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Virji MA, Fechter-Leggett ED, Groth CP, Liang X, Blackley BH, Stanton ML, LeBouf RF, Harvey RR, Bailey RL, Cummings KJ, Cox-Ganser JM. Decrements in lung function and respiratory abnormalities associated with exposure to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in coffee production workers. Front Public Health 2022; 10:966374. [PMID: 36033819 PMCID: PMC9412051 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.966374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee production workers are exposed to complex mixtures of gases, dust, and vapors, including the known respiratory toxins, diacetyl, and 2,3-pentanedione, which occur naturally during coffee roasting and are also present in flavorings used to flavor coffee. This study evaluated the associations of these two α-diketones with lung function measures in coffee production workers. Workers completed questionnaires, and their lung function was assessed by spirometry and impulse oscillometry (IOS). Personal exposures to diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and their sum (SumDA+PD) were assigned to participants, and metrics of the highest 95th percentile (P95), cumulative, and average exposure were calculated. Linear and logistic regression models for continuous and binary/polytomous outcomes, respectively, were used to explore exposure-response relationships adjusting for age, body mass index, tenure, height, sex, smoking status, race, or allergic status. Decrements in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (ppFEV1) and forced vital capacity (ppFVC) were associated with the highest-P95 exposures to 2,3-pentanedione and SumDA+PD. Among flavoring workers, larger decrements in ppFEV1 and ppFVC were associated with highest-P95 exposures to diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and SumDA+PD. Abnormal FEV1, FVC, and restrictive spirometric patterns were associated with the highest-P95, cumulative, and average exposures for all α-diketone metrics; some of these associations were also present among flavoring and non-flavoring workers. The combined category of small and peripheral airways plus small and large airways abnormalities on IOS had elevated odds for highest-P95 exposure to α-diketones. These results may be affected by the small sample size, few cases of abnormal spirometry, and the healthy worker effect. Associations between lung function abnormalities and exposure to α-diketones suggest it may be prudent to consider exposure controls in both flavoring and non-flavoring settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States,*Correspondence: Mohammed Abbas Virji
| | - Ethan D. Fechter-Leggett
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Caroline P. Groth
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Xiaoming Liang
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Brie H. Blackley
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Marcia L. Stanton
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - R. Reid Harvey
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Rachel L. Bailey
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kristin J. Cummings
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jean M. Cox-Ganser
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
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