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Winkiel MJ, Chowański S, Gołębiowski M, Bufo SA, Słocińska M. Solanaceae Glycoalkaloids Disturb Lipid Metabolism in the Tenebrio molitor Beetle. Metabolites 2023; 13:1179. [PMID: 38132861 PMCID: PMC10744845 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoalkaloids (GAs) are produced naturally by plants and affect insect survivability and fertility. These compounds can be considered potential bioinsecticides; however, the mechanisms and effects of their action remain undiscovered. As lipids are essential molecules for the proper functioning of an insect organism, this research aimed to determine the effects of GAs on the lipid metabolism of the Tenebrio molitor beetle. Solanine, chaconine, tomatine, and tomato leaf extract were applied to larvae by injection at two concentrations, 10-8 and 10-5 M. Then, the tissue was isolated after 2 and 24 h to determine the levels of free fatty acids, sterols and esters using the GC-MS technique. Moreover, the triacylglyceride level and the activity of the key β-oxidation enzyme, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH), were measured. The results indicate that GAs affect the content and composition of lipid compounds in the beetles' haemolymph and fat body. The effects depend on the GA concentrations, incubation time, and kind of tissue. Moreover, the tested compounds decrease HADH activity, especially in the fat body, which may affect energy production. To our knowledge, this is the first study concerning lipid metabolism in T. molitor after GA application. Our results provide some insights into that topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Joanna Winkiel
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Sabino Aurelio Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Małgorzata Słocińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.C.); (M.S.)
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Santonocito D, Campisi A, Pellitteri R, Sposito G, Basilicata MG, Aquino G, Pepe G, Sarpietro MG, Pittalà MGG, Schoubben A, Pignatello R, Puglia C. Lipid Nanoparticles Loading Steroidal Alkaloids of Tomatoes Affect Neuroblastoma Cell Viability in an In Vitro Model. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2573. [PMID: 38004552 PMCID: PMC10675799 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato by-products represent a good source of phytochemical compounds with health properties, such as the steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine (α-TM) and its aglycone tomatidine (TD). Both molecules have numerous beneficial properties, such as potential anticancer activity. Unfortunately, their therapeutic application is limited due to stability and bioavailability issues. Therefore, a valid strategy seems to be their encapsulation into Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN). The nanoformulations containing α-TM (α-TM-SLN) and TD (TD-SLN) were prepared by solvent-diffusion technique and subsequently characterized in terms of technological parameters (particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, microscopy, and calorimetric studies). To assess the effect of α-TM and TD on the percentage of cellular viability in Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs), a peculiar glial cell type of the olfactory system used as normal cells, and in SH-SY5Y, a neuroblastoma cancer cell line, an MTT test was performed. In addition, the effects of empty, α-TM-SLN, and TD-SLN were tested. Our results show that the treatment of OECs with blank-SLN, free α-TM (0.25 µg/mL), and TD (0.50 µg/mL) did not induce any significant change in the percentage of cell viability when compared with the control. In contrast, in SH-SY5Y-treated cells, a significant decrease in the percentage of cell viability when compared with the control was found. In particular, the effect appeared more evident when SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to α-TM-SLN and TD-SLN. No significant effect in blank-SLN-treated SH-SY5T cells was observed. Therefore, SLN is a promising approach for the delivery of α-TM and TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Santonocito
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (M.G.S.); (R.P.)
- NANOMED-Research Center on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agatina Campisi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (M.G.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Sposito
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (M.G.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Manuela Giovanna Basilicata
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (M.G.B.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Giovanna Aquino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (M.G.B.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (M.G.B.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria Grazia Sarpietro
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (M.G.S.); (R.P.)
| | | | - Aurelie Schoubben
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Rosario Pignatello
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (M.G.S.); (R.P.)
- NANOMED-Research Center on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Puglia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (M.G.S.); (R.P.)
- NANOMED-Research Center on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Deyama S, Sugie R, Tabata M, Kaneda K. Antidepressant-like effects of tomatidine and tomatine, steroidal alkaloids from unripe tomatoes, via activation of mTORC1 in the medial prefrontal cortex in lipopolysaccharide-induced depression model mice. Nutr Neurosci 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37704369 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2254542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTKetamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, produces rapid antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression. However, owing to the undesirable adverse effects of ketamine, there is an urgent need for developing safer and more effective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for depression. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) mediates the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine. The steroidal alkaloid tomatidine and its glycoside α-tomatine (tomatine) can activate mTORC1 signaling in peripheral tissues/cells. We examined whether tomatidine and tomatine exerted prophylactic and therapeutic antidepressant-like actions via mPFC mTORC1 activation using a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression. Male mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered tomatidine/tomatine before and after the LPS challenge to test their prophylactic and therapeutic effects, respectively. LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) were significantly reversed by prophylactic and therapeutic tomatidine/tomatine administration. LPS-induced anhedonia in the female urine sniffing test was reversed by prophylactic, but not therapeutic, injection of tomatidine, and by prophylactic and therapeutic administration of tomatine. Intra-mPFC infusion of rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor, blocked the prophylactic and therapeutic antidepressant-like effects of tomatidine/tomatine in TST and FST. Moreover, both tomatidine and tomatine produced antidepressant-like effects in ovariectomized female mice, a model of menopause-associated depression. These results indicate that tomatidine and tomatine exert prophylactic and therapeutic antidepressant-like effects via mTORC1 activation in the mPFC and suggest these compounds as promising candidates for novel prophylactic and therapeutic agents for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Deyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Rinako Sugie
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Tabata
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Ngo TH, Park J, Jo YD, Jin CH, Jung CH, Nam B, Han AR, Nam JW. Content of Two Major Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) Mutant Lines at Different Ripening Stages. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2895. [PMID: 36365348 PMCID: PMC9654965 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Esculeoside A and tomatine are two major steroidal alkaloids in tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) that exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-hyperlipidemia activities. Tomatine contained in immature tomato fruit is converted to esculeoside A as the fruit matures. To develop new tomato varieties based on the content analysis of functional secondary metabolites, 184 mutant lines were generated from the original cultivar (S. lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) by radiation breeding. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector was used to identify the mutant lines with good traits by analyzing tomatine and esculeoside A content. Compared with the original cultivar, candidates for highly functional cultivars with high esculeoside A content were identified in the mature fruit of the mutant lines. The mutant lines with low and high tomatine content at an immature stage were selected as edible cultivars due to toxicity reduction and as a source of tomatine with various pharmacological activities, respectively. During the process of ripening from green to red tomatoes, the rate of conversion of tomatine to esculeoside A was high in the green tomatoes with a low tomatine content, whereas green tomatoes with a high tomatine content exhibited a low conversion rate. Using methanol extracts prepared from unripe and ripe fruits of the original cultivar and its mutant lines and two major compounds, we examined their cytotoxicity against FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells. Only tomatine exhibited cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 5.589 μM, whereas the other samples did not exhibit cytotoxicity. Therefore, radiation breeding represents a useful tool for developing new cultivars with high quality, and metabolite analysis is applicable for the rapid and objective selection of potential mutant lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Huy Ngo
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jisu Park
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Yeong Deuk Jo
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Jin
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Chan-Hun Jung
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si 54810, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Bomi Nam
- Institute of Natural Cosmetic Industry for Namwon, Namwon-si 55801, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Han
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Joo-Won Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
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Tamasi G, Pardini A, Croce R, Consumi M, Leone G, Bonechi C, Rossi C, Magnani A. Combined Experimental and Multivariate Model Approaches for Glycoalkaloid Quantification in Tomatoes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113068. [PMID: 34063803 PMCID: PMC8196588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The intake of tomato glycoalkaloids can exert beneficial effects on human health. For this reason, methods for a rapid quantification of these compounds are required. Most of the methods for α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine quantification are based on chromatographic techniques. However, these techniques require complex and time-consuming sample pre-treatments. In this work, HPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS was used as reference method. Subsequently, multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were employed to create two calibration models for the prediction of the tomatine content from thermogravimetric (TGA) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy (IR) analyses. These two fast techniques were proven to be suitable and effective in alkaloid quantification (R2 = 0.998 and 0.840, respectively), achieving low errors (0.11 and 0.27%, respectively) with the reference technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Tamasi
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (R.C.); (G.L.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (A.M.)
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessio Pardini
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (R.C.); (G.L.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (A.M.)
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Croce
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (R.C.); (G.L.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Marco Consumi
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (R.C.); (G.L.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (A.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Gemma Leone
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (R.C.); (G.L.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (A.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudia Bonechi
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (R.C.); (G.L.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (A.M.)
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (R.C.); (G.L.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (A.M.)
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Agnese Magnani
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (R.C.); (G.L.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (A.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Marcolongo P, Gamberucci A, Tamasi G, Pardini A, Bonechi C, Rossi C, Giunti R, Barone V, Borghini A, Fiorenzani P, Frosini M, Valoti M, Pessina F. Chemical Characterisation and Antihypertensive Effects of Locular Gel and Serum of Lycopersicum esculentum L. var. "Camone" Tomato in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:E3758. [PMID: 32824747 PMCID: PMC7464676 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure control in hypertensive subjects calls for changes in lifestyle, especially diet. Tomato is widely consumed and rich in healthy components (i.e., carotenoids, vitamins and polyphenols). The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antihypertensive effects of locular gel reconstituted in serum of green tomatoes of "Camone" variety. Tomato serum and locular gel were chemically characterised. The antihypertensive effects of the locular gel in serum, pure tomatine, and captopril, administered by oral gavage, were investigated for 4 weeks in male spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were monitored using the tail cuff method. Body and heart weight, serum glucose, triglycerides and inflammatory cytokines, aorta thickness and liver metabolising activity were also assessed. Locular gel and serum showed good tomatine and polyphenols content. Significant reductions in blood pressure and heart rate, as well as in inflammatory blood cytokines and aorta thickness, were observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated both with locular gel in serum and captopril. No significant effects were observed in normotensive rats. Green tomatoes locular gel and serum, usually discarded during tomato industrial processing, are rich in bioactive compounds (i.e., chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and rutin, as well as the glycoalkaloids, α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine) that can lower in vivo blood pressure towards healthier values, as observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Marcolongo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (P.M.); (A.G.); (R.G.); (V.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (P.M.); (A.G.); (R.G.); (V.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Gabriella Tamasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (A.P.); (C.B.); (C.R.)
| | - Alessio Pardini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (A.P.); (C.B.); (C.R.)
| | - Claudia Bonechi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (A.P.); (C.B.); (C.R.)
| | - Claudio Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (A.P.); (C.B.); (C.R.)
| | - Roberta Giunti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (P.M.); (A.G.); (R.G.); (V.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Virginia Barone
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (P.M.); (A.G.); (R.G.); (V.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Annalisa Borghini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (P.M.); (A.G.); (R.G.); (V.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Paolo Fiorenzani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Maria Frosini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.F.); (M.V.)
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.F.); (M.V.)
| | - Federica Pessina
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (P.M.); (A.G.); (R.G.); (V.B.); (A.B.)
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Serratì S, Porcelli L, Guida S, Ferretta A, Iacobazzi RM, Cocco T, Maida I, Tamasi G, Rossi C, Manganelli M, Tommasi S, Azzariti A, Guida G. Tomatine Displays Antitumor Potential in In Vitro Models of Metastatic Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5243. [PMID: 32718103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the cytotoxic effects of bioactive glycoalkaloids, such as α-tomatine on tumor cells. Here, for the first time, we determine the antitumor potential of tomatine, a mixture of α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine, in metastatic melanoma (MM) cell lines harboring different BRAF and MC1R variants. We performed cytotoxicity experiments and annexin-V/propidium iodide staining to assess the apoptotic/necrotic status of the cells. ER stress and autophagy markers were revealed by Western Blot, whereas antiangiogenic and vascular-disrupting effects were evaluated through a capillary tube formation assay on matrigel and by ELISA kit for VEGF release determination. Cell invasion was determined by a Boyden chamber matrigel assay. Tomatine reduced 50% of cell viability and induced a concentration-dependent increase of apoptotic cells in the range of 0.5–1 μM in terms of α-tomatine. The extent of apoptosis was more than two-fold higher in V600BRAF-D184H/D184H MC1R cells than in BRAF wild-type cells and V600BRAF-MC1R wild-type cell lines. Additionally, tomatine increased the LC3I/II autophagy marker, p-eIF2α, and p-Erk1/2 levels in BRAF wild-type cells. Notably, tomatine strongly reduced cell invasion and melanoma-dependent angiogenesis by reducing VEGF release and tumor-stimulating effects on capillary tube formation. Collectively, our findings support tomatine as a potential antitumor agent in MM.
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Li Q, Sun Z, Shi Q, Wang R, Xu C, Wang H, Song Y, Zeng R. RNA-Seq Analyses of Midgut and Fat Body Tissues Reveal the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Spodoptera litura Resistance to Tomatine. Front Physiol 2019; 10:8. [PMID: 30723417 PMCID: PMC6349761 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce secondary metabolites to provide chemical defense against herbivorous insects, whereas insects can induce the expression of detoxification metabolism-related unigenes in counter defense to plant xenobiotics. Tomatine is an important secondary metabolite in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) that can protect the plant from bacteria and insects. However, the mechanism underlying the adaptation of Spodoptera litura, a major tomato pest, to tomatine in tomato is largely unclear. In this study, we first found that the levels of tomatine in tomatoes subjected to S. litura treatment were significantly increased. Second, we confirmed the inhibitory effect of tomatine on S. litura by adding moderate amounts of commercial tomatine to an artificial diet. Then, we utilized RNA-Seq to compare the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the midgut and fat body tissues of S. litura exposed to an artificial diet supplemented with tomatine. In total, upon exposure to tomatine, 134 and 666 genes were upregulated in the S. litura midgut and fat body, respectively. These DEGs comprise a significant number of detoxification-related genes, including 7 P450 family genes, 8 glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) genes, 6 ABC transport enzyme genes, 9 UDP-glucosyltransferases genes and 3 carboxylesterases genes. Moreover, KEGG analysis demonstrated that the upregulated genes were enriched in xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450s, ABC transporters and drug metabolism by other enzymes. Furthermore, as numerous GSTs were induced by tomatine in S. litura, we chose one gene, namely GSTS1, to confirm the detoxification function on tomatine. Expression profiling revealed that GSTS1 transcripts were mainly expressed in larvae, and the levels were the highest in the midgut. Finally, when larvae were injected with double-stranded RNA specific to GSTS1, the transcript levels in the midgut and fat body decreased, and the negative effect of the plant xenobiotic tomatine on larval growth was magnified. These results preliminarily clarified the molecular mechanism underlying the resistance of S. litura to tomatine, establishing a foundation for subsequent pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Li
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiang Sun
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Shi
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rumeng Wang
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Xu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Abstract
More understanding of the risk-benefit effect of the glycoalkaloid tomatine is required to be able to estimate the role it might play in our diet. In this work, we focused on effects towards intestinal epithelial cells based on a Caco-2 model in order to analyze the influence on the cell monolayer integrity and on the expression levels of genes involved in cholesterol/sterol biosynthesis (LDLR), lipid metabolism (NR2F2), glucose and amino acid uptake (SGLT1, PAT1), cell cycle (PCNA, CDKN1A), apoptosis (CASP-3, BMF, KLF6), tight junctions (CLDN4, OCLN2) and cytokine-mediated signaling (IL-8, IL1β, TSLP, TNF-α). Furthermore, since the bioactivity of the compound might vary in the presence of a food matrix and following digestion, the influence of both pure tomatine and in vitro digested tomatine with and without tomato fruit matrix was studied. The obtained results suggested that concentrations <20 µg/mL of tomatine, either undigested or in vitro digested, do not compromise the viability of Caco-2 cells and stimulate cytokine expression. This effect of tomatine, in vitro digested tomatine or in vitro digested tomatine with tomato matrix differs slightly, probably due to variations of bioactivity or bioavailability of the tomatine. The results lead to the hypothesis that tomatine acts as hormetic compound that can induce beneficial or risk toxic effects whether used in low or high dose.
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Liu J, Kanetake S, Wu YH, Tam C, Cheng LW, Land KM, Friedman M. Antiprotozoal Effects of the Tomato Tetrasaccharide Glycoalkaloid Tomatine and the Aglycone Tomatidine on Mucosal Trichomonads. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:8806-8810. [PMID: 27934291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the inhibitory effects of the commercial tetrasaccharide tomato glycoalkaloid tomatine and the aglycone tomatidine on three mucosal pathogenic protozoa that are reported to infect humans, cattle, and cats, respectively: Trichomonas vaginalis strain G3, Tritrichomonas foetus strain D1, and Tritrichomonas foetus strain C1. A preliminary screen showed that tomatine at 100 μM concentration completely inhibited the growth of all three trichomonads. In contrast, the inhibition of all three pathogens by tomatidine was much lower, suggesting the involvement of the lycotetraose carbohydrate side chain in the mechanism of inhibition. Midpoints of concentration-response sigmoid plots of tomatine on the three strains correspond to IC50 values, the concentration that inhibits 50% of growth of the pathogenic protozoa. The concentration data were used to calculate the IC50 values for G3, D1, and C1 of 7.9, 1.9, and 2.2 μM, respectively. The results show an approximately 4-fold variation from the lowest to the highest value (lowest activity). Although the inhibition by tomatine was not as effective as that of the medicinal drug metronidazole, the relatively low IC50 values for both T. vaginalis and T. foetus indicated tomatine as a possible natural alternative therapeutic for trichomoniasis in humans and food-producing (cattle and pigs) and domestic (cats) animals. Because tomatine has the potential to serve as a new antiprotozoan functional (medical) food, the distribution of this glycoalkaloid in tomatoes and suggestions for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Sierra Kanetake
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Yun-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94556, United States
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94556, United States
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94556, United States
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11
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Furui H, Inakuma T, Ishiguro Y, Kiso M. Tomatine Content in Host and Transgenic Tomatoes by Absorptiometric Measurement. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998; 62:556-7. [PMID: 27315931 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tomatine is a steroidal glycoalkaloid in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) and other Lycopersicon and Solanum Species. Tomatine is used as an indicator to evaluate the safety of transgenic tomatoes by FDA in U.S.A. We have developed a facile and rapid method for absorptiometric measurement of the tomatine content. This method was used to measure the tomatine content of fruits of a transgenic tomato cultivar (Lycopersicon esculentum) which contained an antisense polygalacturonase gene (anti-PG). We found that the tomatine content in the fruits of transgenic and non-transgenic tomatoes was very similar. The data were also compared with those of other tomato cultivars, "KAGOME 77" (L. esculentum) and "KAGOME 88" (L. esculentum).
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Huang SL, He HB, Zou K, Bai CH, Xue YH, Wang JZ, Chen JF. Protective effect of tomatine against hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:844-54. [PMID: 24392651 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reactive oxygen species can induce cell apoptosis, and oxidative stress has been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Tomatine, which is a naturally occurring steroidal glycoalkaloid isolated from Solanum cathayanum, has shown potent anti-oxidant properties. METHODS In this study, we used the SH-SY5Y cell line as an in vitro model and investigated the protective effect of tomatine against hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. KEY FINDINGS Tomatine might inhibit the release of cellular lactate dehydrogenase, increase anti-oxidant enzyme activity and glutathione content, reverse the downregulated protein expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), inhibit expression of Bax and activations of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in H2 O2 -induced SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSIONS Tomatine exerted beneficially neuroprotective effect on H2 O2 -induced SH-SY5Y cells, mainly enhancing intracellular anti-oxidant enzyme activity and BDNF expression, inhibiting H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress as well as expression of Bax and activations of caspase-3 and caspase-9, alleviating H2 O2 -induced SH-SY5Y cell injury and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-lan Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Life Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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