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Polzer S, Thompson S, Vittalbabu S, Ulu A, Carter D, Nordgren T, Eskandari M. MATLAB-Based Algorithm and Software for Analysis of Wavy Collagen Fibers. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:2108-2126. [PMID: 37992253 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of soft tissue fiber structure is necessary for accurate characterization and modeling of their mechanical response. Fiber configuration and structure informs both our understanding of healthy tissue physiology and of pathological processes resulting from diseased states. This study develops an automatic algorithm to simultaneously estimate fiber global orientation, abundance, and waviness in an investigated image. To our best knowledge, this is the first validated algorithm which can reliably separate fiber waviness from its global orientation for considerably wavy fibers. This is much needed feature for biological tissue characterization. The algorithm is based on incremental movement of local regions of interest (ROI) and analyzes two-dimensional images. Pixels belonging to the fiber are identified in the ROI, and ROI movement is determined according to local orientation of fiber within the ROI. The algorithm is validated with artificial images and ten images of porcine trachea containing wavy fibers. In each image, 80-120 fibers were tracked manually to serve as verification. The coefficient of determination R2 between curve lengths and histograms documenting the fiber waviness and global orientation were used as metrics for analysis. Verification-confirmed results were independent of image rotation and degree of fiber waviness, with curve length accuracy demonstrated to be below 1% of fiber curved length. Validation-confirmed median and interquartile range of R2, respectively, were 0.90 and 0.05 for curved length, 0.92 and 0.07 for waviness, and 0.96 and 0.04 for global orientation histograms. Software constructed from the proposed algorithm was able to track one fiber in about 1.1 s using a typical office computer. The proposed algorithm can reliably and accurately estimate fiber waviness, curve length, and global orientation simultaneously, moving beyond the limitations of prior methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Polzer
- Department of Applied Mechanics, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17.listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah Thompson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Riverside, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside CA 92521, USA
| | - Swathi Vittalbabu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Riverside, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside CA 92521, USA
| | - Arzu Ulu
- BREATHE Center School of Medicine, University of California at Riverside, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside CA 92521USA
| | - David Carter
- Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside CA 92521, USA
| | - Tara Nordgren
- BREATHE Center School of Medicine, University of California at Riverside, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside CA 92521USA
| | - Mona Eskandari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Riverside, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside CA 92521, USA
- BREATHE Center School of Medicine, University of California at Riverside, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside CA 92521USA
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Gašparović B, Morelato L, Lenac K, Mauša G, Zhurov A, Katić V. Comparing Direct Measurements and Three-Dimensional (3D) Scans for Evaluating Facial Soft Tissue. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2412. [PMID: 36904614 PMCID: PMC10007047 DOI: 10.3390/s23052412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The inspection of patients' soft tissues and the effects of various dental procedures on their facial physiognomy are quite challenging. To minimise discomfort and simplify the process of manual measuring, we performed facial scanning and computer measurement of experimentally determined demarcation lines. Images were acquired using a low-cost 3D scanner. Two consecutive scans were obtained from 39 participants, to test the scanner repeatability. An additional ten persons were scanned before and after forward movement of the mandible (predicted treatment outcome). Sensor technology that combines red, green, and blue (RGB) data with depth information (RGBD) integration was used for merging frames into a 3D object. For proper comparison, the resulting images were registered together, which was performed with ICP (Iterative Closest Point)-based techniques. Measurements on 3D images were performed using the exact distance algorithm. One operator measured the same demarcation lines directly on participants; repeatability was tested (intra-class correlations). The results showed that the 3D face scans were reproducible with high accuracy (mean difference between repeated scans <1%); the actual measurements were repeatable to some extent (excellent only for the tragus-pogonion demarcation line); computational measurements were accurate, repeatable, and comparable to the actual measurements. Three dimensional (3D) facial scans can be used as a faster, more comfortable for patients, and more accurate technique to detect and quantify changes in facial soft tissue resulting from various dental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gašparović
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, R. Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Luka Morelato
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 40-42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristijan Lenac
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Goran Mauša
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alexei Zhurov
- Applied Clinical Research & Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, College of Biomedical & Life Sciences Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Višnja Katić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 40-42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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de Sousa Gil AP, Guijarro-Martínez R, Haas OL, Masià-Gridilla J, Valls-Ontañón A, de Oliveira RB, Hernández-Alfaro F. Nasolabial soft tissue effects of segmented and non-segmented Le Fort I osteotomy using a modified alar cinch technique-a cone beam computed tomography evaluation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 49:889-894. [PMID: 31810563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify soft tissues changes and the effect of a minimally invasive surgical technique in the nasolabial region after segmented and non-segmented Le Fort I osteotomy, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) volume surfaces. Two groups were evaluated: group 1, bimaxillary surgery with maxillary segmentation (n=40); group 2, bimaxillary surgery without maxillary segmentation (n=40). In both groups, a specific alar cinching technique was used to control nasal base broadening. CBCT evaluation was performed at three different treatment time points: T0, 1 month before surgery; T1, 1 month after surgery; T2, 1year after surgery. The results showed statistically significant differences in the nasolabial area (P<0.001). For group 1, the mean change in alar base width (Alinf-Alinf) was 1.31±1.40mm at T1 and 0.93±1.77mm at T2; for group 2 these values were 1.12±2.01mm at T1 and 0.54±1.54mm at T2. For group 1, the mean changes in inter-alar width (Al-Al) were 1.68±1.46mm at T1 and 1.49±1.33mm at T2; for group 2, they were 2.22±1.93mm at T1 and 1.34±1.79mm at T2. The alar cinch technique proposed here appears to be effective in controlling nasolabial soft tissue widening.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paredes de Sousa Gil
- Institute of Maxillofacial Surgery, Teknon Medical Centre, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - R Guijarro-Martínez
- Institute of Maxillofacial Surgery, Teknon Medical Centre, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O L Haas
- Institute of Maxillofacial Surgery, Teknon Medical Centre, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - J Masià-Gridilla
- Institute of Maxillofacial Surgery, Teknon Medical Centre, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Valls-Ontañón
- Institute of Maxillofacial Surgery, Teknon Medical Centre, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R B de Oliveira
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - F Hernández-Alfaro
- Institute of Maxillofacial Surgery, Teknon Medical Centre, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Ajami S, Babanouri N, Afshinpoor R. Photogrammetric Evaluation of Soft Tissue Profile and Frontal Photographs in Repaired Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2019; 57:566-573. [PMID: 31665892 DOI: 10.1177/1055665619883155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the soft tissue profile and frontal photographs of 8- to 12-year-old patients with repaired complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). METHODS The profile and frontal photographs obtained from 31 nonsyndromic BCLP children (aged 8-12 years: 14 boys and 17 girls) were analyzed and compared with an age- and sex-matched normal population (18 boys and 32 girls). In each patient, 12 soft tissue angular and proportional parameters on the frontal photograph and 12 angular parameters for the profile photographs were developed and measured. Student t test was used to compare the mean value of the parameters between both sexes. RESULTS In the frontal view, there was a significant difference between the 2 study groups in the facial symmetry angle (P < .001), lower facial height proportion (P < .001), upper lip proportion (P < .001), and interalar width/distance between the inner canthus of the eyes (P < .001). In the profile view, there was a significant difference between the control group and the patients with cleft lip and palate in terms of nasofrontal angle (P < .001), nasal angle (P < .001), angle of the inferior facial third (P = .032), head position angle (P < .001), facial convexity angle (P < .001), total facial convexity angle (P < .001), and vertical nasal angle (P < .001). CONCLUSION In comparison with the normal population, the face of patients with repaired BCLP showed several soft tissue deformities, especially in the nasofrontal region, even after a surgical repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Ajami
- Department of Orthodontics, Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Babanouri
- Department of Orthodontics, Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roya Afshinpoor
- Department of Orthodontics, Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the accuracy of three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry by comparing values obtained from direct anthropometry and the 3dMDface system. To achieve a more comprehensive evaluation of the reliability of 3dMD, both linear and surface measurements were examined. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION UCLA Section of Orthodontics. Mannequin head as model for anthropometric measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS Image acquisition and analysis were carried out on a mannequin head using 16 anthropometric landmarks and 21 measured parameters for linear and surface distances. 3D images using 3dMDface system were made at 0, 1 and 24 hours; 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Error magnitude statistics used include mean absolute difference, standard deviation of error, relative error magnitude and root mean square error. Intra-observer agreement for all measurements was attained. RESULTS Overall mean errors were lower than 1.00 mm for both linear and surface parameter measurements, except in 5 of the 21 measurements. The three longest parameter distances showed increased variation compared to shorter distances. No systematic errors were observed for all performed paired t tests (P<.05). Agreement values between two observers ranged from 0.91 to 0.99. CONCLUSIONS Measurements on a mannequin confirmed the accuracy of all landmarks and parameters analysed in this study using the 3dMDface system. Results indicated that 3dMDface system is an accurate tool for linear and surface measurements, with potentially broad-reaching applications in orthodontics, surgical treatment planning and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hong
- UCLA Department of Orthodontics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K Choi
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Y Kachroo
- UCLA Department of Orthodontics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T Kwon
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Nguyen
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R McComb
- UCLA Department of Orthodontics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Moon
- UCLA Department of Orthodontics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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