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Moon S, Park J, Lim S, Suh SY, Le A, Demer JL. Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Demonstrates Pediatric Optic Disc and Peripapillary Strain During Horizontal Eye Rotation. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:437-445. [PMID: 38185657 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2295789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: We employed automated analysis of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) to determine if mechanical strains imposed on disc, and retinal and choroidal vessels during horizontal duction in children differ from those of adults.Methods: Thirty-one children aged 11.3 ± 2.7 (standard deviation) years underwent SLO in central gaze, and 35° ab- and adduction. Automated registration with deep learning-based optical flow analysis quantified vessel deformations as horizontal, vertical, shear, and equivalent strains. Choroidal vessel displacements in lightly pigmented fundi, and central disc vessel displacements, were also observed.Results: As in adults, strain in vessels during horizontal duction was greatest at the disc and decreased with distance from it. Strain in the pediatric disc was similar to published values in young adults,1 but in the peripapillary region was greater and propagated significantly more peripherally to at least three disc radii from it. During adduction in children, the nasal disc was compressed and disc vessels distorted, but the temporal half experienced tensile strain, while peripapillary tissues were compressed. The pattern was similar but strains were less in abduction (p < .001). Choroidal vessels were visualized in 24 of the 62 eyes and shifted directionally opposite overlying retinal vessels.Conclusions: Horizontal duction deforms the normal pediatric optic disc, central retinal vessels, peripapillary retina, and choroid, shearing the inner retina over the choroid. These mechanical effects occur at the sites of remodeling of the disc, sclera, and choroid associated with typical adult features that later emerge later, including optic cup enlargement, temporal disc tilting, and peripapillary atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyuk Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seongjin Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Soh Youn Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan Le
- Alcon Research, Ltd, Lake Forest, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Mujat M, Sampani K, Patel AH, Zambrano R, Sun JK, Wollstein G, Ferguson RD, Schuman JS, Iftimia N. Motion Contrast, Phase Gradient, and Simultaneous OCT Images Assist in the Interpretation of Dark-Field Images in Eyes with Retinal Pathology. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:184. [PMID: 38248061 PMCID: PMC10814023 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The cellular-level visualization of retinal microstructures such as blood vessel wall components, not available with other imaging modalities, is provided with unprecedented details by dark-field imaging configurations; however, the interpretation of such images alone is sometimes difficult since multiple structural disturbances may be present in the same time. Particularly in eyes with retinal pathology, microstructures may appear in high-resolution retinal images with a wide range of sizes, sharpnesses, and brightnesses. In this paper we show that motion contrast and phase gradient imaging modalities, as well as the simultaneous acquisition of depth-resolved optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, provide additional insight to help understand the retinal neural and vascular structures seen in dark-field images and may enable improved diagnostic and treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Mujat
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA; (A.H.P.); (R.D.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (K.S.); (J.K.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ankit H. Patel
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA; (A.H.P.); (R.D.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Ronald Zambrano
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA; (R.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Jennifer K. Sun
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (K.S.); (J.K.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA; (R.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - R. Daniel Ferguson
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA; (A.H.P.); (R.D.F.); (N.I.)
| | | | - Nicusor Iftimia
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA; (A.H.P.); (R.D.F.); (N.I.)
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3
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Mujat M, Sampani K, Patel AH, Sun JK, Iftimia N. Cellular-Level Analysis of Retinal Blood Vessel Walls Based on Phase Gradient Images. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3399. [PMID: 37998535 PMCID: PMC10670340 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases such as diabetes affect the retinal vasculature and the health of the neural retina, leading to vision problems. We describe here an imaging method and analysis procedure that enables characterization of the retinal vessel walls with cellular-level resolution, potentially providing markers for eye diseases. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy is used with a modified detection scheme to include four simultaneous offset aperture channels. The magnitude of the phase gradient derived from these offset images is used to visualize the structural characteristics of the vessels. The average standard deviation image provides motion contrast and enables segmentation of the vessel lumen. Segmentation of blood vessel walls provides quantitative measures of geometrical characteristics of the vessel walls, including vessel and lumen diameters, wall thickness, and wall-to-lumen ratio. Retinal diseases may affect the structural integrity of the vessel walls, their elasticity, their permeability, and their geometrical characteristics. The ability to measure these changes is valuable for understanding the vascular effects of retinal diseases, monitoring disease progression, and drug testing. In addition, loss of structural integrity of the blood vessel wall may result in microaneurysms, a hallmark lesion of diabetic retinopathy, which may rupture or leak and further create vision impairment. Early identification of such structural abnormalities may open new treatment avenues for disease management and vision preservation. Functional testing of retinal circuitry through high-resolution measurement of vasodilation as a response to controlled light stimulation of the retina (neurovascular coupling) is another application of our method and can provide an unbiased evaluation of one's vision and enable early detection of retinal diseases and monitoring treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Mujat
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA; (A.H.P.); (N.I.)
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (K.S.); (J.K.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ankit H. Patel
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA; (A.H.P.); (N.I.)
| | - Jennifer K. Sun
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (K.S.); (J.K.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicusor Iftimia
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA; (A.H.P.); (N.I.)
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4
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Maltsev DS, Kulikov AN, Shaimova VA, Burnasheva MA, Vasiliev AS. Spotlight on Lattice Degeneration Imaging Techniques. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:2383-2395. [PMID: 37605766 PMCID: PMC10440085 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s405200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lattice degeneration (LD), routinely diagnosed with indirect ophthalmoscopy, is one of the most common and clinically significant peripheral retinal findings. In this review, we have summarized the data on currently available imaging techniques which help to improve diagnosis and our understanding of LD pathogenesis. Ultra-wide field imaging provides reliable color fundus capturing for the primary diagnosis of LD and may also be used as a screening tool. Wide-field imaging can be used for targeted documentation of LD lesions using true colors and with minimal optical distortions. Information on the status of the vitreoretinal interface, including detection of retinal holes, detachments, and vitreous tractions, can be obtained with peripheral structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) or scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in retro-mode. These techniques clarify the associated risks of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Fundus autofluorescence can provide details on atrophic changes. However, the risk of retinal detachment by means of this technique requires further investigation. OCT angiography may be successfully performed for some lesions. Taken together, OCT and OCT angiography demonstrate thinning of the choroid, alteration of local choroidal microcirculation, and, in severe lesions, involvement of the sclera. OCT angiography confirms loss of retinal microcirculation within LD lesion, which was previously shown with fluorescein angiography. In conclusion, despite relatively simple primary diagnosis, imaging of LD lesions remains challenging due to their peripheral localization. However, several new strategies, including ultra-wide field imaging, peripheral OCT, and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, make LD imaging possible on a routine basis, improving diagnosis and understanding of LD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii S Maltsev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexei N Kulikov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Venera A Shaimova
- Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Moscow, Russia
- “Center Zreniya”, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Maria A Burnasheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
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5
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Mujat M, Akula JD, Fulton AB, Ferguson RD, Iftimia N. Non-Rigid Registration for High-Resolution Retinal Imaging. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2285. [PMID: 37443679 PMCID: PMC10341150 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive optics provides improved resolution in ophthalmic imaging when retinal microstructures need to be identified, counted, and mapped. In general, multiple images are averaged to improve the signal-to-noise ratio or analyzed for temporal dynamics. Image registration by cross-correlation is straightforward for small patches; however, larger images require more sophisticated registration techniques. Strip-based registration has been used successfully for photoreceptor mosaic alignment in small patches; however, if the deformations along strips are not simple displacements, averaging can degrade the final image. We have applied a non-rigid registration technique that improves the quality of processed images for mapping cones over large image patches. In this approach, correction of local deformations compensates for local image stretching, compressing, bending, and twisting due to a number of causes. The main result of this procedure is improved definition of retinal microstructures that can be better identified and segmented. Derived metrics such as cone density, wall-to-lumen ratio, and quantification of structural modification of blood vessel walls have diagnostic value in many retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, and their improved evaluations may facilitate early diagnostics of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Mujat
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA; (R.D.F.); (N.I.)
| | - James D. Akula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.D.A.); (A.B.F.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne B. Fulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.D.A.); (A.B.F.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R. Daniel Ferguson
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA; (R.D.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Nicusor Iftimia
- Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA; (R.D.F.); (N.I.)
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6
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Azzolini C, Di Nicola M, Pozzo Giuffrida F, Cappelli F, Bellina C, Viola F, Chelazzi P. Retromode Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy for Choroidal Nevi: A Preliminary Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1253. [PMID: 37374036 DOI: 10.3390/life13061253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to document pathological findings on retromode imaging in choroidal nevi and evaluate its diagnostic validity, using the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope Nidek Mirante (cSLO). A total of 41 choroidal nevi from 41 patients were included. All patients underwent multicolor fundus (mCF), infrared reflectance (IR), green fundus autofluorescence (FAF), dark-field (DF) and retromode (RM) imaging and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. We investigated retromode images to evaluate choroidal nevus features by comparing the results with those of mCF, IR, FAF, DF and OCT. In 100% of available images, retromode scanning laser ophthalmoscopy was able to detect choroidal nevi with a characteristic "hypo-retro-reflective" pattern, even the cases not visible on mCF, IR and FAF images. It also made it possible to delineate the margins of lesions with the highest rate of sharpness and accuracy among the imaging modalities examined. These findings seem to demonstrate how RM-SLO is an innovative diagnostic tool to detect and follow up choroidal nevi in a fast, reliable and non-invasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Azzolini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istituto Clinico Città Studi, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Di Nicola
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami 33136, FL, USA
| | - Francesco Pozzo Giuffrida
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Ophthalmological Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istituto Clinico Città Studi, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Bellina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istituto Clinico Città Studi, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Viola
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Ophthalmological Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Chelazzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istituto Clinico Città Studi, 20131 Milan, Italy
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Rico-Jimenez JJ, Jovanovic J, Nolen SL, Malone JD, Rao G, Levine EM, Tao YK. MURIN: Multimodal Retinal Imaging and Navigated-laser-delivery for dynamic and longitudinal tracking of photodamage in murine models. Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne) 2023; 3:1141070. [PMID: 37275441 PMCID: PMC10238074 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1141070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced photodamage is a robust method for investigating retinal pathologies in small animals. However, aiming of the photocoagulation laser is often limited by manual alignment and lacks real-time feedback on lesion location and severity. Here, we demonstrate a multimodality OCT and SLO ophthalmic imaging system with an image-guided scanning laser lesioning module optimized for the murine retina. The proposed system enables targeting of focal and extended area lesions under OCT guidance to benefit visualization of photodamage response and the precision and repeatability of laser lesion models of retinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J. Rico-Jimenez
- Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Joel Jovanovic
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Nolen
- Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Joseph D. Malone
- Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Gopikrishna Rao
- Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Edward M. Levine
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Yuankai K. Tao
- Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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8
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Maltsev DS, Kulikov AN, Vasiliev AS, Shapovalova ED, Chhablani J. Prevalence of choroidal nevi in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2023; 15:25158414231189080. [PMID: 37528899 PMCID: PMC10387679 DOI: 10.1177/25158414231189080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A number of articles report the association of polypoidal lesions and choroidal nevi; however, the relationship between choroidal nevi and pachychoroidal disorders has not been studied. Objectives To study the prevalence of choroidal nevi in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) patients and to elucidate potential differences in the clinical characteristics of CSCR in patients with and without choroidal nevi. Design Case-control study. Methods This study included a retrospective analysis of medical records and multimodal imaging data of CSCR patients and a prospective evaluation of the prevalence of the choroidal nevi in age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All participants received comprehensive ophthalmic examination and multimodal imaging including infrared scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in dark-field mode to detect choroidal nevi in the central 40° × 60° region. Results A total of 199 CSCR patients (160 males and 39 females, 47.9 ± 9.4 years) and 184 age-matched healthy individuals (139 males and 45 females, 44.8 ± 12.5 years) were included. Choroidal nevi were detected in 24 (12.1%) CSCR patients and 10 (5.4%) healthy controls (p = 0.01). CSCR patients with choroidal nevi had statistically significantly higher subfoveal choroidal thickness, lower best-corrected visual acuity, and lower central retinal thickness (p < 0.05) than CSCR patients without choroidal nevi. The odds ratio for the presence of chronic CSCR in patients with choroidal nevi was 27.0 (95% CI: 3.1-231.9, p = 0.003). Conclusion The prevalence of choroidal nevi among patients with CSCR is higher than in age- and sex-matched healthy population. Choroidal nevi may be associated with chronic CSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey N. Kulikov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Jay Chhablani
- University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Eye Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Horie S, Ohno-Matsui K. Progress of Imaging in Diabetic Retinopathy-From the Past to the Present. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071684. [PMID: 35885588 PMCID: PMC9319818 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancement of imaging technology in retinal diseases provides us more precise understanding and new insights into the diseases' pathologies. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of sight-threatening retinal diseases worldwide. Colour fundus photography and fluorescein angiography have long been golden standard methods in detecting retinal vascular pathology in this disease. One of the major advancements is macular observation given by optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT dramatically improves the diagnostic quality in macular edema in DR. The technology of OCT is also applied to angiography (OCT angiograph: OCTA), which enables retinal vascular imaging without venous dye injection. Similar to OCTA, in terms of their low invasiveness, single blue color SLO image could be an alternative method in detecting non-perfused areas. Conventional optical photography has been gradually replaced to scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), which also make it possible to produce spectacular ultra-widefield (UWF) images. Since retinal vascular changes of DR are found in the whole retina up to periphery, it would be one of the best targets in UWF imaging. Additionally, evolvement of artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied to automated diagnosis of DR, and AI-based DR management is one of the major topics in this field. This review is trying to look back on the progress of imaging of DR comprehensively from the past to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Horie
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Imaging, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan;
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5803-5302
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10
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Vienola KV, Dansingani KK, Eller AW, Martel JN, Snyder VC, Rossi EA. Multimodal Imaging of Torpedo Maculopathy With Fluorescence Adaptive Optics Imaging of Individual Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:769308. [PMID: 34957148 PMCID: PMC8698897 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.769308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Torpedo maculopathy (TM) is a rare congenital defect of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The RPE is often evaluated clinically using fundus autofluorescence (AF), a technique that visualizes RPE structure at the tissue level from the intrinsic AF of RPE fluorophores. TM lesions typically emit little or no AF, but this macroscopic assessment is unable to resolve the RPE cells, leaving the organization of the RPE cell mosaic in TM unknown. We used fluorescence adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) to show here for the first time the microscopic cellular-level structural alterations to the RPE cell mosaic in TM that underlie the tissue-level changes seen in conventional clinical imaging. We evaluated two patients with TM using conventional clinical imaging techniques and adaptive optics (AO) infrared autofluorescence (IRAF) in AOSLO. Confocal AOSLO revealed relatively normal cones outside the TM lesion but altered cone appearance within it and along its margins in both patients. We quantified cone topography and RPE cell morphometry from the fovea to the margin of the lesion in case 1 and found cone density to be within the normal range across the locations imaged. However, RPE morphometric analysis revealed disrupted RPE cells outside the margin of the lesion; the mean RPE cell area was greater than two standard deviations above the normative range up to approximately 1.5 mm from the lesion margin. Similar morphometric changes were seen to individual RPE cells in case 2. Multi-modal imaging with AOSLO reveals that RPE cells are abnormal in TM well beyond the margins of the characteristic TM lesion boundary defined with conventional clinical imaging. Since the TM fovea appears to be fully formed, with normal cone packing, it is possible that the congenital RPE defect in TM occurs relatively late in retinal development. This work demonstrates how cellular level imaging of the RPE can provide new insight into RPE pathologies, particularly for rare conditions such as TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari V Vienola
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kunal K Dansingani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Andrew W Eller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joseph N Martel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Valerie C Snyder
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ethan A Rossi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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11
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Ansari D, Borkar PP, Davis PL, Collison FT, Wynne N, Zangler N, Fishman GA, Carroll J, Yao X, Grassi MA. Pathognomonic macular ripples are revealed by polarized infrared retinal imaging. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2202-2206. [PMID: 34233520 PMCID: PMC8718259 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211021089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A pathognomonic macular ripple sign has been reported with scanning laser ophthalmoscopy images in patients with foveal hypoplasia, though the optical basis of this sign is presently unknown. Here we present a case series of seven individuals with foveal hypoplasia (based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography). Each patient underwent infrared scanning laser ophthalmoscopy retinal imaging in both eyes, acquired with and without a polarization filter and assessment for a ripple-like effect in the fovea. On imaging, macular ripples were present in all eyes with foveal hypoplasia when using a polarization filter, but not when imaged without the filter. We conclude that the macular ripple sign is an imaging artifact attributable to the unique pattern of phase retardation of the Henle fiber layer in the setting of foveal hypoplasia. By utilizing a polarization filter with retinal photography, this feature can be exploited to promptly identify foveal hypoplasia in settings where OCT is not possible due to nystagmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Ansari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Poulami P Borkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Frederick T Collison
- The Pangere Center for Inherited Retinal Diseases, The Chicago Lighthouse, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
- Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Niamh Wynne
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | - Gerald A Fishman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- The Pangere Center for Inherited Retinal Diseases, The Chicago Lighthouse, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Engineering, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Michael A Grassi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Grassi Retina, Naperville, IL 60564, USA
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12
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Bakker E, Dikland FA, van Bakel R, Andrade De Jesus D, Sánchez Brea L, Klein S, van Walsum T, Rossant F, Farías DC, Grieve K, Paques M. Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy: a systematic review of vascular biomarkers. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:369-387. [PMID: 34090882 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinal vascular diseases are a leading cause for blindness and partial sight certifications. By applying adaptive optics (AO) to conventional imaging modalities, the microstructures of the retinal vasculature can be observed with high spatial resolution, hence offering a unique opportunity for the exploration of the human microcirculation. The objective of this systematic review is to describe the current state of retinal vascular biomarkers imaged by AO flood illumination ophthalmoscopy (FIO) and AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO). A literature research was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases on July 9, 2020. From 217 screened studies, 42 were eligible for this review. All studies underwent a quality check regarding their content. A meta-analysis was performed for the biomarkers reported for the same pathology in at least three studies using the same modality. The most frequently studied vascular biomarkers were the inner diameter (ID), outer diameter (OD), parietal thickness (PT), wall cross-sectional area (WCSA), and wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR). The applicability of AO vascular biomarkers has been mostly explored in systemic hypertension using AO FIO and in diabetes using AO SLO. The result of the meta-analysis for hypertensive patients showed that WLR, PT, and ID were significantly different when compared to healthy controls, while WCSA was not (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P < 0.001, and P = 0.070, respectively). The presented review shows that, although a substantial number of retinal vascular biomarkers have been explored in AO en face imaging, further clinical research and standardization of procedures is needed to validate such biomarkers for the longitudinal monitoring of arterial hypertension and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bakker
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Clinical Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Anne Dikland
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Clinical Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Roan van Bakel
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Clinical Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Danilo Andrade De Jesus
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luisa Sánchez Brea
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Klein
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo van Walsum
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florence Rossant
- ISEP, Institut Supérieur d'Electronique de Paris, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Daniela Castro Farías
- Paris Eye Imaging Group, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS Clinical Investigation Center, Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Paris Eye Imaging Group, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS Clinical Investigation Center, Paris, France
| | - Michel Paques
- Paris Eye Imaging Group, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS Clinical Investigation Center, Paris, France
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13
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Li J, Liu T, Flynn OJ, Turriff A, Liu Z, Ullah E, Liu J, Dubra A, Johnson MA, Brooks BP, Hufnagel RB, Hammer DX, Huryn LA, Jeffrey BG, Tam J. Persistent Dark Cones in Oligocone Trichromacy Revealed by Multimodal Adaptive Optics Ophthalmoscopy. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:629214. [PMID: 33767618 PMCID: PMC7985087 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.629214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dark cone photoreceptors, defined as those with diminished or absent reflectivity when observed with adaptive optics (AO) ophthalmoscopy, are increasingly reported in retinal disorders. However, their structural and functional impact remain unclear. Here, we report a 3-year longitudinal study on a patient with oligocone trichromacy (OT) who presented with persistent, widespread dark cones within and near the macula. Diminished electroretinogram (ERG) cone but normal ERG rod responses together with normal color vision confirmed the OT diagnosis. In addition, the patient had normal to near normal visual acuity and retinal sensitivity. Occasional dark gaps in the photoreceptor layer were observed on optical coherence tomography, in agreement with reflectance AO scanning light ophthalmoscopy, which revealed that over 50% of the cones in the fovea were dark, increasing to 74% at 10° eccentricity. In addition, the cone density was 78% lower than normal histologic value at the fovea, and 20-40% lower at eccentricities of 5-15°. Interestingly, color vision testing was near normal at locations where cones were predominantly dark. These findings illustrate how a retina with predominant dark cones that persist over at least 3 years can support near normal central retinal function. Furthermore, this study adds to the growing evidence that cones can continue to survive under non-ideal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Li
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tao Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Oliver J Flynn
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amy Turriff
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zhuolin Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ehsan Ullah
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jianfei Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, Unites States
| | - Mary A Johnson
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian P Brooks
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel X Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Laryssa A Huryn
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Brett G Jeffrey
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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14
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Yao X, Lu R, Wang B, Lu Y, Kim TH. Super-resolution ophthalmoscopy: Virtually structured detection for resolution improvement in retinal imaging. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:249-259. [PMID: 33243006 PMCID: PMC7876641 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220970533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative retinal imaging is essential for advanced study and clinical management of eye diseases. However, spatial resolution of retinal imaging has been limited due to available numerical aperture and optical aberration of the ocular optics. Structured illumination microscopy has been established to break the diffraction-limit resolution in conventional light microscopy. However, practical implementation of structured illumination microscopy for in vivo ophthalmoscopy of the retina is challenging due to inevitable eye movements that can produce phase artifacts. Recently, we have demonstrated the feasibility of using virtually structured detection as one alternative to structured illumination microscopy for super-resolution imaging. By providing the flexibility of digital compensation of eye movements, the virtually structured detection provides a feasible, phase-artifact-free strategy to achieve super-resolution ophthalmoscopy. In this article, we summarize the technical rationale of virtually structured detection, and its implementations for super-resolution imaging of freshly isolated retinas, intact animals, and awake human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rongwen Lu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Benquan Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Yiming Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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15
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Sidiqi A, Wahl D, Lee S, Ma D, To E, Cui J, To E, Beg MF, Sarunic M, Matsubara JA. In vivo Retinal Fluorescence Imaging With Curcumin in an Alzheimer Mouse Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:713. [PMID: 32719582 PMCID: PMC7350785 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain detectable by highly invasive in vivo brain imaging or in post-mortem tissues. A non-invasive and inexpensive screening method is needed for early diagnosis of asymptomatic AD patients. The shared developmental origin and similarities with the brain make the retina a suitable surrogate tissue to assess Aβ load in AD. Using curcumin, a FluoroProbe that binds to Aβ, we labeled and measured the retinal fluorescence in vivo and compared with the immunohistochemical measurements of the brain and retinal Aβ load in the APP/PS1 mouse model. In vivo retinal images were acquired every 2 months using custom fluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (fSLO) after tail vein injections of curcumin in individual mice followed longitudinally from ages 5 to 19 months. At the same time points, 1–2 mice from the same cohort were sacrificed and immunohistochemistry was performed on their brain and retinal tissues. Results demonstrated cortical and retinal Aβ immunoreactivity were significantly greater in Tg than WT groups. Age-related increase in retinal Aβ immunoreactivity was greater in Tg than WT groups. Retinal Aβ immunoreactivity was present in the inner retinal layers and consisted of small speck-like extracellular deposits and intracellular labeling in the cytoplasm of a subset of retinal ganglion cells. In vivo retinal fluorescence with curcumin injection was significantly greater in older mice (11–19 months) than younger mice (5–9 months) in both Tg and WT groups. In vivo retinal fluorescence with curcumin injection was significantly greater in Tg than WT in older mice (ages 11–19 months). Finally, and most importantly, the correlation between in vivo retinal fluorescence with curcumin injection and Aβ immunoreactivity in the cortex was stronger in Tg compared to WT groups. Our data reveal that retina and brain of APP/PS1 Tg mice increasingly express Aβ with age. In vivo retinal fluorescence with curcumin correlated strongly with cortical Aβ immunohistochemistry in Tg mice. These findings suggest that using in vivo fSLO imaging of AD-susceptible retina may be a useful, non-invasive method of detecting Aβ in the retina as a surrogate indicator of Aβ load in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sidiqi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Wahl
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Sieun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Da Ma
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Elliott To
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eleanor To
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mirza Faisal Beg
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Marinko Sarunic
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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de Smet MD, Julian K, Maurin J, Jolissaint LP, Mura M. Retinal relaxation following membrane peeling: Effect on vision, central macular thickness, and vector analysis of motion. J Clin Transl Res 2020; 5:236-242. [PMID: 33029566 PMCID: PMC7534668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epiretinal membranes (ERM) form as a result of an inward displacement of retinal structures. Removal of an ERM leads to the outward displacement of retinal vessels and visual improvement. PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate the direction and extent of displacement of retinal/superficial vascular structures after a membrane peeling procedure by means of image comparison and in selected cases, a vector analysis of displacement. METHODOLOGY Scanning laser ophthalmoscope images of the retina of eyes undergoing ERM peeling were compared before and 6 months after surgery. Stratification was made between prominent and limited displacement, with assessment of visual acuity (VA), and central macular thickness (CMT). In three cases, using the optic nerve as reference, 50 landmarks were chosen within the posterior pole along large and small vascular structures allowing the construction of a vector map of displacement over 1 year. RESULTS Nine eyes with prominent and six with limited displacement were assessed. Improvement in VA was similar for both groups, while CMT drop was greatest for the worst group. Vector analysis showed that most vascular movement occurs over the first 6 months, covers most of the posterior retina, is centered around distinct nodes, and may lead to several hundred micrometers of displacement. CONCLUSIONS Superficial retinal relaxation has no direct implication on visual recovery. It originates in nodes of retinal contraction. Its extent can be significant, covering most of the posterior pole. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS A better understanding of retinal relaxation following the peeling of ERM may help better understand when intervention is required and which part of the membrane is critical to surgical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D. de Smet
- 1Micro Invasive Ocular Surgery Center, Lausanne, Switzerland,
Corresponding author: Marc D. de Smet MIOS SA, Avenue du Leman 32, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland. Tel.: +41-21-566-1222 Fax: +41-21-566-1865
| | - Karina Julian
- 2Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jerick Maurin
- 1Micro Invasive Ocular Surgery Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent P. Jolissaint
- 3Department of Optical Instrumentation, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Yverdon, Switzerland
| | - Marco Mura
- 4Division of Vitreoretinal Surgery, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Nghiem AZ, Nderitu P, Lukic M, Khatun M, Largan R, Kortuem K, Balaskas K, Sim D. Comparing diabetic retinopathy lesions in scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and colour fundus photography. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e1035-e1040. [PMID: 31286663 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the detection of different lesions of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) compared to colour fundus photographs within the same retinal field. METHODS Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and colour fundus photographs of 67 eyes taken on the same day of dilated patients with different grades of diabetic retinopathy were retrospectively examined. SLO images were then cropped to match the size and position of its 45-degree colour fundus photograph equivalent. Five independent masked graders assessed the images. Features of DR including haemorrhages, microaneurysms, exudates, cotton wool spots, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, venous beading and neovascularization were analysed. Additionally, each image was classified according to Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grading and English Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (DESP) grading. RESULTS There was moderate to good agreement in ETDRS and DESP grading between SLO and colour fundus photographs within individual graders (weighted kappa range 0.45-0.65). The average number of microaneurysms for SLO and colour photographs showed a high degree of agreement (ICC: 0.92). Equally, the average number of blot haemorrhages in SLO and colour images showed strong agreement (ICC: 0.98) and the average number of cotton wool spots in SLO and colour images correlated well (ICC: 0.92). For these three lesions, the intergrader reliability was good (ICC ≥0.66) for both modalities. CONCLUSION There was good correlation in detected microaneurysms, blot haemorrhages and cotton wool spots between SLO and colour fundus photographs. However, there was intergrader variability in flame haemorrhage, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, venous beading and neovascularization grading with both modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Karsten Kortuem
- Moorfields Eye Hospital London UK
- University Eye Hospital Munich Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich Germany
| | | | - Dawn Sim
- Moorfields Eye Hospital London UK
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18
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Abstract
Retinal imaging is a fundamental tool for clinical and research efforts in the evaluation and management of diabetic retinopathy. Adaptive optics (AO) is an imaging technique that enables correction of over 90% of the optical aberrations of an individual eye induced primarily by the tear film, cornea and lens. The two major tasks of any AO system are to measure the optical imperfections of the eye and to then compensate for these aberrations to generate a corrected wavefront of reflected light from the eye. AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) provides a theoretical lateral resolution limit of 1.4 μm, allowing the study of microscopic features of the retinal vascular and neural tissue. AOSLO studies have revealed irregularities of the photoreceptor mosaic, vascular loss, and details of vascular lesions in diabetic eyes that may provide new insight into development, regression, and response to therapy of diabetic eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar AbdelAl
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mohammed Ashraf
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jennifer K Sun
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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19
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Wells-Gray EM, Choi SS, Zawadzki RJ, Finn SC, Greiner C, Werner JS, Doble N. Volumetric imaging of rod and cone photoreceptor structure with a combined adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography-scanning laser ophthalmoscope. J Biomed Opt 2018; 23:1-15. [PMID: 29508564 PMCID: PMC8357331 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.3.036003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and implemented a dual-mode adaptive optics (AO) imaging system that combines spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) for in vivo imaging of the human retina. The system simultaneously acquires SLO frames and OCT B-scans at 60 Hz with an OCT volume acquisition time of 4.2 s. Transverse eye motion measured from the SLO is used to register the OCT B-scans to generate three-dimensional (3-D) volumes. Key optical design considerations include: minimizing system aberrations through the use of off-axis relay telescopes, conjugate pupil plane requirements, and the use of dichroic beam splitters to separate and recombine the OCT and SLO beams around the nonshared horizontal scanning mirrors. To demonstrate system performance, AO-OCT-SLO images and measurements are taken from three normal human subjects ranging in retinal eccentricity from the fovea out to 15-deg temporal and 20-deg superior. Also presented are en face OCT projections generated from the registered 3-D volumes. The ability to acquire high-resolution 3-D images of the human retina in the midperiphery and beyond has clinical importance in diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa and cone-rod dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M. Wells-Gray
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Elaine M. Wells-Gray, E-mail:
| | - Stacey S. Choi
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- The Ohio State University, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Havener Eye Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Robert J. Zawadzki
- University of California Davis, Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory, UC Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Susanna C. Finn
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell Center for Space Science and Technology, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - John S. Werner
- University of California Davis, Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory, UC Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Nathan Doble
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- The Ohio State University, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Havener Eye Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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20
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Zhang B, Li N, Kang J, He Y, Chen XM. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in fundus imaging, a review and update. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1751-1758. [PMID: 29181321 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.11.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO) has been a promising technique in funds imaging with growing popularity. This review firstly gives a brief history of adaptive optics (AO) and AO-SLO. Then it compares AO-SLO with conventional imaging methods (fundus fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence, indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography) and other AO techniques (adaptive optics flood-illumination ophthalmoscopy and adaptive optics optical coherence tomography). Furthermore, an update of current research situation in AO-SLO is made based on different fundus structures as photoreceptors (cones and rods), fundus vessels, retinal pigment epithelium layer, retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer and lamina cribrosa. Finally, this review indicates possible research directions of AO-SLO in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi He
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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21
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Blair NP, Wanek J, Felder AE, Joslin CE, Kresovich JK, Lim JI, Chau FY, Leiderman Y, Shahidi M. Retinal Oximetry and Vessel Diameter Measurements With a Commercially Available Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope in Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:5556-5563. [PMID: 29079858 PMCID: PMC5656420 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To test the hypothesis that retinal vascular diameter and hemoglobin oxygen saturation alterations, according to stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), are discernible with a commercially available scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO). Methods One hundred eighty-one subjects with no diabetes (No DM), diabetes with no DR (No DR), nonproliferative DR (NPDR), or proliferative DR (PDR, all had photocoagulation) underwent imaging with an SLO with dual lasers (532 nm and 633 nm). Customized image analysis software determined the diameters of retinal arteries and veins (DA and DV) and central retinal artery and vein equivalents (CRAE and CRVE). Oxygen saturations of hemoglobin in arteries and veins (SO2A and SO2V) were estimated from optical densities of vessels on images at the two wavelengths. Statistical models were generated by adjusting for effects of sex, race, age, eye, and fundus pigmentation. Results DA, CRAE, and CRVE were reduced in PDR compared to No DM (P ≤ 0.03). DV and CRVE were similar between No DM and No DR, but they were higher in NPDR than No DR (P ≤ 0.01). Effect of stage of disease on SO2A differed by race, being increased relative to No DM in NPDR and PDR in Hispanic participants only (P ≤ 0.02). Relative to No DM, SO2V was increased in NPDR and PDR (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Alterations in retinal vascular diameters and SO2 by diabetic retinopathy stage can be detected with a widely available SLO, and covariates such as race can influence the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman P. Blair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Justin Wanek
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Anthony E. Felder
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Charlotte E. Joslin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Population Health, Behavior, and Outcomes Program, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jacob K. Kresovich
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jennifer I. Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Felix Y. Chau
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Yannek Leiderman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Mahnaz Shahidi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Morgan JIW. The fundus photo has met its match: optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy are here to stay. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 36:218-39. [PMID: 27112222 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Over the past 25 years, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and adaptive optics (AO) ophthalmoscopy have revolutionised our ability to non-invasively observe the living retina. The purpose of this review is to highlight the techniques and human clinical applications of recent advances in OCT and adaptive optics scanning laser/light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) ophthalmic imaging. RECENT FINDINGS Optical coherence tomography retinal and optic nerve head (ONH) imaging technology allows high resolution in the axial direction resulting in cross-sectional visualisation of retinal and ONH lamination. Complementary AO ophthalmoscopy gives high resolution in the transverse direction resulting in en face visualisation of retinal cell mosaics. Innovative detection schemes applied to OCT and AOSLO technologies (such as spectral domain OCT, OCT angiography, confocal and non-confocal AOSLO, fluorescence, and AO-OCT) have enabled high contrast between retinal and ONH structures in three dimensions and have allowed in vivo retinal imaging to approach that of histological quality. In addition, both OCT and AOSLO have shown the capability to detect retinal reflectance changes in response to visual stimuli, paving the way for future studies to investigate objective biomarkers of visual function at the cellular level. Increasingly, these imaging techniques are being applied to clinical studies of the normal and diseased visual system. SUMMARY Optical coherence tomography and AOSLO technologies are capable of elucidating the structure and function of the retina and ONH noninvasively with unprecedented resolution and contrast. The techniques have proven their worth in both basic science and clinical applications and each will continue to be utilised in future studies for many years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I W Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Abstract
This review starts with a brief history and description of adaptive optics (AO) technology, followed by a showcase of the latest capabilities of AO systems for imaging the human retina and an extensive review of the literature on where AO is being used clinically. The review concludes with a discussion on future directions and guidance on usage and interpretation of images from AO systems for the eye.
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Zhang P, Zam A, Jian Y, Wang X, Li Y, Lam KS, Burns ME, Sarunic MV, Pugh EN, Zawadzki RJ. In vivo wide-field multispectral scanning laser ophthalmoscopy-optical coherence tomography mouse retinal imager: longitudinal imaging of ganglion cells, microglia, and Müller glia, and mapping of the mouse retinal and choroidal vasculature. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20:126005. [PMID: 26677070 PMCID: PMC4681314 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.126005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) provide complementary views of the retina, with the former collecting fluorescence data with good lateral but relatively low-axial resolution, and the latter collecting label-free backscattering data with comparable lateral but much higher axial resolution. To take maximal advantage of the information of both modalities in mouse retinal imaging, we have constructed a compact, four-channel, wide-field (∼50 deg) system that simultaneously acquires and automatically coregisters three channels of confocal SLO and Fourier domain OCT data. The scanner control system allows “zoomed” imaging of a region of interest identified in a wide-field image, providing efficient digital sampling and localization of cellular resolution features in longitudinal imaging of individual mice. The SLO is equipped with a “flip-in” spectrometer that enables spectral “fingerprinting” of fluorochromes. Segmentation of retina layers and en face display facilitate spatial comparison of OCT data with SLO fluorescence patterns. We demonstrate that the system can be used to image an individual retinal ganglion cell over many months, to simultaneously image microglia and Müller glia expressing different fluorochromes, to characterize the distinctive spatial distributions and clearance times of circulating fluorochromes with different molecular sizes, and to produce unequivocal images of the heretofore uncharacterized mouse choroidal vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
| | - Azhar Zam
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
| | - Yifan Jian
- Simon Fraser University, School of Engineering Science, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Xinlei Wang
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
| | - Yuanpei Li
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, California 95817, Unites States
| | - Kit S. Lam
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, California 95817, Unites States
| | - Marie E. Burns
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
- University of California Davis, UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, California 95817, Unites States
| | - Marinko V. Sarunic
- Simon Fraser University, School of Engineering Science, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Edward N. Pugh
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
| | - Robert J. Zawadzki
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
- University of California Davis, UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, California 95817, Unites States
- Address all correspondence to: Robert J. Zawadzki, E-mail:
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Munguba GC, Galeb S, Liu Y, Landy DC, Lam D, Camp A, Samad S, Tapia ML, Lee RK. Nerve fiber layer thinning lags retinal ganglion cell density following crush axonopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6505-13. [PMID: 25228542 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the progressive nature of neurodegenerative structural changes following injury to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons using quantifiable and noninvasive in vivo imaging techniques. METHODS To track degenerative RGC progression in retinas following optic nerve crush (ONC) injury, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was used to quantitate the RGC nerve fiber layer (NFL) density. The RGC soma cell density (RCD) was measured by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO). The RCD counts were performed using blood vessels as landmarks to anatomically track defined progressive changes in enhanced yellow fluorescent fusion protein (EYFP)-labeled RGCs. RESULTS Following ONC injury, 68% of the observed decrease in RCD measured by CSLO and 54% of the NFL thickness obtained by SD-OCT imaging (N=4 retinas) occurred within the first week. Between days 7 and 14, an additional 22% decrease in RCD was concurrent with a 31% decrease in overall NFL thickness. Finally, between days 14 and 21, an additional 10% decrease in RCD measured in vivo by CSLO and 15% decrease in NFL thickness by SD-OCT was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that in vivo CSLO imaging of EYFP-RGC expression and SD-OCT measured NFL thickness are fast and reliable methods that longitudinally track neurodegenerative progression following ONC injury. Neurodegenerative changes in NFL thickness measured by SD-OCT imaging have the same overall trajectory as those observed by CSLO for RCD; however, changes in NFL thickness initially lag behind in vivo RGC soma counts with a slower decline in overall measurable change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C Munguba
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Sanja Galeb
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - David C Landy
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Daisy Lam
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Andrew Camp
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Sinthia Samad
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Mary L Tapia
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Richard K Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
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DiCicco RM, Bell BA, Kaul C, Hollyfield JG, Anand-Apte B, Perkins BD, Tao YK, Yuan A. Retinal regeneration following OCT-guided laser injury in zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6281-8. [PMID: 25205862 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Establish a focal injury/regeneration model in zebrafish using laser photocoagulation guided by optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Adult zebrafish were imaged by OCT and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) in room air through a contact lens. Using a beam combiner, 532-nm laser photocoagulation was applied using the OCT C-scan image for targeting. Laser spots of 42 to 47 mW were delivered to the retina. At multiple intervals post injury, fish were imaged using both OCT and cSLO to follow the progression of each lesion. Histologic sections and TUNEL staining were performed to monitor the injury response. RESULTS Round lesions (26057 ± 621 μm(2)) localized to the outer retina were successfully applied. Laser application was visualized by real-time OCT and lesions were detectable by both OCT and cSLO in vivo. Lesion size increased 1 day post lesion then decreased in size. Histologic sections showed focal areas of damage localized primarily to the outer retina. By 3 weeks, the damaged areas had regenerated and a fully laminated structure was re-established. However, subtle changes can still be detected by OCT, cSLO imaging, and histology. Infrared darkfield imaging was more sensitive than OCT at revealing subtle changes in regenerated areas. CONCLUSIONS Optical coherence tomography-guided laser photocoagulation is a useful tool for inducing localized lesions and studying retinal regeneration in zebrafish. This novel method will allow us to characterize the cellular and molecular changes that take place at the interface between normal and damaged tissue. Regeneration can be observed using high-resolution OCT and cSLO imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M DiCicco
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Brent A Bell
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Charles Kaul
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Joe G Hollyfield
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Bela Anand-Apte
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Brian D Perkins
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Yuankai K Tao
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Alex Yuan
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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27
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Reznicek L, Stumpf C, Seidensticker F, Kampik A, Neubauer AS, Kernt M. Role of wide-field autofluorescence imaging and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in differentiation of choroidal pigmented lesions. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:697-703. [PMID: 25161946 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.04.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the diagnostic properties of wide-field fundus autofluorescence (FAF) scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) imaging for differentiating choroidal pigmented lesions. METHODS A consecutive series of 139 patients were included, 101 had established choroidal melanoma with 13 untreated lesions and 98 treated with radiotherapy. Thirty-eight had choroidal nevi. All patients underwent a full ophthalmological examination, undilated wide-field imaging, FAF and standardized US examination. FAF images and imaging characteristics from SLO were correlated with the structural findings in the two patient groups. RESULTS Mean FAF intensity of melanomas was significantly lower than the FAF of choroidal nevi. Only 1 out of 38 included eyes with nevi touched the optic disc compared to 31 out of 101 eyes with melanomas. In 18 out of 101 melanomas subretinal fluid was seen at the pigmented lesion compared to none seen in eyes with confirmed choroidal nevi. In "green laser separation", a trend towards more mixed FAF appearance of melanomas compared to nevi was observed. The mean maximal and minimal transverse and longitudinal diameters of melanomas were significantly higher than those of nevi. CONCLUSION Wide-field SLO and FAF imaging may be an appropriate non-invasive diagnostic screening tool to differentiate benign from malign pigmented choroidal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Reznicek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilians University Muenchen, Mathildenstr. 8, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Carmen Stumpf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilians University Muenchen, Mathildenstr. 8, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Florian Seidensticker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilians University Muenchen, Mathildenstr. 8, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Anselm Kampik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilians University Muenchen, Mathildenstr. 8, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Aljoscha S Neubauer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilians University Muenchen, Mathildenstr. 8, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Marcus Kernt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilians University Muenchen, Mathildenstr. 8, Munich 80336, Germany
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Alt C, Runnels JM, Mortensen LJ, Zaher W, Lin CP. In vivo imaging of microglia turnover in the mouse retina after ionizing radiation and dexamethasone treatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:5314-9. [PMID: 25082884 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gamma irradiation and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) are established clinical procedures for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. The radiation targets cells in the bone marrow, but injury to other tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS), have been reported. Here, we examine if anti-inflammatory treatment can mitigate the radiation-induced turnover of retinal microglia and the replacement by bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs). METHODS Two-color chimeric mice were generated by lethal irradiation of heterozygous CX3CR1-GFP mice that express GFP in microglial cells and bone marrow transplantation from universal DsRed donor mice. Mice were treated with the corticosteroid dexamethasone; a control group received no dexamethasone treatment. The populations of resident microglia (GFP+) and BMDCs (DsRed+) were quantified by serial in vivo imaging for 10 weeks after irradiation with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope that we custom-built specifically for multicolor imaging of the murine retina. RESULTS Ionizing radiation resulted in loss of 75% of the resident retinal microglia population after 70 days. Recruitment of BMDCs was delayed with respect to the microglia loss, resulting in a transient depletion of the total immune cell number in the retina. With dexamethasone treatment, both the loss of the resident microglia and the infiltration of BMDCs were suppressed by at least 50%. CONCLUSIONS Anti-inflammatory treatment with the corticosteroidal agent dexamethasone preserves resident microglia and minimizes recruitment of BMDCs after ionizing radiation exposure and BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Alt
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Judith M Runnels
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Luke J Mortensen
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Walid Zaher
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Charles P Lin
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Masella BD, Williams DR, Fischer WS, Rossi EA, Hunter JJ. Long-term reduction in infrared autofluorescence caused by infrared light below the maximum permissible exposure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3929-38. [PMID: 24845640 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Many retinal imaging instruments use infrared wavelengths to reduce the risk of light damage. However, we have discovered that exposure to infrared illumination causes a long-lasting reduction in infrared autofluorescence (IRAF). We have characterized the dependence of this effect on radiant exposure and investigated its origin. METHODS A scanning laser ophthalmoscope was used to obtain IRAF images from two macaques before and after exposure to 790-nm light (15-450 J/cm(2)). Exposures were performed with either raster-scanning or uniform illumination. Infrared autofluorescence images also were obtained in two humans exposed to 790-nm light in a separate study. Humans were assessed with direct ophthalmoscopy, Goldmann visual fields, multifocal ERG, and photopic microperimetry to determine whether these measures revealed any effects in the exposed locations. RESULTS A significant decrease in IRAF after exposure to infrared light was seen in both monkeys and humans. In monkeys, the magnitude of this reduction increased with retinal radiant exposure. Partial recovery was seen at 1 month, with full recovery within 21 months. Consistent with a photochemical origin, IRAF decreases caused by either raster-scanning or uniform illumination were not significantly different. We were unable to detect any effect of the light exposure with any measure other than IRAF imaging. We cannot exclude the possibility that changes could be detected with more sensitive tests or longer follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This long-lasting effect of infrared illumination in both humans and monkeys occurs at exposure levels four to five times below current safety limits. The photochemical basis for this phenomenon remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Masella
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - David R Williams
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - William S Fischer
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Ethan A Rossi
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Jennifer J Hunter
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
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Zawadzki RJ, Capps AG, Kim DY, Panorgias A, Stevenson SB, Hamann B, Werner JS. Progress on Developing Adaptive Optics-Optical Coherence Tomography for In Vivo Retinal Imaging: Monitoring and Correction of Eye Motion Artifacts. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 2014; 20:7100912. [PMID: 25544826 PMCID: PMC4276343 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2013.2288302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in retinal image acquisition techniques, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), combined with improved performance of adaptive optics (AO) instrumentation, has resulted in improvement in the quality of in vivo images of cellular structures in the human retina. Here, we present a short review of progress on developing AO-OCT instruments. Despite significant progress in imaging speed and resolution, eye movements present during acquisition of a retinal image with OCT introduce motion artifacts into the image, complicating analysis and registration. This effect is especially pronounced in high-resolution datasets acquired with AO-OCT instruments. Several retinal tracking systems have been introduced to correct retinal motion during data acquisition. We present a method for correcting motion artifacts in AO-OCT volume data after acquisition using simultaneously captured adaptive optics-scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AO-SLO) images. We extract transverse eye motion data from the AO-SLO images, assign a motion adjustment vector to each AO-OCT A-scan, and re-sample from the scattered data back onto a regular grid. The corrected volume data improve the accuracy of quantitative analyses of microscopic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Zawadzki
- Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratroy (VSRI), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Arlie G. Capps
- Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory (VSRI), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, with the Institute for Data Analysis and Visualization (IDAV), Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA, and also with Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94551 USA
| | - Dae Yu Kim
- Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratroy (VSRI), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Athanasios Panorgias
- Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratroy (VSRI), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | | | - Bernd Hamann
- Institute for Data Analysis and Visualization (IDAV), Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616–8562 USA
| | - John S. Werner
- Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratroy (VSRI), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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Hoffmann EM, Miglior S, Zeyen T, Torri V, Rulli E, Aliyeva S, Floriani I, Cunha-Vaz J, Pfeiffer N. The Heidelberg retina tomograph ancillary study to the European glaucoma prevention study: study design and baseline factors. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91:e612-9. [PMID: 23710686 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the study design and baseline factors of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph ancillary study within the EGPS. Furthermore, to examine the relationship between HRT optic disc topographic measurements and baseline demographic and ocular factors. METHODS Four hundred and eighty-nine ocular hypertensive participants were included. Each participant completed HRT imaging at least annually. The associations between HRT measurements and IOP, central corneal thickness (CCT), baseline photographic estimates of vertical CDR ratio (CDR), asymmetry between the two eyes in CDR ratio and baseline visual field indices were assessed using regression analysis. RESULTS Associations between HRT measurements and vertical CDR by photographs were found for almost all stereometric optic disc parameters in both univariate and multivariate analysis. The strongest association was found between vertical CDR measurements and disc, cup and rim area; cup and rim volume, CDR area, linear CDR, mean and maximum cup depth and cup shape measure (all p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, pattern standard deviation (PSD) and HRT disc area had significant associations with several HRT optic disc measurements. Furthermore, CCT was significantly associated with reference height and the glaucoma probability score (GPS, outside normal limits). CONCLUSIONS The EGPS is the first multicentre, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial to use HRT for monitoring optic disc changes in participants with ocular hypertension. We found strong associations between stereophotographic vertical CDR estimates, HRT disc area, PSD and several HRT parameters. We found, furthermore, that the parameters reference height and GPS were significantly related to central corneal thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Hoffmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, GermanyDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Milan, Monza, ItalyLeuven University Hospitals, Leuven, BelgiumInstitute Mario Negri, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Ophthalmology, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
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Zayit-Soudry S, Duncan JL, Syed R, Menghini M, Roorda AJ. Cone structure imaged with adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in eyes with nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:7498-509. [PMID: 24135755 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate cone spacing using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) in eyes with nonneovascular AMD, and to correlate progression of AOSLO-derived cone measures with standard measures of macular structure. METHODS Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy images were obtained over 12 to 21 months from seven patients with AMD including four eyes with geographic atrophy (GA) and four eyes with drusen. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy images were overlaid with color, infrared, and autofluorescence fundus photographs and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images to allow direct correlation of cone parameters with macular structure. Cone spacing was measured for each visit in selected regions including areas over drusen (n = 29), at GA margins (n = 14), and regions without drusen or GA (n = 13) and compared with normal, age-similar values. RESULTS Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy imaging revealed continuous cone mosaics up to the GA edge and overlying drusen, although reduced cone reflectivity often resulted in hyporeflective AOSLO signals at these locations. Baseline cone spacing measures were normal in 13/13 unaffected regions, 26/28 drusen regions, and 12/14 GA margin regions. Although standard clinical measures showed progression of GA in all study eyes, cone spacing remained within normal ranges in most drusen regions and all GA margin regions. CONCLUSIONS Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy provides adequate resolution for quantitative measurement of cone spacing at the margin of GA and over drusen in eyes with AMD. Although cone spacing was often normal at baseline and remained normal over time, these regions showed focal areas of decreased cone reflectivity. These findings may provide insight into the pathophysiology of AMD progression. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00254605).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Zayit-Soudry
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Aslam SA, Davies WIL, Singh MS, Charbel Issa P, Barnard AR, Scott RAH, MacLaren RE. Cone photoreceptor neuroprotection conferred by CNTF in a novel in vivo model of battlefield retinal laser injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:5456-65. [PMID: 23744998 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a reproducible laboratory model to simulate a battlefield foveal laser injury and to test potential neuroprotective effects of a single injection treatment that might be administered in a military setting. METHODS Frequency-doubled 532-nm Nd:YAG laser was used to induce a threshold retinal injury bilaterally in transgenic reporter mice that have fluorescent cones. Intravitreal injection of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was then administered to the lasered eye and compared with a contralateral sham injection of saline. The effect on fluorescent cone cell survival was quantified using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO), TUNEL assays, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS At 3 weeks post-laser, cSLO imaging showed that the proportion of surviving cones expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was greater in CNTF-treated (54.1 ± 5.15% of baseline count) than in sham-injected eyes (28.7 ± 4.4%), which was accompanied by a reduction in TUNEL-positive cells. This difference in cone survival persisted at the 6-week point (treated, 39.6 ± 3.2% versus sham, 18.0 ± 3.8%). These changes were accompanied by a reduction in TUNEL-positive cells. The Bcl-2/Bax ratio was increased in CNTF-treated eyes at 1 week postlaser exposure relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS A single intravitreal injection of CNTF protein was shown to improve cone survival when administered immediately after laser exposure. Similar treatments with CNTF might also have a role in attenuating retinal laser damage sustained by combat personnel in the military setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher A Aslam
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Levels 5-6 West Wing, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, United Kingdom
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LaRocca F, Dhalla AH, Kelly MP, Farsiu S, Izatt JA. Optimization of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope design. J Biomed Opt 2013; 18:076015. [PMID: 23864013 PMCID: PMC3713285 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.7.076015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) enables high-resolution and high-contrast imaging of the retina by employing spatial filtering for scattered light rejection. However, to obtain optimized image quality, one must design the cSLO around scanner technology limitations and minimize the effects of ocular aberrations and imaging artifacts. We describe a cSLO design methodology resulting in a simple, relatively inexpensive, and compact lens-based cSLO design optimized to balance resolution and throughput for a 20-deg field of view (FOV) with minimal imaging artifacts. We tested the imaging capabilities of our cSLO design with an experimental setup from which we obtained fast and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) retinal images. At lower FOVs, we were able to visualize parafoveal cone photoreceptors and nerve fiber bundles even without the use of adaptive optics. Through an experiment comparing our optimized cSLO design to a commercial cSLO system, we show that our design demonstrates a significant improvement in both image quality and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco LaRocca
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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Steinberg JS, Auge J, Jaffe GJ, Fleckenstein M, Holz FG, Schmitz-Valckenberg S. Longitudinal analysis of reticular drusen associated with geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:4054-60. [PMID: 23633663 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize longitudinal changes of reticular drusen (RDR) in subjects with geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration in the multicenter, prospective natural history Geographic Atrophy Progression Study. METHODS Three-field confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy fundus autofluorescence (cSLO FAF, excitation [exc.] = 488 nm; emission [em.] 500-800 nm, Heidelberg Retina Angiograph/Spectralis) of 44 eyes of 22 patients with RDR (median age 77.6 years; range, 61-90 years) at baseline were identified in the study population and included for further analysis. Two independent readers determined the presence, topographic distribution, and pattern of RDR at baseline and at 18 months. Furthermore, the convex hull of the extent of RDR as the minimum polygon encompassing the entire area of RDR involvement was quantified. RESULTS RDR lesion boundaries were clearly detectable in all directions within three-field FAF composite images in 16 eyes of 10 patients at both baseline and final visits. Over time, RDR-affected retinal area and RDR density increased. Quantitative analysis showed a mean average RDR extent of 53.7 mm(2) (95% confidence interval [95% CI]; 40.7; 66.8) at baseline. The mean differences for intraobserver agreements were 2.4 mm(2) (95% CI; -0.1; 4.9) for reader 1 and -0.6 mm(2) (95% CI; -2.3; 1.1) for reader 2. The mean difference of interobserver agreement was 0.9 mm(2) (95% CI; -0.8; 2.7). A mean growth rate of the RDR extent within the three-field FAF composite image of 4.4 mm(2)/y (95% CI; 1.9; 6.9) was measured. CONCLUSIONS In vivo cSLO FAF imaging allows for both qualitative and quantitative mapping of longitudinal changes of RDR areas within a relatively short time period. Continuous enlargement of the affected retinal area indicates disease progression with regard to this phenotypic characteristic associated with GA in AMD. Systematic recordings of RDR progression appears warranted in future natural history and interventional studies in dry AMD. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00599846.).
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Song W, Wei Q, Feng L, Sarthy V, Jiao S, Liu X, Zhang HF. Multimodal photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy in mouse. J Biophotonics 2013; 6:505-512. [PMID: 22649053 PMCID: PMC3986594 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) is a novel imaging technology that measures optical absorption in the retina. The capability of PAOM can be further enhanced if it could image mouse eyes, because mouse models are widely used for various retinal diseases. The challenges in achieving high-quality imaging of mouse retina, however, come from the much smaller eyeball size. Here, we report an optimized imaging system, which integrates PAOM, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and autofluorescence-scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AF-SLO), for mouse eyes. Its multimodal capability was demonstrated by imaging transgenic Nrl-GFP mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in photoreceptors. SD-OCT provided guidance of optical alignment for PAOM and AF-SLO, and complementary contrast with high depth-resolution retinal cross sections. PAOM visualized the retinal vasculature and retinal pigment epithelium melanin, and AF-SLO measured GFP-expressing in retinal photoreceptors. The in vivo imaging results were verified by histology and confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston IL 60208, USA
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China 150080
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston IL 60208, USA
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, 645 North Michigan Ave., Chicago IL 60611, USA
| | - Vijay Sarthy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, 645 North Michigan Ave., Chicago IL 60611, USA
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles CA 90033, USA
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, 645 North Michigan Ave., Chicago IL 60611, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston IL 60208, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, 645 North Michigan Ave., Chicago IL 60611, USA
- Corresponding author: H.F. Zhang:
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