Eleutheroside B-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles protect against renal fibrosis via Smad3-dependent mechanism

Although renal fibrosis is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), effective options for its treatment are currently limited. In this study, we evaluated the renal protective effect and possible mechanism of eleutheroside B. In order to solve the allergic reactions, side effects, and low oral bioavailability of eleutheroside B, we successfully prepared PLGA (poly [lactic-co-glycolic acid])-eleutheroside B nanoparticles (NPs) with the diameter of about 128 nm. In vitro and in vivo results showed that eleutheroside B could inhibit expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I. Molecular docking results showed that eleutheroside B bound to Smad3 and significantly decreased the expression of phospho-Smad3 (p-Smad3). Silencing Smad3 reversed the fibrotic protective effect of eleutheroside B in HK2 cells. Furthermore, small animal imaging showed that NPs can selectively accumulate in the UUO kidneys of mice, and retention time reached as long as 7 days. In conclusion, our results suggested that eleutheroside B is a potential drug to protect renal fibrosis and PLGA-eleutheroside B NPs could facilitate specific targeted therapy for renal fibrosis.