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Lee JH, Lim WB, Min JG, Lee JR, Kim JW, Bae JH, Huh PH. Synthesis of Room Temperature Curable Polymer Binder Mixed with Polymethyl Methacrylate and Urethane Acrylate for High-Strength and Improved Transparency. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1418. [PMID: 38794611 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Urethane acrylate (UA) was synthesized from various di-polyols, such as poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTMG, Mn = 1000), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, Mn = 1000), and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG, Mn = 1000), for use as a polymer binder for paint. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and UA were blended to form an acrylic resin with high transmittance and stress-strain curve. When PMMA was blended with UA, a network structure was formed due to physical entanglement between the two polymers, increasing the mechanical properties. UA was synthesized by forming a prepolymer using di-polyol and hexamethylene diisocyanate, which were chain structure monomers, and capping them with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate to provide an acryl group. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to observe the changes in functional groups, and gel permeation chromatography was used to confirm that the three series showed similar molecular weight and PDI values. The yellowing phenomenon that appears mainly in the curing reaction of the polymer binder was solved, and the mechanical properties according to the effects of the polyol used in the main chain were compared. The content of the blended UA was quantified using ultravioletvisible spectroscopy at a wavelength of 370 nm based on 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%, and the shear strength and tensile strength were evaluated using specimens in a suitable mode. The ratio for producing the polymer binder was optimized. The mechanical properties of the polymer binder with 5-10 wt% UA were improved in all series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hong Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Bin Lim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Gyu Min
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ryong Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Bae
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Ho Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Yılmaz YE, Novak N, Al-Ketan O, Erten HI, Yaman U, Mauko A, Borovinsek M, Ulbin M, Vesenjak M, Ren Z. Mechanical Behaviour of Photopolymer Cell-Size Graded Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Structures at Different Deformation Rates. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:2318. [PMID: 38793385 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates how varying cell size affects the mechanical behaviour of photopolymer Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) under different deformation rates. Diamond, Gyroid, and Primitive TPMS structures with spatially graded cell sizes were tested. Quasi-static experiments measured boundary forces, representing material behaviour, inertia, and deformation mechanisms. Separate studies explored the base material's behaviour and its response to strain rate, revealing a strength increase with rising strain rate. Ten compression tests identified a critical strain rate of 0.7 s-1 for "Grey Pro" material, indicating a shift in failure susceptibility. X-ray tomography, camera recording, and image correlation techniques observed cell connectivity and non-uniform deformation in TPMS structures. Regions exceeding the critical rate fractured earlier. In Primitive structures, stiffness differences caused collapse after densification of smaller cells at lower rates. The study found increasing collapse initiation stress, plateau stress, densification strain, and specific energy absorption with higher deformation rates below the critical rate for all TPMS structures. However, cell-size graded Primitive structures showed a significant reduction in plateau and specific energy absorption at a 500 mm/min rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Emre Yılmaz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Novak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Oraib Al-Ketan
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hacer Irem Erten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, Urla, İzmir 35347, Türkiye
| | - Ulas Yaman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
| | - Anja Mauko
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Matej Borovinsek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Miran Ulbin
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Matej Vesenjak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Ren
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Santra A, Prakash R, Maity S, Nilawar S, Chatterjee K, Maiti P. Core-Shell Structure of Photopolymer-Grafted Polyurethane as a Controlled Drug Delivery Vehicle for Biomedical Application. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:17193-17207. [PMID: 38532651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Functionalized ultraviolet photocurable bisphenol A-glycerolate dimethacrylates with tailorable size have been synthesized as the core, which have further been grafted using the diisocyanate chain end of polyurethane (PU) as the shell to create a core-shell structure of tunable size for a controlled drug delivery vehicle. The core-shell structure has been elucidated through spectroscopic techniques like 1H NMR, FTIR, and UV-vis and their relative shape and size through TEM and AFM morphology. The greater cross-link density of the core is reflected in the higher glass transition temperature, and the improved thermal stability of the graft copolymer is proven from its thermogravimetric analyses. The flow behavior and enhanced strength of the graft copolymers have been revealed from rheological measurements. The graft copolymer exhibits sustained release of the drug, as compared to pure polyurethane and photopolymer, arising from its core-shell structure and strong interaction between the copolymer and drug, as observed through a significant shifting of absorption peaks in FTIR and UV-vis measurements. Biocompatibility has been tested for the real application of the novel graft copolymer in medical fields, as revealed from MTT assay, cell imaging, and cell adhesion studies. The efficacy of controlled release from a graft copolymer has been verified from the gradual cell killing and ∼70% killing in 3 days vs meager cell killing of ∼25% very quickly in 1 day, followed by the increased cell viability of the system treated with the pure drug. The mechanism of slow and controlled drug release from the core-shell structure has been explored. The fluorescence images support the higher cell-killing efficiency as opposed to a pure drug or a drug embedded in polyurethane. Cells seeded on 3D scaffolds have been developed by embedding a graft copolymer, and fluorescence imaging confirms the successful growth of cells within the scaffold, realizing the potential of the core-shell graft copolymer in the biomedical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Santra
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ravi Prakash
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Swapan Maity
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sagar Nilawar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pralay Maiti
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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Tomczak D, Borysiak S, Kuczko W, Nowicka AB, Osmałek T, Strzemiecka B, Wichniarek R. Photopolymer-Based Composite with Substance Release Capability Manufactured Additively with DLP Method. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:322. [PMID: 38255490 PMCID: PMC10821297 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this study, caffeine-loaded photoresin composites with homogeneous structures, suitable for additive manufacturing of transdermal microneedle systems, were obtained. The properties of the composites with varying caffeine concentrations (0.1-0.4% w/w) were investigated for carbon-carbon double bond conversion using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, surface wettability and mechanical properties using a static tensile test and nanoindentation, and caffeine release in ethanol using UV-Vis. The caffeine concentration did not affect the final degree of double bond conversion, which was confirmed in tensile tests, where the strength and Young's modulus of caffeine-loaded samples had comparable values to control ones. Samples with 0.1 and 0.2% caffeine content showed an increase in nanohardness and reduced elastic modulus of 50 MPa and 1.5 MPa, respectively. The good wettability of the samples with water and the increase in surface energy is a favorable aspect for the dedicated application of the obtained composite materials. The amount of caffeine released into the ethanol solution at 1, 3 and 7 days reached a maximum value of 81%, was higher for the lower concentration of caffeine in the sample and increased over time. The conducted research may enhance the potential application of composite materials obtained through the digital light processing method in additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Tomczak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland (S.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Sławomir Borysiak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland (S.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Wiesław Kuczko
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Ariadna B. Nowicka
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Osmałek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Beata Strzemiecka
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland (S.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Radosław Wichniarek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
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Liu J, Hu P, Ye T, Li J, Li J, Chen M, Zhang Z, Lin X, Tan X. Enhanced Polarization Properties of Holographic Storage Materials Based on RGO Size Effect. Molecules 2023; 29:214. [PMID: 38202797 PMCID: PMC10780354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polarized holographic properties play an important role in the holographic data storage of traditional organic recording materials. In this study, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was introduced into a phenanthraquinone-doped polymethylmethacrylate (PQ/PMMA) photopolymer to effectively improve the orthogonal polarization holographic properties of the material. Importantly, the lateral size of RGO nanosheets has an important influence on the polymerization of MMA monomers. To some extent, a larger RGO diameter is more conducive to promoting the polymerization of MMA monomers and can induce more PMMA polymers to be grafted on its surface, thus obtaining a higher PMMA molecular weight. However, too large of a RGO will lead to too much grafting of the PMMA chain to shorten the length of a single PMMA chain, which will lead to the degradation of PQ/PMMA holographic performance. Compared with the original PQ/PMMA, the diffraction efficiency of the RGO-doped PQ/PMMA photopolymer can reach more than 11.4% (more than 3.5 times higher than the original PQ/PMMA), and its photosensitivity is significantly improved by 4.6 times. This study successfully synthesized RGO-doped PQ/PMMA high-performance photopolymer functional materials for multi-dimensional holographic storage by introducing RGO nanoparticles. Furthermore, the polarization holographic properties of PQ/PMMA photopolymer materials can be further accurately improved to a new level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.L.); (P.H.); (T.Y.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Po Hu
- College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.L.); (P.H.); (T.Y.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Tian Ye
- College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.L.); (P.H.); (T.Y.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jianan Li
- College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.L.); (P.H.); (T.Y.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jinhong Li
- College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.L.); (P.H.); (T.Y.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Mingyong Chen
- College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.L.); (P.H.); (T.Y.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zuoyu Zhang
- College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.L.); (P.H.); (T.Y.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiao Lin
- College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.L.); (P.H.); (T.Y.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaodi Tan
- College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.L.); (P.H.); (T.Y.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Science and for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, Fuzhou 350117, China
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Tkachev D, Dubkova Y, Zhukov A, Verkhoshanskiy Y, Vorozhtsov A, Zhukov I. Photocurable High-Energy Polymer-Based Materials for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4252. [PMID: 37959932 PMCID: PMC10650128 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) or stereolithography is the most promising method of additive manufacturing (3D printing) of products based on high-energy materials due to, first of all, the absence of a high-temperature impact on the material. This paper presents research results of an ultraviolet (UV)-cured urethane methacrylate polymer containing 70 wt.% of high-energy solid powder based on ammonium salts, which is intended for digital light processing. Polymerization of the initial slurry is studied herein. It is shown that the addition of coarse powder transparency for the UV radiation to resin increases its curing depth. The thickness of the layer, which can polymerize, varies from 600 µm to 2 mm when the light power density ranges from 20 to 400 mJ/cm2, respectively. In DLP-based 3D printing, the obtained material density is 92% of the full density, while the compressive strength is 29 ± 3 MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength is 13 ± 1.3 MPa. The thermogravimetric analysis shows the decrease in the thermal decomposition temperature of UV-cured resin with high-energy additives compared to the thermal decomposition temperatures of the initial components separately. Thermal decomposition is accompanied by intensive heat generation. The burning rate of obtained samples grows from 0.74 to 3.68 mm/s, respectively, at the pressure growth from 0.1 to 4 MPa. Based on the results, it can be concluded that DLP-based 3D printing with the proposed UV photocurable resin is rather promising for the fabrication of multicomponent high-energy systems and complex profile parts produced therefrom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Zhukov
- Laboratory of Metallurgy Nanotechnologies, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue, 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.T.); (Y.D.); (Y.V.); (A.V.); (I.Z.)
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Potărniche IA, Marín-Sáez J, Collados MV, Atencia J. Holographic Sensor Based on Bayfol HX200 Commercial Photopolymer for Ethanol and Acetic Acid Detection. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8776. [PMID: 37960472 PMCID: PMC10649367 DOI: 10.3390/s23218776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a holographic sensor based on reflection holograms recorded in the commercial photopolymer Bayfol® HX 200. The recording geometry and index modulation of the hologram were optimised to improve accuracy for this specific application. The sensor was subjected to tests using various analytes, and it exhibited sensitivity to acetic acid and ethanol. The measurements revealed a correlation between the concentration of the analyte in contact with the sensor's surface and the resulting wavelength shift of the diffracted light. The minimum detectable concentrations were determined to be above 0.09 mol/dm3 for acetic acid and 5% (v/v) for ethanol. Notably, the sensors demonstrated a rapid response time. Given that ethanol serves as a base for alcoholic beverages, and acetic acid is commonly found in commercial vinegar, these sensors hold promise for applications in food quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana-Adriana Potărniche
- Basis of Electronics Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Information Technology, University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Julia Marín-Sáez
- Applied Physics Department, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Zaragoza, Crta. de Cuarte s/n, 22071 Huesca, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Collados
- Applied Physics Department, Engineering Research Institute of Aragon (I3A), Faculty of Science, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Jesús Atencia
- Applied Physics Department, Engineering Research Institute of Aragon (I3A), Faculty of Science, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
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Bergoglio M, Najmi Z, Cochis A, Miola M, Vernè E, Sangermano M. UV-Cured Bio-Based Acrylated Soybean Oil Scaffold Reinforced with Bioactive Glasses. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4089. [PMID: 37896333 PMCID: PMC10610054 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a bio-based acrylate resin derived from soybean oil was used in combination with a reactive diluent, isobornyl acrylate, to synthetize a composite scaffold reinforced with bioactive glass particles. The formulation contained acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), a photo-initiator (Irgacure 819) and a bioactive glass particle. The resin showed high reactivity towards radical photopolymerisation, and the presence of the bioactive glass did not significantly affect the photocuring process. The 3D-printed samples showed different properties from the mould-polymerised samples. The glass transition temperature Tg showed an increase of 3D samples with increasing bioactive glass content, attributed to the layer-by-layer curing process that resulted in improved interaction between the bioactive glass and the polymer matrix. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed an optimal distribution on bioactive glass within the samples. Compression tests indicated that the 3D-printed sample exhibited higher modulus compared to mould-synthetized samples, proving the enhanced mechanical behaviour of 3D-printed scaffolds. The cytocompatibility and biocompatibility of the samples were evaluated using human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs). The metabolic activity and attachment of cells on the samples' surfaces were analysed, and the results demonstrated higher metabolic activity and increased cell attachment on the surfaces containing higher bioactive glass content. The viability of the cells was further confirmed through live/dead staining and reseeding experiments. Overall, this study presents a novel approach for fabricating bioactive glass reinforced scaffolds using 3D printing technology, offering potential applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bergoglio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Ziba Najmi
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases—CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (Z.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases—CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (Z.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Miola
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Enrica Vernè
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
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Mikulchyk T, Walsh J, Browne J, Naydenova I, Cody D. Color-Changing Reflection Hologram for Quality Assurance of Therapeutic Ultrasound Systems. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37480156 PMCID: PMC10401507 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The acoustic output of clinical therapeutic ultrasound equipment requires regular quality assurance (QA) testing to ensure the safety and efficacy of the treatment and that any potentially harmful deviations from the expected output power density are detected as soon as possible. A hologram, consisting of a reflection grating fabricated in an acrylate photopolymer film, has been developed to produce an immediate, visible, and permanent change in the color of the reconstructed hologram from red to green in response to incident ultrasound energy. The influence of the therapeutic ultrasound insonation parameters (exposure time, ultrasound power density, and proximity to the point of maximum acoustic pressure) on the hologram's response has been investigated for two types of therapeutic ultrasound systems: a sonoporation system and an ultrasound physiotherapy system. Findings show that, above a switching temperature of 45 °C, the ultrasound-induced temperature rise produces a structural change in the hologram, which manifests as a visible color change. The area of the color change region correlates with the ultrasound exposure conditions. The suitability of the hologram as a simple and quick QA test tool for therapeutic ultrasound systems has been demonstrated. A prototype ultrasound testing unit which facilitates user-friendly, reproducible testing of the holograms in a clinical setting is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Mikulchyk
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman Lower, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Walsh
- School of Art and Design, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Campus, Grangegorman Lower, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacinta Browne
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman Lower, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Izabela Naydenova
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman Lower, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dervil Cody
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman Lower, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
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Pacheco K, Aldea-Nunzi G, Pawlicka A, Nunzi JM. The Formation of Volume Transmission Gratings in Acrylamide-Based Photopolymers Using Curcumin as a Long-Wavelength Photosensitizer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071782. [PMID: 37050396 PMCID: PMC10096970 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a natural dye found in the Curcuma longa rhizome, commonly called turmeric, is used as a photosensitizer in acrylamide-based photopolymers for holographic data storage. We studied the absorbance of photopolymer films that show two absorption bands due to curcumin, acrylamide monomer (AA), and the crosslinking agent N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). Analysis of the real-time diffraction efficiency of these films shows a maximum of 16% for the sample with the highest curcumin concentration. Moreover, increasing the curcumin load enhanced the refractive index contrast from 7.8 × 10-4 for the photopolymer with the lowest curcumin load to 1.1 × 10-3 for the photopolymer with the largest load. The sensitivity and diffraction efficiency of the recorded gratings also increased from 7.0 to 9.8 cm·J-1 and from 7.9 to 16% with the increase in curcumin load, respectively. Finally, the influence of NaOH on the photopolymerization of the AA-curcumin-based sample shows a diffraction efficiency increase with the NaOH content, revealing that the curcumin enol form is more efficient as a photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agnieszka Pawlicka
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
| | - Jean-Michel Nunzi
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Bondareva JV, Chernodoubov DA, Dubinin ON, Tikhonov AA, Simonov AP, Suetin NV, Tarkhov MA, Popov ZI, Kvashnin DG, Evlashin SA, Safonov AA. Thermal and Electrical Properties of Additively Manufactured Polymer-Boron Nitride Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051214. [PMID: 36904455 PMCID: PMC10007280 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of electronic microchip-based devices increases with advancements in technology, while their size decreases. This miniaturization leads to significant overheating of various electronic components, such as power transistors, processors, and power diodes, leading to a reduction in their lifespan and reliability. To address this issue, researchers are exploring the use of materials that offer efficient heat dissipation. One promising material is a polymer-boron nitride composite. This paper focuses on 3D printing using digital light processing of a model of a composite radiator with different boron nitride fillings. The measured absolute values of the thermal conductivity of such a composite in the temperature range of 3-300 K strongly depend on the concentration of boron nitride. Filling the photopolymer with boron nitride leads to a change in the behavior of the volt-current curves, which may be associated with the occurrence of percolation currents during the deposition of boron nitride. The ab initio calculations show the behavior and spatial orientation of BN flakes under the influence of an external electric field at the atomic level. These results demonstrate the potential use of photopolymer-based composite materials filled with boron nitride, which are manufactured using additive techniques, in modern electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V. Bondareva
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Oleg N. Dubinin
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center, Saint Petersburg State Marine Technical University, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Tikhonov
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey P. Simonov
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay V. Suetin
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Tarkhov
- Institute of Nanotechnology of Microelectronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zakhar I. Popov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry G. Kvashnin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- School of Chemistry and Technology of Polymer Materials, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny Lane 36, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav A. Evlashin
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Safonov
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ertugrul I, Ulkir O, Ersoy S, Ragulskis M. Additive Manufactured Strain Sensor Using Stereolithography Method with Photopolymer Material. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040991. [PMID: 36850274 PMCID: PMC9965623 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of the developments in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, 3D printing is transforming from a method used only in rapid prototyping to a technique used to produce large-scale equipment. This study presents the fabrication and experimental studies of a 3D-printed strain sensor that can be used directly in soft applications. Photopolymer-based conductive and flexible ultraviolet (UV) resin materials are used in the fabrication of the sensor. A Stereolithography (SLA)-based printer is preferred for 3D fabrication. The bottom base of the sensor, which consists of two parts, is produced from flexible UV resin, while the channels that should be conductive are produced from conductive UV resin. In total, a strain sensor with a thickness of 2 mm was produced. Experimental studies were carried out under loading and unloading conditions to observe the hysteresis effect of the sensor. The results showed a close linear relationship between the strain sensor and the measured resistance value. In addition, tensile test specimens were produced to observe the behavior of conductive and non-conductive materials. The tensile strength values obtained from the test results will provide information about the sensor placement. In addition, the flexible structure of the strain sensor will ensure its usability in many soft applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishak Ertugrul
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Kaunas University of Technology, 44138 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
| | - Osman Ulkir
- Department of Electric and Energy, Mus Alparslan University, 49250 Mus, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Ersoy
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Marmara University, 34565 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Minvydas Ragulskis
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Kaunas University of Technology, 44138 Kaunas, Lithuania
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13
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Verisqa F, Cha JR, Nguyen L, Kim HW, Knowles JC. Digital Light Processing 3D Printing of Gyroid Scaffold with Isosorbide-Based Photopolymer for Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1692. [PMID: 36421706 PMCID: PMC9687763 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most transplanted tissues of the human body, bone has varying architectures, depending on its anatomical location. Therefore, bone defects ideally require bone substitutes with a similar structure and adequate strength comparable to native bones. Light-based three-dimensional (3D) printing methods allow the fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds with high resolution and mechanical properties that exceed the result of commonly used extrusion-based printing. Digital light processing (DLP) is known for its faster and more accurate printing than other 3D printing approaches. However, the development of biocompatible resins for light-based 3D printing is not as rapid as that of bio-inks for extrusion-based printing. In this study, we developed CSMA-2, a photopolymer based on Isosorbide, a renewable sugar derivative monomer. The CSMA-2 showed suitable rheological properties for DLP printing. Gyroid scaffolds with high resolution were successfully printed. The 3D-printed scaffolds also had a compressive modulus within the range of a human cancellous bone modulus. Human adipose-derived stem cells remained viable for up to 21 days of incubation on the scaffolds. A calcium deposition from the cells was also found on the scaffolds. The stem cells expressed osteogenic markers such as RUNX2, OCN, and OPN. These results indicated that the scaffolds supported the osteogenic differentiation of the progenitor cells. In summary, CSMA-2 is a promising material for 3D printing techniques with high resolution that allow the fabrication of complex biomimetic scaffolds for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Verisqa
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Jae-Ryung Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan C. Knowles
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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14
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Sarkar C, Paul R, Dao DQ, Xu S, Chatterjee R, Shit SC, Bhaumik A, Mondal J. Unlocking Molecular Secrets in a Monomer-Assembly-Promoted Zn-Metalated Catalytic Porous Organic Polymer for Light-Responsive CO 2 Insertion. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:37620-37636. [PMID: 35944163 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is soaring day by day due to fossil fuel combustion to fulfill the daily energy requirements of our society. The CO2 concentration should be stabilized to evade the deadly consequences of it, as climate change is one of the major consequences of greenhouse gas emission. Chemical fixation of CO2 to other value-added chemicals requires high energy due to its stability at the highest oxidation state, creating a tremendous challenge to the scientific community to fix CO2 and prevent global warming caused by it. In this work, we have introduced a novel monomer-assembly-directed strategy to design va isible-light-responsive conjugated Zn-metalated porous organic polymer (Zn@MA-POP) with a dynamic covalent acyl hydrazone linkage, via a one-pot condensation between the self-assembled monomer 1,3,5-benzenetricarbohydrazide (TPH) and a Zn complex (Zn@COM). We have successfully explored as-synthesized Zn@MA-POP as a potential photocatalyst in visible-light-driven CO2 photofixation with styrene epoxide (SE) to styrene carbonate (SC). Nearly 90% desired product (SC) selectivity has been achieved with our Zn@MA-POP, which is significantly better than that for the conventional Zn@TiO2 (∼29%) and Zn@gC3N4 (∼26%) photocatalytic systems. The excellent light-harvesting nature with longer lifetime minimizes the radiative recombination rate of photoexcited electrons as a result of extended π-conjugation in Zn@MA-POP and increased CO2 uptake, eventually boosting the photocatalytic activity. Local structural results from a first-shell EXAFS analysis reveals the existence of a Zn(N2O4) core structure in Zn@MA-POP, which plays a pivotal role in activating the epoxide ring as well as capturing the CO2 molecules. An in-depth study of the POP-CO2 interaction via a density functional theory (DFT) analysis reveals two feasible interactions, Zn@MA-POP-CO2-A and Zn@MA-POP-CO2-B, of which the latter has a lower relative energy of 0.90 kcal/mol in comparison to the former. A density of states (DOS) calculation demonstrates the lowering of the LUMO energy (EL) of Zn@MA-POP by 0.35 and 0.42 eV, respectively, for the two feasible interactions, in comparison to Zn@COM. Moreover, the potential energy profile also unveils the spontaneous and exergonic photoconversion pathways for the SE to SC conversion. Our contribution is expected to spur further interest in the precise design of visible-light-active conjugated porous organic polymers for CO2 photofixation to value-added chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Sarkar
- Department of Catalysis & Fine Chemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ratul Paul
- Department of Catalysis & Fine Chemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Duy Quang Dao
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Shaojun Xu
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell OX11 0FA, U.K
| | - Rupak Chatterjee
- School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhash Chandra Shit
- Department of Catalysis & Fine Chemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Asim Bhaumik
- School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - John Mondal
- Department of Catalysis & Fine Chemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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15
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Vlnieska V, Gilshtein E, Kunka D, Heier J, Romanyuk YE. Aerosol Jet Printing of 3D Pillar Arrays from Photopolymer Ink. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3411. [PMID: 36015668 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An aerosol jet printing (AJP) printing head built on top of precise motion systems can provide positioning deviation down to 3 μm, printing areas as large as 20 cm × 20 cm × 30 cm, and five-axis freedom of movement. Typical uses of AJP are 2D printing on complex or flexible substrates, primarily for applications in printed electronics. Nearly all commercially available AJP inks for 2D printing are designed and optimized to reach desired electronic properties. In this work, we explore AJP for the 3D printing of free-standing pillar arrays. We utilize aryl epoxy photopolymer as ink coupled with a cross-linking “on the fly” technique. Pillar structures 550 μm in height and with a diameter of 50 μm were 3D printed. Pillar structures were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, where the morphology, number of printed layers and side effects of the AJP technique were investigated. Satellite droplets and over-spray seem to be unavoidable for structures smaller than 70 μm. Nevertheless, reactive ion etching (RIE) as a post-processing step can mitigate AJP side effects. AJP-RIE together with photopolymer-based ink can be promising for the 3D printing of microstructures, offering fast and maskless manufacturing without wet chemistry development and heat treatment post-processing.
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16
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Hsieh FC, Huang CY, Lu YP. Wettability and Surface Roughness of Parylene C on Three-Dimensional-Printed Photopolymers. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:4159. [PMID: 35744218 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of poly-(para-chloro-xylylene) (Parylene C) in microelectromechanical systems and medical devices has increased rapidly. However, little research has been conducted on the wettability and surface roughness of Parylene C after being soaked in solutions. In this study, the contact angle and surface roughness (arithmetic average of roughness) of Parylene C on three-dimensional (3D)-printed photopolymer in 10% sodium hydroxide, 10% ammonium hydroxide, and 100% phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solutions were investigated using a commercial contact angle measurement system and laser confocal microscope, respectively. The collected data indicated that 10% ammonium hydroxide had no major effect on the contact angle of Parylene C on a substrate, with a Shore A hardness of 50. However, 10% sodium hydroxide, 10% ammonium hydroxide, and 100% PBS considerably affected the contact angle of Parylene C on a substrate with a Shore A hardness of 85. Substrates with Parylene C coating exhibited lower surface roughness than uncoated substrates. The substrates coated with Parylene C that were soaked in 10% ammonium hydroxide exhibited high surface roughness. The aforementioned results indicate that 3D-printed photopolymers coated with Parylene C can offer potential benefits when used in biocompatible devices.
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17
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Hu P, Li J, Jin J, Lin X, Tan X. Highly Sensitive Photopolymer for Holographic Data Storage Containing Methacryl Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:21544-21554. [PMID: 35486469 PMCID: PMC9100513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, via introducing eight methacryl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Ma-POSS), we dramatically enhance the holographic performance of phenanthraquinone-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PQ/PMMA) photopolymer with excellent characteristics of high sensitivity, high diffraction efficiency, and neglectable volume shrinkage for holographic data storage, the photosensitivity, diffraction efficiency, and volume shrinkage reaching 1.47 cm/J, ∼75%, and ∼0.09%, respectively. Ma-POSS here dramatically enhances the photosensitivity ∼5.5 times, diffraction efficiency more than 50%, and suppressed the volume shrinkage over 4 times. Further analysis reveals that Ma-POSS obviously increased the molecular weight by grafting PMMA to be a star-shaped macromolecule. And the residual C═C of POSS-PMMA dramatically increased the photosensitivity. Moreover, the star-shaped POSS-PMMA acting as a plasticizer dramatically enhances the mechanical properties and so reduces the photoinduced volume shrinkage of PQ/PMMA. Finally, by the use of the POSS-PMMA/PQ in a collinear holography system, it appeared to be promising for a fast but low bit error rate in holographic information storage. The current study thence has not only successfully synthesized photopolymer materials with potential for highly sensitive holographic storage applications but also investigated the microphysical mechanism of the impact of Ma-POSS on the holographic properties of PQ/PMMA photopolymer and clarified the thermal- and photoreaction processes of the POSS-PMMA/PQ photopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Hu
- College
of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Henan
Provincial Key Laboratory of intelligent lighting, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Jinhong Li
- College
of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Junchao Jin
- College
of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- College
of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Xiaodi Tan
- Information
Photonics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science
and for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory
of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology
Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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18
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Cherevko AI, Nikovskiy IA, Nelyubina YV, Skupov KM, Efimov NN, Novikov VV. 3D-Printed Porous Magnetic Carbon Materials Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3881. [PMID: 34833183 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report new porous carbon materials obtained by 3D printing from photopolymer compositions with zinc- and nickel-based metal–organic frameworks, ZIF-8 and Ni-BTC, followed by high-temperature pyrolysis. The pyrolyzed materials that retain the shapes of complex objects contain pores, which were produced by boiling zinc and magnetic nickel particles. The two thus provided functionalities—large specific surface area and ferromagnetism—that pave the way towards creating heterogenous catalysts that can be easily removed from reaction mixtures in industrial catalytic processes.
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19
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Pi H, Li W, Shi Z, Chen H, Jiang X. Effect of Glycerol on an N-Vinylpyrrolidone-Based Photopolymer for Transmission Holography. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111754. [PMID: 34072031 PMCID: PMC8198246 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) has a large molecular structure, so it is difficult to diffuse during holographic recording, especially at low spatial frequencies. We used glycerol to promote the diffusion of NVP, and successfully improved the holographic performance of the photopolymer at low spatial frequencies. As the concentration of glycerol increases, the holographic performance first increases and then remains stable. The optimal concentration of glycerol is 0.21 mol/L. At this concentration, the maximum diffraction efficiency of the photopolymer is 84%, the refractive index modulation is 1.95 × 10-3, and the photosensitive sensitivity is 7.91 × 10-4 cm2/mJ. Compared with the control group, the maximum diffraction efficiency, maximum refractive index modulation and photosensitivity at low spatial frequencies (800 lp/mm) have increased by 11.19 times, 4.69 times and 1.71 times, respectively. Using the optimized photopolymer for transmission holographic recording and reproduction, we have obtained a clear and bright transmission hologram. The photopolymer modified with glycerol is expected to be applied to the fields of holography, diffractive optics, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishi Pi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.P.); (Z.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Weiping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.P.); (Z.S.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Zhiwei Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.P.); (Z.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Haining Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.P.); (Z.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Information Communication, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (X.J.)
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20
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Wu T, Ma J, Wang C, Wang H, Cao L, Su P. Optical Encryption Based on Computer Generated Holograms in Photopolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1358. [PMID: 33919325 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An optical encryption method based on computer generated holograms printing of photopolymer is presented. Fraunhofer diffraction is performed based on the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, and a hologram of the Advanced Encryption Standard encrypted Quick Response code is generated to record the ciphertext. The holograms of the key and the three-dimensional image are generated by the angular spectrum diffraction algorithm. The experimental results show that large-size encrypted Quick Response (QR) code and miniature keys can be printed in photopolymers, which has good application prospects in optical encryption. This method has the advantages of high-density storage, high speed, large fault tolerance, and anti-peeping.
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21
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Wu T, Ma J, Wang C, Wang H, Su P. Full-Color See-Through Three-Dimensional Display Method Based on Volume Holography. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21082698. [PMID: 33920480 PMCID: PMC8070007 DOI: 10.3390/s21082698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We propose a full-color see-through three-dimensional (3D) display method based on volume holography. This method is based on real object interference, avoiding the device limitation of spatial light modulator (SLM). The volume holography has a slim and compact structure, which realizes 3D display through one single layer of photopolymer. We analyzed the recording mechanism of volume holographic gratings, diffraction characteristics, and influencing factors of refractive index modulation through Kogelnik’s coupled-wave theory and the monomer diffusion model of photopolymer. We built a multiplexing full-color reflective volume holographic recording optical system and conducted simultaneous exposure experiment. Under the illumination of white light, full-color 3D image can be reconstructed. Experimental results show that the average diffraction efficiency is about 53%, and the grating fringe pitch is less than 0.3 μm. The reconstructed image of volume holography has high diffraction efficiency, high resolution, strong stereo perception, and large observing angle, which provides a technical reference for augmented reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihui Wu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (T.W.); (C.W.)
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Chengchen Wang
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (T.W.); (C.W.)
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Haibei Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Ping Su
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.M.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Mavila S, Sinha J, Hu Y, Podgórski M, Shah PK, Bowman CN. High Refractive Index Photopolymers by Thiol-Yne "Click" Polymerization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:15647-15658. [PMID: 33780226 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A scalable synthesis of high refractive index, optically transparent photopolymers from a family of low-viscosity multifunctional thiol and alkyne monomers via thiol-yne "click" is described herein. The monomers designed to incorporate high refractive index cores consisting of aryl and sulfide groups with high intrinsic molar refraction were synthesized starting from commercially available low-cost raw materials. The low-viscosity (<500 cP) thiol-yne resins formulated with these new multifunctional monomers and a phosphine oxide photoinitiator underwent efficient thiol-yne polymerizations upon exposure to 405 nm light at 30 mW/cm2. In contrast to the previously reported thiol-ene systems, the kinetic profile of these photopolymerizations showed significant dependence on the nature of the thiol and alkyne monomers. However, the ability of the thiol-yne reaction to introduce a large number of sulfide linkages compared to that of thiol-ene systems yielded cross-linked high optical quality photopolymers with a polymer refractive index that exceeds 1.68 (nD/20 °C). Interestingly, the photopolymer formed from the least sterically hindered alkynyl thioether monomer 2b with flexible thioether core and the dithiol 1a exhibited unprecedented difference in the polymer refractive index as compared to that of the resin with polymerization-induced changes reaching up to 0.08. Furthermore, the implementation of these low-viscosity thiol-yne resins was demonstrated by preparing two-stage photopolymeric holographic materials with a dynamic range of ∼0.02 and haze < 1.5% in two-dimensional high refractive index structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 5, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - Parag K Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Shen Z, Weng Y, Zhang Y, Wang C, Liu A, Li X. Holographic Recording Performance of Acrylate-Based Photopolymer under Different Preparation Conditions for Waveguide Display. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060936. [PMID: 33803646 PMCID: PMC8078166 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This work proposes a green light-sensitive acrylate-based photopolymer. The effects of the preparation conditions for the waveguide applied volume holographic gratings (VHGs) were experimentally investigated. The optimum preparation conditions for holographic recording were revealed. After optimization, the peak of VHG diffraction efficiency reached 99%, the diffractive wavelength bandwidth increased from 13 nm to 22 nm, and the corresponding RIM was 0.06. To prove the wide application prospect of the acrylate-based photopolymer in head-mounted augmented reality (AR) displays, green monochromatic volume holographic waveguides were fabricated. The display results showed that the prototype was able to achieve a 28° diagonal FOV and possessed a system luminance of 300 cd/m2.
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Shaban H, Yen SC, Lee MJ, Lee W. Signal Amplification in an Optical and Dielectric Biosensor Employing Liquid Crystal- Photopolymer Composite as the Sensing Medium. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:bios11030081. [PMID: 33805735 PMCID: PMC7998463 DOI: 10.3390/bios11030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An optical and dielectric biosensor based on a liquid crystal (LC)-photopolymer composite was established in this study for the detection and quantitation of bovine serum albumin (BSA). When the nematic LC E7 was doped with 4-wt.% NOA65, a photo-curable prepolymer, and photopolymerized by UV irradiation at 20 mW/cm2 for 300 s, the limit of detection determined by image analysis of the LC optical texture and dielectric spectroscopic measurements was 3400 and 88 pg/mL for BSA, respectively, which were lower than those detected with E7 alone (10 μg/mL BSA). The photopolymerized NOA65, but not the prepolymer prior to UV exposure, contributed to the enhanced optical signal, and UV irradiation of pristine E7 in the absence of NOA65 had no effect on the optical texture. The effective tilt angle θ, calculated from the real-part dielectric constant ε', decreased with increasing BSA concentration, providing strong evidence for the correlation of photopolymerized NOA65 to the intensified disruption in the vertically oriented LC molecules to enhance the optical and dielectric signals of BSA. The optical and dielectric anisotropy of LCs and the photo-curable dopant facilitate novel quantitative and signal amplification approaches to potential development of LC-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassanein Shaban
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Guiren District, Tainan 71150, Taiwan; (H.S.); (S.-C.Y.)
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City 11837, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shih-Chun Yen
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Guiren District, Tainan 71150, Taiwan; (H.S.); (S.-C.Y.)
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Guiren District, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science Industries, Chang Jung Christian University, Guiren District, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Wei Lee
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Guiren District, Tainan 71150, Taiwan; (H.S.); (S.-C.Y.)
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25
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Bae JH, Won JC, Lim WB, Lee JH, Min JG, Kim SW, Kim JH, Huh P. Highly Flexible and Photo-Activating Acryl-Polyurethane for 3D Steric Architectures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060844. [PMID: 33801858 PMCID: PMC7999262 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An acryl-functionalized polyurethane (PU) series was successfully synthesized using poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PTMG-MDI) oligomer based on urethane methacrylates to control the flexibility of photo-cured 3D printing architectures. The mass ratio of acryl-urethane prepolymer: 1,4-butanediol (BD) chain-extender: diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) photoinitiator was 10:0.25:1. To produce suitably hard and precisely curved 3D architectures, the optimal UV absorbance and exposure energy of the acryl-PTMG-MDI resin were controlled precisely. Owing to the optimized viscosity of the acryl-PTMG-MDI resins, they could be printed readily by digital light processing (DLP) to form precisely curved 3D architectures after mixing with 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA). The acryl-PTMG-MDI formulations showed much better flexural resolution than the neat resins. The printed 3D structure exhibited high surface hardness, good mechanical strength, and high elasticity for flexible applications in consumer/industrial and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - PilHo Huh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-3637
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Bae JH, Won JC, Lim WB, Min JG, Lee JH, Kwon CR, Lee GH, Huh P. Synthesis and Characteristics of Eco-Friendly 3D Printing Material Based on Waterborne Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010044. [PMID: 33374360 PMCID: PMC7794856 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-cured 3D architectures are successfully printed using the designed waterborne polyurethane-acrylate (WPUA) formulation. A WPUA series is synthesized in the presence of polycaprolactone diol (PCL) and 4,4′-methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyanate (H12MDI) as the soft segment part, dimethylolbutanoic acid (DMBA) as the emulsifier, and triethylamine (TEA) as the neutralizer, as a function of prepolymer molecular weight. The compatibility of WPUA and the photo-activating acryl monomer is as a key factor to guarantee the high resolution of 3D digital light processing (DLP) printing. The optimized blending formulations are tuned by using triacrylate monomers instead of diacrylate derivatives. For the high-accuracy and fine features of 3D DLP printing, WPUA are designed to be a suitable molecular structure for a 385 nm wavelength source, and the target viscosity is achieved in the range from 150 to 250 Cp. Photo-cured 3D architectures based on WPUA exhibit good flexural strength and high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pilho Huh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-3637
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Zhai Y, Cao L, Liu Y, Tan X. A Review of Polarization-Sensitive Materials for Polarization Holography. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E5562. [PMID: 33291278 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polarization holography has the unique capacity to record and retrieve the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light simultaneously in a polarization-sensitive recording material and has attracted widespread attention. Polarization holography is a noteworthy technology with potential applications in the fields of high-capacity data storage, polarization-controlled optical elements, and other related fields. The choice of its high-performance materials is particularly important. To further develop polarization holography applications and improve the quality of the information recorded (i.e., material sensitivity and resolution), a deeper understanding of such materials is needed. We present an overview of the polarization-sensitive materials, which introduced polarization holographic technology and the development of polarization holographic materials. The three main types of polarization holographic materials are described, including azopolymer materials, photopolymer material, and photorefractive polymer material. We examine the key contributions of each work and present many of the suggestions that have been made to improve the different polarization-sensitive photopolymer materials.
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Kao H, Ma J, Wang C, Wu T, Su P. Crosstalk-Reduced Double-Layer Half-Divided Volume Holographic Concentrator for Solar Energy Concentration. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E6903. [PMID: 33287169 DOI: 10.3390/s20236903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new double-layer sunlight concentration system, where each layer is divided into two regions, is proposed, and the system has four volume holograms. Since the four holograms convert light in different directions, the interlayer crosstalk is reduced, and the system has a high concentration ratio. The simulation results show that the concentration system can achieve a 30° operation angle range. The holograms are fabricated on photopolymer substrates, and the left half of the system is implemented using two holograms. The characteristics of the left half of the system are assessed. The agreement of the simulation and experimental results on diffraction efficiency validates the proposed method. The tested monochromatic concentration ratio can achieve a record of 418.8, and the concentration ratio under sunlight is 5.38. The experiment results of light use efficiency are close to the simulation with non-crosstalk, which indicates that the interlayer crosstalk is small.
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Blanche PA, Mahamat AH, Buoye E. Thermal Properties of Bayfol ® HX200 Photopolymer. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E5498. [PMID: 33276613 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bayfol® HX200 photopolymer is a holographic recording material used in a variety of applications such as a holographic combiner for a heads-up display and augmented reality, dispersive grating for spectrometers, and notch filters for Raman spectroscopy. For these systems, the thermal properties of the holographic material are extremely important to consider since temperature can affect the diffraction efficiency of the hologram as well as its spectral bandwidth and diffraction angle. These thermal variations are a consequence of the distance and geometry change of the diffraction Bragg planes recorded inside the material. Because temperatures can vary by a large margin in industrial applications (e.g., automotive industry standards require withstanding temperature up to 125°C), it is also essential to know at which temperature the material starts to be affected by permanent damage if the temperature is raised too high. Using thermogravimetric analysis, as well as spectral measurement on samples with and without hologram, we measured that the Bayfol® HX200 material does not suffer from any permanent thermal degradation below 160°C. From that point, a further increase in temperature induces a decrease in transmission throughout the entire visible region of the spectrum, leading to a reduced transmission for an original 82% down to 27% (including Fresnel reflection). We measured the refractive index change over the temperature range from 24°C to 100°C. Linear interpolation give a slope 4.5×10-4K-1 for unexposed film, with the extrapolated refractive index at 0°C equal to n0=1.51. This refractive index change decreases to 3×10-4K-1 when the material is fully cured with UV light, with a 0°C refractive index equal to n0=1.495. Spectral properties of a reflection hologram recorded at 532 nm was measured from 23°C to 171°C. A consistent 10 nm spectral shift increase was observed for the diffraction peak wavelength when the temperature reaches 171°C. From these spectral measurements, we calculated a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 384×10-6K-1 by using the coupled wave theory in order to determine the increase of the Bragg plane spacing with temperature.
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McLeod RR. Numerical Technique for Study of Noise Grating Dynamics in Holographic Photopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2744. [PMID: 33228025 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the angular distribution of noise gratings in holographic photopolymer is understood to arise from Bragg matching, the details of scatter strength and dynamics are not fully understood. This confounds development of materials and recording techniques that minimize haze. Here, the kinetics are studied using a multi-physics numerical approach coupling diffraction of light from the dynamic material including scatter centers, reactions of chemical species initiated by this light, diffusion and swelling of these constituents, and the formation of the refractive index from the resulting composition. The approach is validated in the case of two-beam transmission holography by comparison to traditional harmonic series and rigorous coupled-mode approaches. Two beam holography in the presence of scatter is then used to study haze development. This reveals that haze due to weak noise gratings grows significantly above initial scatter only in reaction-limited materials, consistent with proposed Bragg-matched amplification mechanisms. Amplified haze is found to be proportional to initial scatter, quantifying the impact of clean sample fabrication. Conversely, haze is found to grow super-linearly with sample thickness, illustrating the significant challenge for applications requiring low haze in large thickness.
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Zhu WY, Su YX, Pow EHN, Yang WF, Qin L, Choi WS. "Three-in-one" patient-specific surgical guides for simultaneous dental implants in fibula flap jaw reconstruction: A prospective case series. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2020; 23:43-53. [PMID: 33180980 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional freehand immediate placement of dental implants is technically challenging in the jaw reconstructive surgery. Computer-aided surgery might be the best solution, however, there has not been any standard approach to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of simultaneous dental implants in fibula flap jaw reconstruction. PURPOSE We aim to evaluate the clinical outcome of simultaneous dental implant in fibula flap using the "three-in-one" patient-specific surgical guide (3-in-1-PSSG) in an open-label, prospective, single-arm, and single-center clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS A novel computer-aided designed and three-dimensional (3D) printed 3-in-1-PSSG, which contains functions of fibula segmentation, surgical plate positioning and implant placement, was used to facilitate the reconstructive surgery and simultaneous dental implant placement. The intraoperative success of dental implant placement, implant survival rate and accuracy of dental implant placement were reported. RESULTS From November 2018 to June 2020, 15 consecutive patients with 48 dental implants were enrolled in this study. Fifteen 3-in-1-PSSGs were fabricated with a mean number of dental implants per guide of 3.2 ± 1.5. The intraoperative success rate of this approach was 14 out of 15. With an average follow-up period of 40 weeks, the overall implant survival rate was 83.3% (40/48). Eight implants were removed due to two fibula flap failures. The mean deviation at the implant platform and implant apex were 2.8 mm (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.9-3.4) and 3.2 mm (IQR: 2.0-4.6), and the angular deviation was 2.5° (IQR: 1.1-6.8). CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary data indicated that the 3D printed 3-in-1-PSSG facilitated simultaneous dental implant in fibula flap jaw reconstruction with a favorable intraoperative success and short-term clinical outcome. It might be a viable alternative to allow one-step immediate oral rehabilitation in patients underwent jaw reconstruction with free flaps. Long-term results with a larger sample size are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Yong Zhu
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yu-Xiong Su
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Edmond Ho Nang Pow
- Discipline of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wei-Fa Yang
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Lab of Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wing Shan Choi
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Wang C, Ma J, Kao H, Wu T, Su P. Wide-Band High Concentration-Ratio Volume-Holographic Grating for Solar Concentration. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20216080. [PMID: 33114765 PMCID: PMC7663430 DOI: 10.3390/s20216080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and low-cost solar-energy collection has become the focus of many research works. This paper proposes a recording method and an experimental verification of a wide-band, large-angle, and high concentration-ratio volume-holographic grating for solar concentration. We applied the Kogelnik coupled-wave theory and photopolymer diffusion model to analyse the formation mechanism and influencing factors on the diffraction efficiency of monochromatic volume-holographic gratings. We design and construct a three-color laser-interference system to record three monochromatic volume-holographic gratings. The best recording conditions are determined by experiment and simulation. A trichromatic volume-holographic grating is obtained by gluing the three monochromatic gratings together. The experimental results show that the trichromatic volume-holographic grating with a working angle of 6.7° and a working band of visible light has a light concentration ratio of 149.2 under an illumination of the combined recorded three-color beams, and that under sunlight is 27.2. We find that the proposed trichromatic volume-holographic grating for light concentration offers the advantages of wide band and high light concentration ratio, which provide a reference for solar concentration.
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Béland VA, Ragogna PJ. Metallized Phosphane-Ene Polymer Networks as Precursors for Ceramics with Excellent Shape Retention. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:27640-27650. [PMID: 32441913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Our research group has reported the synthesis of phosphane-ene photopolymer networks, where the networks are composed of cross-linked tertiary alkyl phosphines. Taking advantage of the rich coordination chemistry of alkyl phosphines and the material's susceptibility to solution chemistry, we were able to generate Co, Al, and Ge macromolecular adducts. The metallized polymer networks can be pyrolyzed to make metal-doped carbon, commodity materials in the areas of battery, and fuel cell research. The polymer precursors can also be shaped by spin coating and lithography, before being metallized and pyrolyzed to give patterned ceramics, which display excellent shape retention of the original patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Béland
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Paul J Ragogna
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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Strehmel B, Schmitz C, Kütahya C, Pang Y, Drewitz A, Mustroph H. Photophysics and photochemistry of NIR absorbers derived from cyanines: key to new technologies based on chemistry 4.0. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:415-444. [PMID: 32273905 PMCID: PMC7113544 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanines derived from heptamethines were mainly discussed regarding their functionalization to broaden the solubility in different surroundings exhibiting either hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties and to tailor made the ΔG et photopysical properties with respect to absorption and fluorescence. Electrochemical properties were additionally considered for some selected examples. The cyanines chosen comprised as end groups either indolenine, benzo[e]- or benzo[cd]indolium pattern, which facilitated to shift the absorption between 750-1000 nm. This enabled their use in applications with light sources emitting in the near-infrared (NIR) region selected from high power LEDs or lasers with line-shaped focus. The absorbers considered were discussed regarding their function as sensitizer for applications related to Chemistry 4.0 standards. These were mainly photopolymer coatings, which can be found for applications in the graphic industry or to protect selected substrates. The huge release of heat on demand upon turning ON or OFF the NIR light source enables them for photothermal treatment in processes requesting heat to initiate either chemical (activated reactions) or physical (melting, evaporation) events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Schmitz
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Ceren Kütahya
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Yulian Pang
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Anke Drewitz
- GMBU e.V., Felsbachstraße 7, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinz Mustroph
- formerly at FEW Chemicals GmbH, Technikumstraße 1, D-06766 Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
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Gojzewski H, Guo Z, Grzelachowska W, Ridwan MG, Hempenius MA, Grijpma DW, Vancso GJ. Layer-by-Layer Printing of Photopolymers in 3D: How Weak is the Interface? ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:8908-8914. [PMID: 31961120 PMCID: PMC7033657 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or, as also called, three-dimensional (3D) printing is considered as a game-changer in replacing traditional processing methods in numerous applications; yet, it has one intrinsic potential weakness related to bonding of layers formed during the printing process. Prior to finding solutions for improvement, a thorough quantitative understanding of the mechanical properties of the interface is needed. Here, a quantitative analysis of the nanomechanical properties in 3D printed photopolymers formed by digital light processing (DLP) stereolithography (SLA) is shown. Mapping of the contact Young's modulus across the layered structure is performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a submicrometer resolution. The peakforce quantitative nanomechanical mapping (PF-QNM) mode was employed in the AFM experiments. The layered specimens were obtained from an acrylate-based resin (PR48, Autodesk), containing also a light-absorbing dye. We observed local depressions with values up to 30% of the maximum stiffness at the interface between the consecutively deposited layers, indicating local depletion of molecular cross-link density. The thickness values of the interfacial layers were approximately 11 μm, which corresponds to ∼22% of the total layer thickness (50 μm). We attribute this to heterogeneities of the photopolymerization reaction, related to (1) atmospheric oxygen inhibition and (2) molecular diffusion across the interface. Additionally, a pronounced stiffness decay was observed across each individual layer with a skewed profile. This behavior was rationalized by a spatial variation of the polymer cross-link density related to the variations of light absorption within the layers. This is caused by the presence of light absorbers in the printed material, resulting in a spatial decay of light intensity during photopolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Gojzewski
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Faculty
of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
- E-mail:
| | - Z. Guo
- Department
of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - W. Grzelachowska
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Faculty
of Chemical Technology, Poznan University
of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - M. G. Ridwan
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Petroleum
Engineering Department, Bandung Institute
of Technology, Jl. Ganeca No. 10, Bandung 40135, Republic of Indonesia
| | - M. A. Hempenius
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - D. W. Grijpma
- Department
of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - G. J. Vancso
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- School of
Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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36
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Malas A, Isakov D, Couling K, Gibbons GJ. Fabrication of High Permittivity Resin Composite for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing: Morphology, Thermal, Dynamic Mechanical and Dielectric Properties. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E3818. [PMID: 31757114 PMCID: PMC6926829 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The formulation of a high dielectric permittivity ceramic/polymer composite feedstock for daylight vat photopolymerization 3D printing (3DP) is demonstrated, targeting 3DP of devices for microwave and THz applications. The precursor is composed of a commercial visible light photo-reactive polymer (VIS-curable photopolymer) and dispersed titanium dioxide (TiO2, TO) ceramic nano-powder or calcium copper titanate (CCT) micro-powder. To provide consistent 3DP processing from the formulated feedstocks, the carefully chosen dispersant performed the double function of adjusting the overall viscosity of the photopolymer and provided good matrix-to-filler bonding. Depending on the ceramic powder content, the optimal viscosities for reproducible 3DP with resolution better than 100 µm were η(TO) = 1.20 ± 0.02 Pa.s and η (CCT) = 0.72 ± 0.05 Pa.s for 20% w/v TO/resin and 20% w/v CCT/resin composites at 0.1 s-1 respectively, thus showing a significant dependence of the "printability" on the dispersed particle sizes. The complex dielectric properties of the as-3D printed samples from pure commercial photopolymer and the bespoke ceramic/photopolymer mixes are investigated at 2.5 GHz, 5 GHz, and in the 12-18 GHz frequency range. The results show that the addition of 20% w/v of TO and CCT ceramic powder to the initial photopolymer increased the real part of the permittivity of the 3DP composites from ε' = 2.7 ± 0.02 to ε'(TO) = 3.88 ± 0.02 and ε'(CCT) = 3.5 ± 0.02 respectively. The present work can be used as a guideline for high-resolution 3DP of structures possessing high-ε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish Malas
- Additive Manufacturing Group, WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Dmitry Isakov
- Additive Manufacturing Group, WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | | | - Gregory J. Gibbons
- Additive Manufacturing Group, WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
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37
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Fenoll S, Brocal F, Segura JD, Ortuño M, Beléndez A, Pascual I. Holographic Characteristics of Photopolymers Containing Different Mixtures of Nematic Liquid Crystals. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11020325. [PMID: 30960308 PMCID: PMC6419176 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) is used to record holographic diffraction gratings. Several mixtures of nematic liquid crystals (LC) are used as components of the HPDLC to evaluate their influence in static and dynamic basic properties. The diffraction efficiency obtained in the reconstruction of the holograms is evaluated to compare the influence of the different LC. Additionally, the samples are exposed to a variable electric field and the diffracted light intensity as a function of the applied voltage is measured to evaluate the influence of the LC. The results obtained show significant differences depending on the LC incorporated to the photopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fenoll
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Francisco Brocal
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - José David Segura
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Manuel Ortuño
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Abstract
The accessibility of cost-competitive renewable materials and their application in additive manufacturing is essential for an efficient biobased economy. We demonstrate the rapid prototyping of sustainable resins using a stereolithographic 3D printer. Resin formulation takes place by straightforward mixing of biobased acrylate monomers and oligomers with a photoinitiatior and optical absorber. Resin viscosity is controlled by the monomer to oligomer ratio and is determined as a function of shear rate by a rheometer with parallel plate geometry. A stereolithographic apparatus charged with the biobased resins is employed to produce complex shaped prototypes with high accuracy. The products require a post-treatment, including alcohol rinsing and UV irradiation, to ensure complete curing. The high feature resolution and excellent surface finishing of the prototypes is revealed by scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S D Voet
- Professorship Sustainable Polymers, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences;
| | | | - Jin Xu
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen
| | - Rudy Folkersma
- Professorship Sustainable Polymers, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences
| | - Jan Jager
- Professorship Sustainable Polymers, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences
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39
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Jin SJ, Kim DY, Kim JH, Kim WC. Accuracy of Dental Replica Models Using Photopolymer Materials in Additive Manufacturing: In Vitro Three-Dimensional Evaluation. J Prosthodont 2018; 28:e557-e562. [PMID: 29968424 PMCID: PMC7328798 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the accuracy (trueness and precision) of dental replica models produced by using photopolymer materials in additive manufacturing. Materials and Methods A complete arch model was scanned using an extraoral scanner (Identica Blue) and established as reference. For the control group, 10 stone models were acquired through the conventional method from the reference model. For the experimental groups, digital data were acquired using an intraoral scanner (CEREC Omnicam), and 10 stereolithographic apparatus (SLA) models and 10 PolyJet models were made. All models were scanned with an extraoral scanner. Three‐dimensional analysis software was used to measure differences between the 3D scanned images in root mean square values. The ISO‐5725‐1 specification was followed to measure trueness and precision between two 3D scanned data. Trueness was calculated by overlapping scanned data with the reference model and precision by performing pairwise intragroup comparisons. Also the ratio of region out of tolerance (> ±50 μm) was measured. One‐way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc analysis were applied. Results There was no statistically significant difference in trueness between the stone and the SLA models (p > 0.05). Dental replica models using photopolymer materials showed statistically significantly better precision than that of the stone model (p < 0.05). Regarding tolerance, no statistically significant difference was observed between the stone and the SLA models (p > 0.05). Conclusions Although the dental replica models using photopolymer materials did not show better trueness than the conventional stone models, there was no significant difference between the SLA and the stone models. Concerning precision, dental replica models using photopolymer materials presented better results than that of the conventional stone models. In sum, dental replica models using photopolymer materials showed sufficient accuracy for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Jin
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- Department of Dental Laboratory Science and Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Kim
- Department of Dental Laboratory Science and Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong-Chul Kim
- Department of Dental Laboratory Science and Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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40
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Koyama K, Takakura M, Furukawa T, Maruo S. 3D Shape Reconstruction of 3D Printed Transparent Microscopic Objects from Multiple Photographic Images Using Ultraviolet Illumination. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:mi9060261. [PMID: 30424194 PMCID: PMC6187703 DOI: 10.3390/mi9060261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a simple, low-cost, three-dimensional (3D) shape acquisition method for transparent 3D printed microscopic objects. Our method uses ultraviolet (UV) illumination to obtain high-contrast silhouette images of transparent 3D printed polymer objects. Multiple silhouette images taken from different viewpoints make it possible to reconstruct the 3D shape of this transparent object. A 3D shape acquisition system consisting of a UV light-emitting diode, charge-coupled device camera and a rotation stage was constructed and used to successfully reconstruct the 3D shape of a transparent bunny model produced using micro-stereolithography. In addition, 3D printed pillar array models, with different diameters on the order of several hundred micrometers, were reconstructed. This method will be a promising tool for the 3D shape reconstruction of transparent 3D objects on both the micro- and macro-scale by changing the imaging lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Koyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Takakura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Taichi Furukawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Shoji Maruo
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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41
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Saha SK, Oakdale JS, Cuadra JA, Divin C, Ye J, Forien JB, Bayu Aji LB, Biener J, Smith WL. Radiopaque Resists for Two-Photon Lithography To Enable Submicron 3D Imaging of Polymer Parts via X-ray Computed Tomography. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:1164-1172. [PMID: 29171264 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon lithography (TPL) is a high-resolution additive manufacturing (AM) technique capable of producing arbitrarily complex three-dimensional (3D) microstructures with features 2-3 orders of magnitude finer than human hair. This process finds numerous applications as a direct route toward the fabrication of novel optical and mechanical metamaterials, miniaturized optics, microfluidics, biological scaffolds, and various other intricate 3D parts. As TPL matures, metrology and inspection become a crucial step in the manufacturing process to ensure that the geometric form of the end product meets design specifications. X-ray-based computed tomography (CT) is a nondestructive technique that can provide this inspection capability for the evaluation of complex internal 3D structure. However, polymeric photoresists commonly used for TPL, as well as other forms of stereolithography, poorly attenuate X-rays due to the low atomic number (Z) of their constituent elements and therefore appear relatively transparent during imaging. Here, we present the development of optically clear yet radiopaque photoresists for enhanced contrast under X-ray CT. We have synthesized iodinated acrylate monomers to formulate high-Z photoresist materials that are capable of forming 3D microstructures with sub-150 nm features. In addition, we have developed a formulation protocol to match the refractive index of the photoresists to the immersion medium of the objective lens so as to enable dip-in laser lithography, a direct laser writing technique for producing millimeter-tall structures. Our radiopaque photopolymer resists increase X-ray attenuation by a factor of more than 10 times without sacrificing the sub-150 nm feature resolution or the millimeter-scale part height. Thus, our resists can successfully replace existing photopolymers to generate AM parts that are suitable for inspection via X-ray CT. By providing the "feedstock" for radiopaque AM parts, our resist formulation is expected to play a critical role in enabling fabrication of functional polymer parts to tight design tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh K Saha
- Materials Engineering Division and ‡Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - James S Oakdale
- Materials Engineering Division and ‡Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jefferson A Cuadra
- Materials Engineering Division and ‡Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Chuck Divin
- Materials Engineering Division and ‡Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jianchao Ye
- Materials Engineering Division and ‡Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jean-Baptiste Forien
- Materials Engineering Division and ‡Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Leonardus B Bayu Aji
- Materials Engineering Division and ‡Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Juergen Biener
- Materials Engineering Division and ‡Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - William L Smith
- Materials Engineering Division and ‡Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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42
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Steyrer B, Neubauer P, Liska R, Stampfl J. Visible Light Photoinitiator for 3D-Printing of Tough Methacrylate Resins. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10:ma10121445. [PMID: 29257107 PMCID: PMC5744380 DOI: 10.3390/ma10121445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithography-based additive manufacturing was introduced in the 1980s, and is still the method of choice for printing accurate plastic parts with high surface quality. Recent progress in this field has made tough photopolymer resins and cheap LED light engines available. This study presents the influence of photoinitiator selection and post-processing on the thermomechanical properties of various tough photopolymers. The influence of three photoinitiators (Ivocerin, BAPO, and TPO-L) on the double-bond conversion and mechanical properties was investigated by mid infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile tests. It was found that 1.18 wt % TPO-L would provide the best overall results in terms of double-bond conversion and mechanical properties. A correlation between double-bond conversion, yield strength, and glass transition temperature was found. Elongation at break remained high after post-curing at about 80-100%, and was not influenced by higher photoinitiator concentration. Finally, functional parts with 41 MPa tensile strength, 82% elongation at break, and 112 °C glass transition temperature were printed on a 405 nm DLP (digital light processing) printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Steyrer
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, 1060 Wien, Austria.
| | - Philipp Neubauer
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, 1060 Wien, Austria.
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Wien, Austria.
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, 1060 Wien, Austria.
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43
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Bruder FK, Fäcke T, Rölle T. The Chemistry and Physics of Bayfol ® HX Film Holographic Photopolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9100472. [PMID: 30965774 PMCID: PMC6418958 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Holographic photopolymers are a new technology to create passive diffractive optical elements by a pure laser interference recording. In this review, we explain the chemistry concepts of light harvesting in an interference pattern and the subsequent grating formation as chemical response. Using the example of the newly developed Bayfol® HX film we discuss the reaction-diffusion driven photo-polymerization process for an index modulation formation to create volume phase gratings. Further we elucidate the selection of monomer chemistry and discuss details of the recording conditions based on the concept of exposure dosage and exposure time. Influences ranging from high dosage recording to low power recording are explained and how to affect the desired diffraction efficiency. Finally, we outline and demonstrate the process to mass manufacturing of volume phase gratings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Fäcke
- Covestro Deutschland AG, Building D201, D-51365 Leverkusen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Rölle
- Covestro Deutschland AG, Building D201, D-51365 Leverkusen, Germany.
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44
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Nobukawa T, Nomura T. Correlation-Based Multiplexing of Complex Amplitude Data Pages in a Holographic Storage System Using Digital Holographic Techniques. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E375. [PMID: 30971047 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Holographic recording media can store the amplitude and the phase, or the complex amplitude, of a beam on the basis of holography. Owing to this characteristic, digital data can be encoded onto the complex amplitude of a signal beam in holographic data storage. However, most of conventional holographic storage systems encode digital data onto the amplitude alone because there are difficulties for modulating and detecting the phase. To solve the difficulties, a holographic storage system using digital holographic techniques has been proposed. With the help of digital holographic techniques, it is possible to modulate and detect the complex amplitude of a signal beam. Moreover, the proposed system can modulate the complex amplitude of a reference beam. In this paper, by making use of the capability, a correlation-based multiplexing with uncorrelated reference beams is demonstrated in the proposed system. Multiple holograms can be recorded in the same volume of a recording medium with no need for mechanical movements. Experimental results show that the proposed system with a correlation-based multiplexing can improve the storage capacity and can utilize the full potential of a recording medium without crosstalk noise stem from the optical setup.
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45
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Malallah R, Li H, Kelly DP, Healy JJ, Sheridan JT. A Review of Hologram Storage and Self-Written Waveguides Formation in Photopolymer Media. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E337. [PMID: 30971014 PMCID: PMC6418820 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photopolymer materials have received a great deal of attention because they are inexpensive, self-processing materials that are extremely versatile, offering many advantages over more traditional materials. To achieve their full potential, there is significant value in understanding the photophysical and photochemical processes taking place within such materials. This paper includes a brief review of recent attempts to more fully understand what is needed to optimize the performance of photopolymer materials for Holographic Data Storage (HDS) and Self-Written Waveguides (SWWs) applications. Specifically, we aim to discuss the evolution of our understanding of what takes place inside these materials and what happens during photopolymerization process, with the objective of further improving the performance of such materials. Starting with a review of the photosensitizer absorptivity, a dye model combining the associated electromagnetics and photochemical kinetics is presented. Thereafter, the optimization of photopolymer materials for HDS and SWWs applications is reviewed. It is clear that many promising materials are being developed for the next generation optical applications media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra'ed Malallah
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, UCD Communications and Optoelectronic Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Basrah, Garmat Ali, Basrah, Iraq.
| | - Haoyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Damien P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, UCD Communications and Optoelectronic Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - John J Healy
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, UCD Communications and Optoelectronic Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - John T Sheridan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, UCD Communications and Optoelectronic Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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46
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Monzón M, Ortega Z, Hernández A, Paz R, Ortega F. Anisotropy of Photopolymer Parts Made by Digital Light Processing. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10:ma10010064. [PMID: 28772426 PMCID: PMC5344561 DOI: 10.3390/ma10010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) is an accurate additive manufacturing (AM) technology suitable for producing micro-parts by photopolymerization. As most AM technologies, anisotropy of parts made by DLP is a key issue to deal with, taking into account that several operational factors modify this characteristic. Design for this technology and photopolymers becomes a challenge because the manufacturing process and post-processing strongly influence the mechanical properties of the part. This paper shows experimental work to demonstrate the particular behavior of parts made using DLP. Being different to any other AM technology, rules for design need to be adapted. Influence of build direction and post-curing process on final mechanical properties and anisotropy are reported and justified based on experimental data and theoretical simulation of bi-material parts formed by fully-cured resin and partially-cured resin. Three photopolymers were tested under different working conditions, concluding that post-curing can, in some cases, correct the anisotropy, mainly depending on the nature of photopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Monzón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.
| | - Zaida Ortega
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.
| | - Alba Hernández
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.
| | - Rubén Paz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.
| | - Fernando Ortega
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.
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47
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Tomita Y, Hata E, Momose K, Takayama S, Liu X, Chikama K, Klepp J, Pruner C, Fally M. Photopolymerizable nanocomposite photonic materials and their holographic applications in light and neutron optics. J Mod Opt 2016; 63:S1-S31. [PMID: 27594769 PMCID: PMC4986931 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2016.1143534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an overview of recent investigations of photopolymerizable nanocomposite photonic materials in which, thanks to their high degree of material selectivity, recorded volume gratings possess high refractive index modulation amplitude and high mechanical/thermal stability at the same time, providing versatile applications in light and neutron optics. We discuss the mechanism of grating formation in holographically exposed nanocomposite materials, based on a model of the photopolymerization-driven mutual diffusion of monomer and nanoparticles. Experimental inspection of the recorded grating's morphology by various physicochemical and optical methods is described. We then outline the holographic recording properties of volume gratings recorded in photopolymerizable nanocomposite materials consisting of inorganic/organic nanoparticles and monomers having various photopolymerization mechanisms. Finally, we show two examples of our holographic applications, holographic digital data storage and slow-neutron beam control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Tomita
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Hata
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
- Battery Materials Division, Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corp., Hyuga, Japan
| | - Keisuke Momose
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Takayama
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiangming Liu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Laser Fusion, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Katsumi Chikama
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., Chiba, Japan
| | - Jürgen Klepp
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Pruner
- Department of Materials Science and Physics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Fally
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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48
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Abstract
A novel composition for a low-toxicity, water-soluble, holographic photopolymer capable of recording bright reflection gratings with diffraction efficiency of up to 50% is reported. The unique combination of two chemical components, namely, a chain transfer agent and a free radical scavenger, is reported to enhance the holographic recording ability of a diacetone acrylamide (DA)-based photopolymer in reflection mode by 3-fold. Characterization of the dependence of diffraction efficiency of the reflection gratings on spatial frequency, recording intensity, exposure energy, and recording wavelength has been carried out for the new low-toxicity material. The use of UV postexposure as a method of improving the stability of the photopolymer-based reflection holograms is reported. The ability of the modified DA photopolymer to record bright Denisyuk holograms which are viewable in different lighting conditions is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cody
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, Dublin Institute of Technology , Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - S Gribbin
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, Dublin Institute of Technology , Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - E Mihaylova
- Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Physics, Agricultural University , Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - I Naydenova
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, Dublin Institute of Technology , Dublin 8, Ireland
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49
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Fukuda Y, Tomita Y. Spatial Frequency Responses of Anisotropic Refractive Index Gratings Formed in Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9:E188. [PMID: 28773314 DOI: 10.3390/ma9030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on an experimental investigation of spatial frequency responses of anisotropic transmission refractive index gratings formed in holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLCs). We studied two different types of HPDLC materials employing two different monomer systems: one with acrylate monomer capable of radical mediated chain-growth polymerizations and the other with thiol-ene monomer capable of step-growth polymerizations. It was found that the photopolymerization kinetics of the two HPDLC materials could be well explained by the autocatalytic model. We also measured grating-spacing dependences of anisotropic refractive index gratings at a recording wavelength of 532 nm. It was found that the HPDLC material with the thiol-ene monomer gave higher spatial frequency responses than that with the acrylate monomer. Statistical thermodynamic simulation suggested that such a spatial frequency dependence was attributed primarily to a difference in the size of formed liquid crystal droplets due to different photopolymerization mechanisms.
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50
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Miki M, Ohira R, Tomita Y. Optical Properties of Electrically Tunable Two-Dimensional Photonic Lattice Structures Formed in a Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Film: Analysis and Experiment. Materials (Basel) 2014; 7:3677-3698. [PMID: 28788643 PMCID: PMC5453218 DOI: 10.3390/ma7053677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on theoretical and experimental investigations of optical wave propagations in two-dimensional photonic lattice structures formed in a holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) film. In the theoretical analysis we employed the 2×2 matrix formulation and the statistical thermodynamics model to analyze the formation of anisotropic photonic lattice structures by holographic polymerization. The influence of multiple reflections inside an HPDLC film on the formed refractive index distribution was taken into account in the analysis. In the experiment we fabricated two-dimensional photonic lattice structures in an HPDLC film under three-beam interference holographic polymerization and performed optical measurements of spectral transmittances and wavelength dispersion. We also demonstrated the electrical control capability of the fabricated photonic lattice structure and its dependence on incident wave polarization. These measured results were compared with the calculated ones by means of photonic band and beam propagation calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Miki
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Ryuichiro Ohira
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Tomita
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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