Neonatal Early Onset Sepsis: Impact of Kaiser Calculator in an Italian Tertiary Perinatal Center

BACKGROUND

Suspected early-onset sepsis (EOS) results in antibiotic treatment and blood withdraw of a substantial number of neonates who are uninfected. We evaluated if the EOS calculator can reduce antibiotic exposure and invasive procedures for suspected EOS in term and late preterm neonates, without any significant increase in adverse outcomes.

METHODS

The proportion of EOS risk in neonates ≥35 weeks gestation exposed to antibiotics, intensive monitoring and blood withdrawal was compared between a baseline period (January 2018-May 2018), when Centers for Disease Control guidelines approach was used, and a post-EOS calculator-implementation period (June 2018-December 2019).

RESULTS

We included 4363 newborn infants with gestational age ≥35 weeks, respectively 824 in baseline period and 3539 in the EOS calculator period. Among them, 1021 (23.4%) infants presented risk factors for neonatal sepsis. There was a halving in empirical antibiotics exposure: 3% in the baseline and 1.4% in the post-EOS-implementation period, P < 0.05. Blood culture and laboratory evaluations had fallen from 30.6% to 15.4% (P < 0.05). Close monitoring of vital parameters decreased from 25.4% to 4.8% (P < 0.05). The number of antibiotic days per 100 live births decreased from 15.05 to 6.36 days (P <0.05). The incidence of culture-confirmed sepsis and clinical sepsis was very low in 2 periods. Only one infant identified at low-risk by Kaiser calculator at birth developed symptoms after 12 h from birth. We had no readmissions for EOS.

CONCLUSIONS

Application of the EOS calculator more than halved the burden of intensive monitoring and antibiotic exposure, without compromising safety in a population with a relatively low incidence of culture-proven EOS and good access to follow-up care.

Neonatal early-onset infections: Comparing the sensitivity of the neonatal early-onset sepsis calculator to the Dutch and the updated NICE guidelines in an observational cohort of culture-positive cases

BACKGROUND

The early-onset sepsis calculator (EOSC) reduces unnecessary antibiotic treatment in newborns. However, its performance in identifying cases with early-onset disease (EOD) is unclear. We compared the sensitivity of the EOSC to the current Dutch and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines when applied to a cohort of newborns with culture-positive early-onset sepsis and meningitis.

METHODS

Culture-positive Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) sepsis and meningitis patients ≤3 days old with a gestational age ≥34 weeks, identified between 1/1/2018 and 31/1/2021 in a Dutch prospective nationwide cohort study were included. Cases were identified by treating physicians and microbiological surveillance. Primary outcome was the proportion of patients that would have been treated according to the EOSC, the Dutch, and the NICE EOD prevention guidelines. Differences between proportions were analysed using McNemar's test.

FINDINGS

We included 81 GBS and 7 E. coli EOD cases. At 4 h after birth, the EOSC would have recommended antibiotic treatment in 32 (36%) patients, compared to 44 (50%) by the Dutch (p<0·01) and 48 (55%) by the NICE guideline (p<0·01). The EOSC would have initially recommended routine care for 52% of patients compared to 31% and 30% for the Dutch and NICE guidelines (p<0·01). At 24 h after birth, the EOSC would have recommended antibiotic treatment in 54 (61%) infants compared to 64 (73%) by the Dutch (p = 0·02) and 63 (72%) by the NICE guidelines (p = 0·06).

INTERPRETATION

The sensitivity of the EOSC in identifying cases of EOD is lower compared to both Dutch and NICE guidelines, especially directly after birth. The EOSC relies more on clinical symptoms and results in less overtreatment of healthy newborns at the cost of later antibiotic treatment in initially well-appearing EOD patients.

FUNDING

This work was supported by grants received from Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw; NWO-Vidi-Grant (grant number 917·17·308); NWO-Vici-Grant (grant number 918·19·627)), the Academic Medical Centre (AMC Innovative Impulse Grant) and Steun Emma Foundation Grant.

Management of well appearing infants born to afebrile mothers with inadequate GBS prophylaxis: A retrospective comparison of the three approaches recommended by the COFN

BACKGROUND

There are three different approaches set forth by the Committee on the Fetus and Newborn (COFN) for managing asymptomatic neonates born to mothers with inadequate intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) for early-onset Group B Strep (GBS) infection. The first approach is that of categorical risk factor assessments, and recommends that asymptomatic infants born to afebrile mothers with inadequate IAP for GBS be monitored with clinical observation for 36-48 hours. The second approach recommends serial physical examinations and vital signs for 36-48 hours to closely monitor changes in clinical condition for all patients. The Kaiser Permanente EOS risk calculator (SRC) is an example of the third approach, a multivariate risk assessment, and it takes into consideration several perinatal risk factors. This multivariate risk assessment then provides recommendations for reassessment and management based on presume risk of the infant developing or having Early Onset Sepsis (EOS). The aim of our study was to compare these three recently published recommendations from the COFN for the management of asymptomatic neonates born to afebrile mothers with inadequate IAP for GBS.

STUDY DESIGN

This is a retrospective study of asymptomatic neonates with gestational age ≥35 weeks born to afebrile mothers with indicated inadequate IAP for GBS between April 2017 and July 2020. Management recommendations of the SRC were compared to the recommendations of categorical risk assessment and risk assessment based on clinical condition.

RESULTS

A total of 7,396 infants were born during the study period, 394 (5.3%. to mothers with inadequate IAP. Recommendations for these infants according to both the categorical risk factor guideline and the clinical condition guideline include extended, close observation. However, the SRC recommended routine newborn care for 99.7%.f these infants. None of the infants developed EOS.

CONCLUSION

The SRC recommend routine neonatal care without enhanced and prolonged observation for nearly all asymptomatic infants born to afebrile mothers with inadequate IAP. As none of the infants in this cohort had EOS, further studies in a larger cohort are needed to establish the safety of SRC in neonates born to mothers with inadequate IAP.

Stratification of Culture-Proven Early-Onset Sepsis Cases by the Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Calculator: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES

To provide a comprehensive assessment of case stratification by the Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis (EOS) Calculator, a novel tool for reducing unnecessary antibiotic treatment.

STUDY DESIGN

A systematic review with individual patient data meta-analysis was conducted, extending PROSPERO record CRD42018116188. Cochrane, PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and major conference proceedings were searched from 2011 through May 1, 2020. Original data studies including culture-proven EOS case(s) with EOS Calculator application, independent from EOS Calculator development, and including representative birth cohorts were included. Relevant (individual patient) data were extracted from full-text and data queries. The main outcomes were the proportions of EOS cases assigned to risk categories by the EOS Calculator at initial assessment and within 12 hours. Evidence quality was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa scale, Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies, and GRADE tools.

RESULTS

Among 543 unique search results, 18 were included, totaling more than 459 000 newborns. Among 234 EOS cases, EOS Calculator application resulted in initial assignments to (strong consideration of) empiric antibiotic administration for 95 (40.6%; 95% CI, 34.2%-47.2%), more frequent vital signs for 36 (15.4%; 95% CI, 11.0%-20.7%), and routine care for 103 (44.0%; 95% CI, 37.6%-50.6%). By 12 hours of age, these proportions changed to 143 (61.1%; 95% CI, 54.5%-67.4%), 26 (11.1%; 95% CI, 7.4%-15.9%), and 65 (27.8%; 95% CI, 22.1%-34.0%) of 234 EOS cases, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

EOS Calculator application assigns frequent vital signs or routine care to a substantial proportion of EOS cases. Clinical vigilance remains essential for all newborns.

Early-onset sepsis: can we screen fewer babies safely?

BACKGROUND

Over the past 2-3 years at the Southwest Peninsula tertiary neonatal unit in Plymouth, the authors have observed an increase in the number of clinically well term infants being screened and treated with antibiotics for infection in accordance with NICE guidance. The aim of our study was to assess the safety of implementing the Kaiser Permanente Early Onset Sepsis (KPEOS) calculator to minimise antibiotic usage in term infants in line with antimicrobial stewardship, reducing separation from mother at birth and facilitating earlier discharge.

METHODS

A 2-year retrospective review of medical records from 2014 to 2015 inclusive revealed 9217 deliveries, with 1550 infants (16.8%) having risk factors, 945 (10.2%) being term infants. Of those, 507 (53.6%) had a clinical reason to screen and 438 (46.4%) had risk factors alone treated with antibiotics for variable periods of time. This enabled us to review our usual practice and compare it with our KPEOS implementation.

INTERVENTION

National Health Service England permission was obtained to implement the KPEOS for a 6-month period. We collected data on all 175 term infants with risk factors to compare with our previous practice when The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology maternal guidance was being followed.

RESULTS

The percentage of infants screened with a suspected infection previously receiving 5 days of antibiotics reduced from 31% (136/438) to 5% (9/157, p<0.0001) using the KPEOS calculator. Clinically well infants with risk factors alone previously receiving 36 hours of antibiotics, reduced from 63% (275/438) to 3% (5/157, p<0.0001) of infants treated. There was no late-onset sepsis in this study cohort or any observed adverse outcomes.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrated a potentially safe and effective quality improvement (QI) in our hospital with fewer babies treated and a reduced length of stay for this cohort. Considering individual hospitals rates for term Group B Streptococcal sepsis, this QI may be a safe and economical alternative to current practices for screening well term infants.

Management of infants born to mothers with chorioamnionitis: A retrospective comparison of the three approaches recommended by the committee on fetus and newborn

BACKGROUND

Based on the most recently published recommendations from the Committee on the Fetus and Newborn (COFN), three approaches currently exist for the use of risk factors to identify infants who are at increased risk of early-onset sepsis (EOS). Categorical risk factor assessments recommend laboratory testing and empiric antibiotic therapy for all infants born to mothers with a clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. Risk assessments based on clinical condition recommend frequent examinations and close vital sign monitoring for infants born to mothers with chorioamnionitis. The Kaiser Permanente EOS risk calculator (SRC) is an example of the third approach, multivariate risk assessments. The aim of our study was to compare the three risk stratification approaches recommended by the COFN for management of chorioamnionitis-exposed infants.

METHODS

Retrospective study of 1,521 infants born ≥35 weeks to mothers with chorioamnionitis. Management recommendations of the SRC were compared to the recommendations of categorical risk assessment and risk assessment based on clinical condition (CCA).

RESULTS

Hypothetical application of SRC and CCA resulted in 79.6% and 76.8-85.1% respectively fewer infants allocated empiric antibiotic therapy. While CCA recommended enhanced observation for all chorioamnionitis-exposed infants, SRC recommended routine care without enhanced observation in 44.3% infants. For the six infants (0.39%) with EOS, SRC and CCA recommended empiric antibiotics only for three symptomatic infants.

CONCLUSION

The SRC and CCA can reduce antibiotic use but potentially delay antibiotic treatment. The SRC does not recommend enhanced observation with frequent and prolonged vital signs for >44% of chorioamnionitis-exposed infants.

Acute Funisitis Correlates With the Risk of Early-Onset Sepsis in Term Newborns Assessed Using the Kaiser Sepsis Calculator

BACKGROUND

The risk of neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS) is traditionally assessed on maternal signs of clinical chorioamnionitis. Recently, an online EOS risk calculator was developed by Kaiser Permanente using maternal and neonatal clinical parameters. We were interested in whether an increased Kaiser sepsis risk score correlates with histologic acute chorioamnionitis or acute funisitis.

DESIGN

Included in this retrospective review are 119 chorioamnionitis-exposed term neonates from January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2016. Clinical charts from mother-baby pairs were reviewed. An EOS risk score was obtained using the online Kaiser Sepsis Calculator. The presence and severity of acute chorioamnionitis and acute funisitis were recorded. A SPSS software was used for statistical analysis (IBM, New Jersey, USA).

RESULTS

The Kaiser Sepsis Calculator could identify 97 of 119 (81.5%) neonates without increased risk for sepsis. Histologic acute chorioamnionitis was present in 100 of 119 cases (84%), in which 44 cases (44%) show severe acute chorioamnionitis. Acute funisitis was recognized in 87 of 119 (73.1%) cases, all of which had concurrent acute chorioamnionitis. Severe funisitis was seen in 38 of the 87 cases (43.7%). The Kaiser Sepsis risk score correlates with the presence and severity of acute funisitis (P = .037 and P = .044, respectively) but not with the presence or the severity of acute chorioamnionitis (P = .105 and P = .672, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Our study provides histological evidence to support that the Kaiser Sepsis Calculator may help to effectively reduce unwarranted blood culture, antibiotics exposure, and neonatal intensive care unit admission in term neonates.

Sepsis calculator for neonatal early onset sepsis - a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Over investigation and overuse of empirical antibiotics is a concern in management of neonatal early onset sepsis (EOS) using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. "Sepsis calculator" is a risk-based prediction model for managing neonates at risk of EOS.

OBJECTIVE

To compare outcomes of neonatal EOS using of sepsis calculator versus conventional approach.

METHODS

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCT) and non-RCTs reporting on outcomes after implementation of sepsis calculator for EOS for neonates >34-week gestation was conducted using the Cochrane methodology. Databases PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane Central library and Google Scholar were searched in May 2019. Primary outcomes were antibiotics usage and laboratory tests for managing EOS. Secondary outcomes included hospital admissions and readmissions, blood culture positive EOS and mortality. The level of evidence (LOE) was summarized using the GRADE guidelines.

RESULTS

A total of 387 articles were retrieved after initial search. Six high quality non-RCTs fulfilled inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis (random effects model) showed that implementation of sepsis calculator was associated with reduced antibiotic usage [N = 172,385; OR = 0.22 (0.14-0.36); p < .00001; heterogeneity (I²) = 97%, Number needed to treat (NNT): 22], laboratory tests [N = 168,432; OR = 0.14 (0.08-0.27); p < .00001; I² = 99%, NNT = 8], and admissions to neonatal unit [N = 16,628; OR = 0.24 (0.11-0.51); p = .0002; I² = 98%, NNT = 7]; LOE: moderate. There was no difference in mortality, culture positive EOS, and readmissions.

CONCLUSION

Moderate quality evidence indicates that the implementation of a sepsis calculator was associated with reduced usage of antibiotics, laboratory tests and admission to neonatal unit with no increase in mortality and readmissions.

Application of sepsis calculator in newborns with suspected infection

OBJECTIVE

To compare actual antibiotic use to the stratification based on the sepsis calculator in newborns with suspected early onset sepsis (EOS). To investigate differences in EOS risk and vital signs between newborns that received early (<12 h) versus late antibiotics (≥12 h of life).

METHODS

Newborns born ≥34 weeks gestation in 2014 treated with antibiotics started within 72 h after birth were included. We calculated the risk per 1000 live births and retrospectively assigned each newborn to one of four recommended categories using the sepsis calculator.

RESULTS

There were 2094 newborns, 111 (5.3%) received antibiotics and 108 newborns were included. The incidence of culture-proven EOS was 0.096%. In 57 newborns, the advice of the sepsis calculator was not to start antibiotic therapy. Antibiotic treatment was started early in 66 (61%) and late in 42 (39%) newborns. In the "late treatment" group, clinical condition deteriorated, including two newborns with culture-proven EOS. Tachypnea and respiratory distress were significantly more present.

CONCLUSION

Antibiotic use could be reduced by more than 50%. Newborns with initial low sepsis risk score clinically deteriorated beyond 12 h of life. Continuous good clinical observation remains very important. Prospective validation is necessary to evaluate the safety of this approach.