnosed cancer often identified during the later stages of carcinogenesis. Orientin, a C-glycoside of luteolin, is well known for its versatile therapeutic action toward oxidative stress-induced cellular response may exert chemoprevention against CRC. Materials and Methods In our study, we investigated the modulatory effect of orientin on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense, and biotransforming bacterial enzymes in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced male albino Wistar rats in a dose-dependent manner. Animals were induced with DMH (20 mg/kg b.wt) for 15 weeks and administered with orientin in three different doses (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg b. wt) daily under distinct phases (initiation, postinitiation, and the entire) for a total treatment period of 30 weeks. Results Orientin reinstates the alterations induced by DMH on lipid peroxidation and enzymatic antioxidants through its rich-free radical scavenging properties. In addition, orientin curtails the DMH-induced augmentation of biotransforming bacterial enzymes to inhibit the colon cancer progression. Overall, experimental findings suggest that orientin significantly inhibits the DMH induced colon cancer in all the three different doses, however, maximum inhibition was observed on supplementation of 10 mg/kg b.wt for the entire period of the study. Conclusion Hence, the intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg b.wt orientin for the entire period is recommended for further molecular investigation to elucidate the precise mechanism of inhibition and so orientin can be used as a novel chemotherapeutic agent for CRC.
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Qi S, Feng Z, Li Q, Qi Z, Zhang Y. Inhibition of ROS-mediated activation Src-MAPK/AKT signaling by orientin alleviates H 2O 2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:3973-3984. [PMID: 30510405 PMCID: PMC6248275 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s178217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered a direct cause of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Drugs developed to target ROS are effective for the treatment of NDDs. Orientin is a pyrone glucoside extracted from Polygonum orientale, and it exhibits many pharmacological activities. In this study, we aimed to determine whether orientin could relieve hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neuronal apoptosis and to investigate the specific target of orientin. Materials and methods In this study, the neuroprotective effect and its possible mechanisms of orientin in mouse pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) cells stimulated by H2O2, establishing an oxidative stress model, were investigated. And we further tested the role of ROS in the neuroprotective effects of orientin. Results Orientin (5-100 µg/mL) did not cause toxicity in PC12 cells but significantly decreased H2O2-induced reduction in PC12 cell viability, cell apoptosis rates, and nuclear condensation. It also inhibited the activation of caspase-3 and degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Under the stimulation of H2O2, MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38), AKT, and Src signaling proteins in PC12 cells were activated in a time-dependent manner. The application of inhibitors that were specific for MAPKs, AKT, and Src effectively alleviated H2O2-induced cell apoptosis. In addition, the Src inhibitor decreased the activation of MAPKs and AKT signaling. More importantly, orientin effectively decreased H2O2-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs, AKT, and Src signaling proteins. Finally, we confirmed that orientin effectively inhibited H2O2-induced accumulation of ROS in cells. In addition, ROS inhibitors blocked the Src-MAPKs/AKT signaling pathway-dependent cell apoptosis stimulated by H2O2. Conclusion These results indicate that alleviation of H2O2-induced cell apoptosis by orientin is Src-MAPKs/AKT dependent. Overall, our study confirms that orientin alleviates H2O2-induced cell apoptosis by inhibiting the ROS-mediated activation of Src-MAPKs/AKT signaling.
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Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Acer Palmatum Thumb. Extract, KIOM-2015EW, in a Hyperosmolar-Stress-Induced In Vitro Dry Eye Model. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030282. [PMID: 29495608 PMCID: PMC5872700 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of KIOM-2015EW, the hot-water extract of maple leaves in hyperosmolar stress (HOS)-induced human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). HCECs were exposed to hyperosmolar medium and exposed to KIOM-2015EW with or without the hyperosmolar media. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 production and apoptosis were observed, and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling and nuclear factor (NF)-κB was confirmed. Compared to isomolar medium, the induction of cell cytotoxicity significantly increased in HCECs exposed to hyperosmolar medium in a time-dependent manner. KIOM-2015EW-treatment significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and apoptosis. KIOM-2015EW-treatment inhibited HOS-induced MAPK signaling activation. Additionally, the HOS-induced increase in NF-κB phosphorylation was attenuated by KIOM-2015EW. The results demonstrated that KIOM-2015EW protects the ocular surface by suppressing inflammation in dry eye disease, and suggest that KIOM-2015EW may be used to treat several ocular surface diseases where inflammation plays a key role.
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Suppression of Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Synthesis by the Flavonoid Orientin through Decrease of C/EBPδ Expression and Inhibition of PI3K/Akt-FOXO1 Signaling in Adipocytes. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020130. [PMID: 29373533 PMCID: PMC5852706 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant flavonoids have a variety of biological properties. In a previous study, we found that the tea of the Asian dayflower, Commelina communis L., decreased the body weight gain in high-fat diet-fed mice. In this study, we studied the anti-adipogenic ability of a flavonoid orientin that is found in abundance in C. communis. Orientin repressed the accumulation of intracellular triglyceride (TG) in mouse adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. The treatment with orientin also decreased the mRNA levels of the genes involved in adipogenesis, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and TG synthesis, and reduced the release of glycerol. Orientin lowered the expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) δ in the early stage of adipogenesis, leading to a decrease in the expression of the adipogenic master transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ and C/EBPα. Moreover, the anti-adipogenic effect of orientin repressed the phosphorylation of Akt and subsequent phosphorylation of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), which inhibits the transcription of the Ppar gene. These results indicate that a plant flavonoid orientin suppressed the expression of the Pparγ gene through repression of C/ebpδ expression and inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase /Akt-FOXO1 signaling in adipocytes.
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Li F, Zong J, Zhang H, Zhang P, Xu L, Liang K, Yang L, Yong H, Qian W. Orientin Reduces Myocardial Infarction Size via eNOS/NO Signaling and Thus Mitigates Adverse Cardiac Remodeling. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:926. [PMID: 29311930 PMCID: PMC5742593 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Orientin is a flavonoid extracted from Chinese traditional herb, Polygonum orientale L. Previous study has reported that orientin protected myocardial from ischemia reperfusion injury. However, whether orientin could protect against cardiac remodeling after myocardial injury remains unclear. The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of orientin in the progression of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). Mice cardiac remodeling model was established by left coronary artery ligation surgery. Experimental groups were as follows: vehicle-sham, orientin-sham, vehicle-MI, and orientin-MI. Animals were treated with vehicle or orientin (40 mg/kg) for 25 days starting 3 days after surgery. After 4 weeks of MI, mice with orientin treatment had decreased mortality and improved cardiac function. Significantly, at 4 weeks post-MI, orientin treatment decreased fibrosis, inflammatory response, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, orientin treatment attenuated the hypoxia-induced neonatal rat cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increased cell viability. Additionally, orientin supplementation mitigated oxidative stress in remodeling heart tissue and cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia as measured by 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescent probe. Mechanistically, orientin promotes cardioprotection by activating the eNOS/NO signaling cascades, which was confirmed by eNOS inhibitor (L-NAME) in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of oxidative stress by orientin via eNOS/NO signaling cascades in the heart may represent a potential therapy for cardiac remodeling.
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Muller CJF, Malherbe CJ, Chellan N, Yagasaki K, Miura Y, Joubert E. Potential of rooibos, its major C-glucosyl flavonoids, and Z-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-phenylpropenoic acid in prevention of metabolic syndrome. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:227-246. [PMID: 27305453 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1157568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) cluster together and are termed the metabolic syndrome. Key factors driving the metabolic syndrome are inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance (IR), and obesity. IR is defined as the impairment of insulin to achieve its physiological effects, resulting in glucose and lipid metabolic dysfunction in tissues such as muscle, fat, kidney, liver, and pancreatic β-cells. The potential of rooibos extract and its major C-glucosyl flavonoids, in particular aspalathin, a C-glucoside dihydrochalcone, as well as the phenolic precursor, Z-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-phenylpropenoic acid, to prevent the metabolic syndrome, will be highlighted. The mechanisms whereby these phenolic compounds elicit positive effects on inflammation, cellular oxidative stress and transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism will be discussed in terms of their potential in ameliorating features of the metabolic syndrome and the development of serious metabolic disease. An overview of the phenolic composition of rooibos and the changes during processing will provide relevant background on this herbal tea, while a discussion of the bioavailability of the major rooibos C-glucosyl flavonoids will give insight into a key aspect of the bioefficacy of rooibos.
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AN FANG, WANG SHUHUA, TIAN QINGQING, ZHU DENGXIANG. Effects of orientin and vitexin from Trollius chinensis on the growth and apoptosis of esophageal cancer EC-109 cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2627-2633. [PMID: 26622901 PMCID: PMC4580036 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Orientin and vitexin are the monomers of total flavonoids in Trollius chinensis Bunge. Orientin and vitexin have the same chemical constitution. Modern studies on pharmacology have indicated that the total flavonoids of this plant have antitumor actions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of orientin and vitexin on the growth and apoptosis of EC-109 cells, to investigate the expression of p53 and B-cell lymphoma (bcl-2), and to discuss the associated antitumor activity, in vitro. This data provides experience for the basis of the selection and structure-activity associations of antineoplastic agents, and analysis of the efficacy of the total flavonoids in Trollius chinensis. In this study, EC-109 cells in the logarithmic growth phase were treated with different concentrations of orientin and vitexin. The inhibitory effect on cell growth and proliferation was detected by MTT method. Cell nuclei were assayed by the cell death detection using Hoechst 33258 staining, cell apoptosis was detected by DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, and the apoptosis rate of the EC-109 cells was examined using an Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double-labeled technique of flow cytometry (FCM). The protein expression of p53 and bcl-2 in the EC-109 cells was detected by FCM. Orientin and vitexin exhibited marked inhibitory effects on the proliferation of the EC-109 cells. The inhibition rate increased with the increase in concentration and reaction time, and orientin and vitexin were able to induce the apoptosis of the EC-109 cells. The gene expression levels of p53 and bcl-2 were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Additionally, the antitumor effects of orientin were stronger than that of vitexin using the same concentration. These experimental findings indicated that orientin and vitexin engender antitumor effects that may be associated with the regulation of the apoptosis-related gene expression of p53 and bcl-2. Therefore, orientin and vitexin may serve as therapeutic agents for the treatment of esophageal cancer.
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An F, Yang G, Tian J, Wang S. Antioxidant effects of the orientin and vitexin in Trollius chinensis Bunge in D-galactose-aged mice. Neural Regen Res 2014; 7:2565-75. [PMID: 25368632 PMCID: PMC4200723 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.33.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Total flavonoids are the main pharmaceutical components of Trollius chinensis Bunge, and orientin and vitexin are the monomer components of total flavonoids in Trollius chinensis Bunge. In this study, an aged mouse model was established through intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose for 8 weeks, followed by treatment with 40, 20, or 10 mg/kg orientin, vitexin, or a positive control (vitamin E) via intragastric administration for an additional 8 weeks. Orientin, vitexin, and vitamin E improved the general medical status of the aging mice and significantly increased their brain weights. They also produced an obvious rise in total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase levels in the serum, and the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, Na+-K+-ATP enzyme, and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP enzyme in the liver, brain and kidneys. In addition, they significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels in the liver, brain and kidney and lipofuscin levels in the brain. They also significantly improved the neuronal ultrastructure. The 40 mg/kg dose of orientin and vitexin had the same antioxidant capacity as vitamin E. These experimental findings indicate that orientin and vitexin engender anti-aging effects through their antioxidant capacities.
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