1
|
Dexter E, Walshaw J, Wynn H, Dimashki S, Leo A, Lindsey I, Yiasemidou M. Faecal incontinence-a comprehensive review. Front Surg 2024; 11:1340720. [PMID: 38362459 PMCID: PMC10867159 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1340720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Faecal incontinence (FI) is a distressing and often stigmatizing condition characterised as the recurrent involuntary passage of liquid or solid faeces. The reported prevalence of FI exhibits considerable variation, ranging from 7 to 15% in the general population, with higher rates reported among older adults and women. This review explores the pathophysiology mechanisms, the diagnostic modalities and the efficiency of treatment options up to date. Methods A review of the literature was conducted to identify the pathophysiological pathways, investigation and treatment modalities. Result and discussion This review provides an in-depth exploration of the intricate physiological processes that maintain continence in humans. It then guides the reader through a detailed examination of diagnostic procedures and a thorough analysis of the available treatment choices, including their associated success rates. This review is an ideal resource for individuals with a general medical background and colorectal surgeons who lack specialized knowledge in pelvic floor disorders, as it offers a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of faecal incontinence (FI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Dexter
- Colorectal Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Walshaw
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James’ University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Research, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Wynn
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, York, United Kingdom
| | - Safaa Dimashki
- Plastic Surgery, Mid Yorkshire Teaching NHS Trust, Wakefield, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Leo
- Colorectal Surgery, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Lindsey
- Colorectal Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Yiasemidou
- Colorectal Surgery, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carter D, Ram E, Engel T. Combined 3D Endoanal Ultrasound and Transperineal Ultrasound Improves the Detection of Anal Sphincter Defects. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040682. [PMID: 36832170 PMCID: PMC9955566 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anal sphincter injury, mainly due to obstetric or iatrogenic etiology, is the most common cause of fecal incontinence (FI). Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound (3D EAUS) is used for assessment of the integrity and the degree of anal muscle injury. However, 3D EAUS accuracy may be hampered by regional acoustic effects, such as intravaginal air. Therefore, our aim was to examine whether a combination of transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) and 3D EAUS would improve the accuracy of detection of anal sphincter injury. METHODS We prospectively performed 3D EAUS followed by TPUS in every patient evaluated for FI in our clinic between January 2020 and January 2021. The diagnosis of anal muscle defects was assessed in each ultrasound technique by two experienced observers that were blinded to each other's assessments. Interobserver agreement for the results of the 3D EAUS and the TPUS exams was examined. A final diagnosis of anal sphincter defect was based on the results of both ultrasound methods. Discordant results were re-analyzed by the two ultrasonographers for a final consensus on the presence or absence of defects. RESULTS A total of 108 patients underwent ultrasonographic assessment due to FI (mean age 69 ± 13). Interobserver agreement for the diagnosis of tear on EAUS and TPUS was high (83%) with Cohen's kappa of 0.62. EAUS confirmed anal muscle defects in 56 patients (52%), while TPUS confirmed them in 62 patients (57%). The final consensus agreed on the diagnosis of 63 (58%) muscular defects and 45 (42%) normal exams. The Cohen's kappa coefficient of agreement between the results of the 3D EAUS and the final consensus was 0.63. CONCLUSIONS The combination of 3D EAUS and TPUS improved the detection of anal muscular defects. The application of both techniques for the assessment of the anal integrity should be considered in every patient going through ultrasonographic assessment for anal muscular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Carter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hasomer, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-35307729
| | - Edward Ram
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department Surgery B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel
| | - Tal Engel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hasomer, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bekele BM, Schöwel-Wolf V, Kieshauer J, Marg A, Busjahn A, Davis S, Nugent G, Ebert AK, Spuler S. Human primary muscle stem cells regenerate injured urethral sphincter in athymic rats. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:453-460. [PMID: 36208013 PMCID: PMC9610153 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to demonstrate the efficacy of human muscle stem cells (MuSCs) isolated using innovative technology in restoring internal urinary sphincter function in a preclinical animal model. Methods Colonies of pure human MuSCs were obtained from muscle biopsy specimens. Athymic rats were subjected to internal urethral sphincter damage by electrocauterization. Five days after injury, 2 × 105 muscle stem cells or medium as control were injected into the area of sphincter damage (n = 5 in each group). Peak bladder pressure and rise in pressure were chosen as outcome measures. To repeatedly obtain the necessary pressure values, telemetry sensors had been implanted into the rat bladders 10 days prior to injury. Results There was a highly significant improvement in the ability to build up peak pressure as well as a pressure rise in animals that had received muscle stem cells as compared to control (p = 0.007) 3 weeks after the cells had been injected. Only minimal histologic evidence of scarring was observed in treated rats. Conclusion Primary human muscle stem cells obtained using innovative technology functionally restore internal urethral sphincter function after injury. Translation into use in clinical settings is foreseeable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biniam M Bekele
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin, Belrin, Germany
| | - Verena Schöwel-Wolf
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin, Belrin, Germany
| | - Janine Kieshauer
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Marg
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Davis
- Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, Michigan, USA
| | - Gayle Nugent
- Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, Michigan, USA
| | - Anne-Karoline Ebert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Spuler
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin, Belrin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dvořák J, Mašata J, Švabík K, Martan A. Obstetric anal sphincter injury and anal incontinence. Ceska Gynekol 2021; 86:118-122. [PMID: 34020559 DOI: 10.48095/cccg2021118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study is to clarify the problems of OASI (obstetric anal sphincter injuries) and anal incontinence and prevention of this injury. METHODS Review of articles in peer reviewed journals with the usage of Google Scholar function and PubMed. CONCLUSION OASI is a severe injury which is more commonly associated with assisted vaginal delivery. This injury cannot be fully prevented, but its incidence can be averted by the usage of selective mediolateral episiotomy, or by other precautionary moves in high risk patients. The treatment of anal incontinence after OASI requires a complex approach and thorough examination. At first delivery, OASI is not a stern indication for caesarean section in accordance with current state of knowledge.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hehir MP, Walsh JM, Higgins S, Mahony R. Maternal and neonatal morbidity during off peak hours in a busy obstetric unit. Are deliveries after midnight more complicated? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 93:189-93. [PMID: 24266619 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes in deliveries occurring overnight with those in daylight hours. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Large national tertiary referral center. POPULATION All singleton laboring nulliparous parturients delivering infants >500 g over a 2-year period, 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2009. METHODS Details of intrapartum characteristics and neonatal outcomes of deliveries occurring between midnight and 08.00 h were compared with deliveries occurring outside of these hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maternal and neonatal morbidity. RESULTS During the study period there were 8450 nulliparous deliveries. 2668 (31.6%) delivered between midnight and 08.00 h, and 5782 (68.4%) outside of these hours. There was a significant difference between the time periods in the number of babies born with a cord pH <7.1: 10.8% (44/406) of babies were born between midnight and 08.00 h, and 6.3% (63/1007) of babies were born outside these hours (p = 0.003). There was no significant difference in terms of Apgar score <7 at 5 min (p = 0.17). There was a trend toward a larger number of anal sphincter injuries occurring between midnight and 08.00 h (3% vs. 2.3%; p = 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that infants are more likely to be born with a pH <7.1 and there was a trend toward an increased rate of anal sphincter injury during time periods when staffing levels are low and clinician fatigue may play a role in decision-making and patient management. This may play a role in service provision planning and staff recruitment.
Collapse
|