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Ying HF, Bao YY, Zhou SH, Chai L, Zhao K, Wu TT. Submucosal small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx detected using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1065-1069. [PMID: 25120658 PMCID: PMC4114640 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A 67-year-old male presented with a metastatic carcinoma in the right side of the neck from an unknown primary site. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography showed increased 18F-FDG uptake in the right larynx and right neck lymph nodes. A smooth lesion was identified in the submucosa of the right supraglottic region via a suspension laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia. A biopsy was performed and a frozen section revealed a small-cell (SC) carcinoma. A total laryngectomy and bilateral neck dissection were performed simultaneously, and the pathological results demonstrated a SC neuroendocrine carcinoma. The patient received chemo-radiotherapy postoperatively, however, succumbed due to distant metastasis one year following surgery.
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Ebisu Y, Ishida M, Mizokami T, Kita M, Okada H, Tsuta K. Immunohistochemical analysis of SOX2 expression in small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 13:115-118. [PMID: 32714533 PMCID: PMC7366239 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the endometrium is an extremely rare and highly aggressive carcinoma. Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is a master transcription factor regulating the self-renewal, maintenance of stem cell properties and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, and recent studies revealed that SOX2 plays important roles in cancer growth and progression in several types of carcinomas, including small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the lung and oesophagus. Few studies to date have analysed the association between SOX2 and endometrioid carcinoma, whereas the expression of SOX2 in small-cell NEC of the endometrium has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to analyse the expression status of SOX2, p16 and paired-box gene (PAX) 8, a useful Müllerian marker, in endometrial small-cell NEC. A total of 4 patients with small-cell NEC of the endometrium were enrolled (median age, 70 years). Immunohistochemical studies revealed SOX2 expression in 3 patients and p16 expression in all patients. No patients exhibited positive immunoreactivity for PAX8. SOX2 expression has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of small-cell NEC of the oesophagus. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that SOX2 expression plays an important role in the development of small-cell NEC of the endometrium and the oesophagus. Moreover, expression of p16 and loss of PAX8 do not indicate the origin of small-cell NEC of the endometrium.
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Ullah A, Yasinzai AQK, Lee KT, Chaudhury T, Chaudhury H, Chandasir A, Wali A, Waheed A, Tareen B, Khan M, Goyal A, Iqbal A, Sohail AH, Maan S, Sheikh AB, Ghafouri SAR, Khan I, Del Rivero J, Karki NR. Prognostic Nomogram Predicting Survival and Propensity Score Matching with Demographics and Comparative Analysis of Prostate Small Cell and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4874. [PMID: 39201018 PMCID: PMC11355222 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This retrospective study aims to examine the patient demographics, survival rates, and treatment methods for small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of prostate origin while also identifying the main differences between common types of prostate cancer with comparative analysis for survival. Methods: Our analysis utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (SEER), and data was collected from 2000-2020. Cox proportional hazards and chi-squared analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 718 cases of prostate small and large neuroendocrine carcinoma were identified. The median age was 71.5 years, and the median follow-up was 11.0 years (95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 9.2-12.8). Most patients were over the age of 80 years (33.8%) and Caucasian (74.4%). The overall 5-year survival was 8.0% (95% CI = 6.8-9.2). The 5-year OS for Caucasians was 7.3% (95% C.I. 6.0-8.3). For Black Americans, the 5-year OS was 11.9% (95% C.I. 7.3-16.5). For Hispanics, the 5-year OS was 12.2% (95% C.I. 7.7-16.7). The 5-year cause-specific survival (CSS) was 16.2% (95% CI = 14.3-18.1). For treatment modality, the five-year survival for each were as follows: chemotherapy, 3.5% (95% CI = 2.1-4.9); surgery, 18.2% (95% CI = 13.6-22.8); multimodality therapy (surgery and chemotherapy), 4.8% (95% CI = 1.7-7.9); and combination (chemoradiation with surgery), 5.0% (95% CI = 1.0-9.0). The prognostic nomogram created to predict patient survivability matched the findings from the statistical analysis with a statistical difference found in race, income, housing, stage, and nodal status. The nomogram also indicated a slight increase in mortality with tumors of greater size. This analysis showed a slight increase in mortality for patients of Asian race. In addition, there was a significant increase in death for patients with stage 3 tumors, as well as patients who underwent surgery and radiation. Furthermore, we performed propensity score matching for survival differences, and no survival difference was found between SCNEC and LCNEC. Conclusions: Asian patients, larger tumor size, and distant disease were associated with worse long-term clinical outcomes. By leveraging insights from registry-based studies, clinicians can better strategize treatment options, improving patient outcomes in this challenging oncology arena.
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Intramedullary Spinal Cord Metastasis Mimicking Astrocytoma: A Rare Case Report. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091124. [PMID: 34573146 PMCID: PMC8464877 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramedullary spinal cord metastases (ISCMs) are infrequent lesions. Their incidence is estimated to range from 0.9 to 2.1%, found in autopsies of cancer patients. However, as the life expectancy of malignant tumour patients constantly increases, the reported incidences of ISCMs are consequently rising. This report presents a case of the misdiagnosis of an anaplastic astrocytoma type of tumour due to its similarities to small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Therefore, we would like to underline the importance of further investigation that could assist and support the surgeon in the making of the differential diagnosis. We present the clinical case of a 73-year-old woman with a solitary intramedullary spinal cord metastasis as the initial manifestation of a carcinoid type of tumour. The patient was admitted to our department while presenting a rapid onset of paraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed, which showed an intramedullary mass at the C2–C6 vertebral level with a heterogeneous contrast enhancement. In light of these findings, the patient underwent surgery for a partial tumour resection. The lesion resulted in being a small-cell neuroendocrine type of carcinoma. This peculiar type of tumour presents similar radiological characteristics to the anaplastic astrocytoma type, which is why our diagnostical mismatch occurred. This is the report of a rare case of solitary intramedullary spinal cord metastasis, which is the result of an initial presentation of a lung small-cell neuroendocrine type of carcinoma. We conclude that ISCMs should be regularly considered as a part of the differential diagnosis of intramedullary lesions, especially in the case of a rapid onset and deterioration of neurological symptoms.
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Li Z, Lin C, Wang D, Xie J, Zhou C, Chen P, Yang Y, Sun S, Peng J, Yang S, Lai Y. Primary small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder: A rare case and a review of the literature. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 9:335-338. [PMID: 30155256 PMCID: PMC6109670 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) of the urinary bladder is a rare tumor characterized by poor differentiation and high aggressiveness. Only ~150 cases have been reported in the literature to date. We herein present a case of an 87-year-old man who presented with hematuria and was found to have an ill-defined mass in the urinary bladder on computed tomography and cystoscopic examination. On pathological examination following tumor biopsy, the mucosa of the bladder wall was found to be extensively infiltrated by neuroendocrine carcinoma, positive for CD56 and synaptophysin and negative for epithelial membrane antigen, consistent with SCNEC of the urinary bladder. The patient refused further surgical treatment and succumbed to the disease 2 months after the diagnosis. In the present study, this rare case of primary SCNEC of the urinary bladder is presented, along with a discussion on the clinical presentation, immunohistochemical and cytomorphological characteristics, management, biological behavior and prognosis of this disease.
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Mapuranga H, Silolo S, van Wyk AC, Vlok SS. A rare case of small-cell neuroendocrine tumour of the lung metastasising to the urinary bladder. SA J Radiol 2023; 27:2556. [PMID: 37151959 PMCID: PMC10157448 DOI: 10.4102/sajr.v27i1.2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A 77-year-old woman with suspected lung carcinoma had multiple bladder masses and lymphadenopathy outside the normal urinary bladder drainage area. Fine needle aspiration and immunocytochemistry of the cervical lymph node complex and transurethral biopsy of the bladder masses confirmed metastatic small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Contribution Clinical correlation, imaging findings, tumour markers and immunohistochemistry are necessary for metastatic bladder tumour work-up.
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Case Reports |
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Wang H, Li Q, Han S, Tian H. Rare case report: primary small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder. Front Oncol 2025; 15:1524974. [PMID: 40248205 PMCID: PMC12003105 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1524974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 04/19/2025] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) accounts for 1.7% of all cancer-related deaths. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder (GB-NEC) is a rare subtype of GBC that is more malignant than GBC. Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder (GB-SCNEC) is a rare malignant tumor with a low incidence. To date, no universally accepted or satisfactory treatment exists. This case report details the clinical presentation, diagnostic process, and treatment strategy of a patient with GB-SCNEC. The analysis of this rare case is intended to provide clinicians with diagnostic and therapeutic insights for future research.
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Okabe A, Ishida M, Noda Y, Okano K, Sandoh K, Fukuda H, Kita M, Okada H, Tsuta K. Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix accompanied by adenocarcinoma and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Diagn Cytopathol 2022; 50:E285-E288. [PMID: 35652304 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Few cytological reports have described small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) in the female genital tract. In the present study, we describe a cytological case of SCNEC accompanied by adenocarcinoma, as well as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). A Japanese woman (42 years old) presented with abnormal genital bleeding. A conventional Papanicolaou smear revealed an inflammatory condition with three neoplastic components: SCNEC as irregular aggregates of neoplastic small round cells with nuclear molding and granular chromatin; adenocarcinoma as columnar cell clusters with peripherally located large nuclei, and HSIL as sheets or clusters of dysplastic basal-type squamous cells with irregular hyperchromatic nuclei. Accordingly, a cytodiagnosis of SCNEC with adenocarcinoma and HSIL was made. Owing to the rarity of cervical SCNEC, cytological diagnosis may be difficult. Due to its aggressive clinical behavior, the presence of an SCNEC component should be verified in any cytodiagnosis of adenocarcinoma or HSIL.
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Wang Y, Qiu H, Lin R, Hong W, Lu J, Ling H, Sun X, Yang C. Advancements in the Understanding of Small-Cell Neuroendocrine Cervical Cancer: Where We Stand and What Lies Ahead. J Pers Med 2024; 14:462. [PMID: 38793044 PMCID: PMC11122604 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Small-cell neuroendocrine cervical carcinoma (SCNCC) is a rare yet aggressive gynecological malignancy associated with dismal clinical outcomes. Its rarity has led to a limited number of retrospective studies and an absence of prospective research, posing significant challenges for evidence-based treatment approaches. As a result, most gynecologic oncology centers have limited experience with this tumor, emphasizing the urgent need for a comprehensive review and summary. This article systematically reviews the pathogenesis, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics, prognostic factors, and clinical management of gynecologic SCNCC. We specifically focused on reviewing the distinct genomic characteristics of SCNCC identified via next-generation sequencing technologies, including loss of heterozygosity (LOH), somatic mutations, structural variations (SVs), and microRNA alterations. The identification of these actionable genomic events offers promise for discovering new molecular targets for drug development and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, we delve deeper into key clinical challenges, such as determining the optimal treatment modality between chemoradiation and surgery for International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I phase patients within a precision stratification framework, as well as the role of targeted therapy within the homologous recombination (HR) pathway, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in the management of SCNCC. Finally, we anticipate the utilization of multiple SCNCC models, including cancer tissue-originated spheroid (CTOS) lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), to decipher driver events and develop individualized therapeutic strategies for clinical application.
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Kubiszewski K, Hunsaker P, Piazza Y, Patel D, Neychev V. An Unusual Presentation of Occult Small-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma as Acalculous Cholecystitis With Widespread Liver Metastasis. Cureus 2023; 15:e45706. [PMID: 37868470 PMCID: PMC10590165 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, often classified as small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) type, is an aggressive neuroendocrine tumor with early metastatic potential that can lead to unexpected patient presentations. We report the case of a 69-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with worsening right upper abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting for the past several days. The clinical picture and the workup, including the complete metabolic panel and complete blood count, were highly suggestive of acute cholecystitis with transaminitis and direct hyperbilirubinemia. The ultrasound and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography of the abdomen revealed a diffusely hyperdense and hypertrophic liver without evidence of choledocholithiasis. After initial resuscitation, the patient underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraoperative findings were consistent with diffuse miliary liver metastatic disease of unknown etiology, rigid liver parenchyma, an extremely frail gallbladder wall, and mild ascites. A biopsy of the liver and cholecystectomy were performed. The final pathology revealed metastatic SCLC to the liver and widespread intravascular tumor emboli, causing diffuse ischemia of the entire gallbladder wall. The patient's postoperative course was marked by the development of foudroyant liver insufficiency and worsening severe type B lactic acidosis.
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Case Reports |
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Sogano J, Takahashi S, Tanaka N, Kubo H, Okita H, Oya M, Toda M. Surgical Treatment for Metastatic Brain Tumor in the Cerebellar Hemisphere from Small-cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. NMC Case Rep J 2023; 10:235-239. [PMID: 37869379 PMCID: PMC10584780 DOI: 10.2176/jns-nmc.2023-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed surgical treatment for cerebellar metastasis of relatively rare small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) of the urinary bladder. On preoperative imaging, the lesion was solitary, and the edema around the tumor was unremarkable; thus, other differential diagnoses besides a metastatic brain tumor were also considered preoperatively. Intraoperatively, the tumor was soft, and the circumference brain and boundary were indistinct and easily hemorrhagic. The tumor was grossly totally removed, and postoperative radiotherapy was added. The clinical symptoms of the patient were relieved, and he was discharged on foot. Thus far, relatively few reports have described surgical treatment of brain metastases of SCNC of the urinary bladder. We herein report a case of metastatic brain tumor due to SCNC of the urinary bladder that required surgical treatment, along with a review of the previous literature regarding its clinical features and the characteristics of intracranial lesions related to surgery, such as imaging and intraoperative findings.
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Case Reports |
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Li Z, Ren H, Zhang X, Sun C, Fei H, Li Z, Guo C, Shi S, Chen Y, Zhao D. Equivalent Survival between Gastric Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma and Gastric Small-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6039. [PMID: 37762979 PMCID: PMC10531653 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the 2019 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms, gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma (GNEC) can be further divided into gastric large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (GLNEC) and gastric small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (GSNEC). Whether the prognoses of the two types have a discrepancy has long been disputed. METHOD We collected patients diagnosed with GLNEC or GSNEC in the National Cancer Center of China between January 2000 and December 2020. The characteristics and survival outcomes were compared between the two groups. We further verified our conclusion using the SEER dataset. RESULTS A total of 114 GNEC patients, including 82 patients with GLNEC and 32 patients with GSNEC, have completed treatment in our hospital. Clinicopathologic differences were not observed between patients with GSNEC and GLNEC concerning the sex, age, body mass index, Charlson Comorbidity Index, tumor location, tumor size, stage, treatment received, the expression of neuroendocrine markers (CD56, Chromogranin A, synaptophysin), and score on the Ki-67 index. The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year overall survival rates of GLNEC and GSNEC were 89.0%, 60.5%, and 52.4%, and 93.8%, 56.3%, and 52.7%, which showed no statistically significant differences. This result was confirmed further by using the SEER dataset after the inverse probability of treatment weighting. CONCLUSIONS Although with different cell morphology, the comparison of prognosis between the GLNEC and GSNEC has no significant statistical difference.
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