Advances of Electroactive Metal-Organic Frameworks

The preparation of electroactive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for applications of supercapacitors and batteries has received much attention and remarkable progress during the past few years. MOF-based materials including pristine MOFs, hybrid MOFs or MOF composites, and MOF derivatives are well designed by a combination of organic linkers (e.g., carboxylic acids, conjugated aromatic phenols/thiols, conjugated aromatic amines, and N-heterocyclic donors) and metal salts to construct predictable structures with appropriate properties. This review will focus on construction strategies of pristine MOFs and hybrid MOFs as anodes, cathodes, separators, and electrolytes in supercapacitors and batteries. Descriptions and discussions follow categories of electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors (PSCs), and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) for supercapacitors. In contrast, Li-ion batteries (LIBs), Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), Lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs), Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), Sodium-sulfur batteries (SSBs), Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), Zinc-air batteries (ZABs), Aluminum-sulfur batteries (ASBs), and others (e.g., LiSe, NiZn, H⁺ , alkaline, organic, and redox flow batteries) are categorized for batteries.

A Review on Architecting Rationally Designed Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Next-Generation Li-S Batteries

The modern era demands the development of energy storage devices with high energy density and power density. There is no doubt that lithium‒sulfur batteries (Li‒S) claim high theoretical energy density and have attracted great attention from researchers, but fundamental exploration and practical applications cannot converge to utilize their maximum potential. The design parameters of Li-S batteries involve various complex mechanisms, and their obliviousness has resulted in failure at the commercial level. This article presents a review on rationally designed metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for improving next-generation Li-S batteries. The use of MOFs in Li-S batteries is of great interest because of their large surface area, porous structure, and selective permeability for ions. The working principles of Li-S batteries, the commercialization of Li-S batteries, and the use of MOFs as electrodes, electrolytes, and separators are critically examined. Finally, designed strategies (host structure, binder improvement, separator modification, lithium metal protection, and electrolyte optimization) are developed to increase the performance of Li-S batteries.