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Aitkenhead H, Stuart DI, El Omari K. Structure of Bovine CD46 Ectodomain. Viruses 2023; 15:1424. [PMID: 37515111 PMCID: PMC10385506 DOI: 10.3390/v15071424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CD46, or membrane cofactor protein, is a type-one transmembrane protein from the complement regulatory protein family. Alongside its role in complement activation, CD46 is involved in many other processes, from T-cell activation to reproduction. It is also referred to as a pathogen magnet, because it is used as a receptor by multiple bacteria and viruses. Bovine CD46 (bovCD46) in particular is involved in bovine viral diarrhoea virus entry, an economically important disease in cattle industries. This study presents the X-ray crystallographic structure of the extracellular region of bovCD46, revealing a four-short-consensus-repeat (SCR) structure similar to that in human CD46. SCR1-3 are arranged linearly, while SCR 4 has a reduced interface angle, resulting in a hockey stick-like appearance. The structure also reveals the bovine viral diarrhoea virus interaction site in SCR1, which is likely to confer pestivirus specificity for their target host, CD46. Insights gained from the structural information on pestivirus receptors, such as CD46, could offer valuable guidance for future control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Aitkenhead
- Diamond Light Source (United Kingdom), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX110DE, UK;
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37BN, UK
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot OX110FA, UK
| | - David I. Stuart
- Diamond Light Source (United Kingdom), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX110DE, UK;
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37BN, UK
| | - Kamel El Omari
- Diamond Light Source (United Kingdom), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX110DE, UK;
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot OX110FA, UK
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Stevenson-Leggett P, Armstrong S, Keep S, Britton P, Bickerton E. Analysis of the avian coronavirus spike protein reveals heterogeneity in the glycans present. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34424155 PMCID: PMC8513636 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an economically important coronavirus, causing damaging losses to the poultry industry worldwide as the causative agent of infectious bronchitis. The coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein is a large type I membrane protein protruding from the surface of the virion, which facilitates attachment and entry into host cells. The IBV S protein is cleaved into two subunits, S1 and S2, the latter of which has been identified as a determinant of cellular tropism. Recent studies expressing coronavirus S proteins in mammalian and insect cells have identified a high level of glycosylation on the protein’s surface. Here we used IBV propagated in embryonated hens’ eggs to explore the glycan profile of viruses derived from infection in cells of the natural host, chickens. We identified multiple glycan types on the surface of the protein and found a strain-specific dependence on complex glycans for recognition of the S2 subunit by a monoclonal antibody in vitro, with no effect on viral replication following the chemical inhibition of complex glycosylation. Virus neutralization by monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies was not affected. Following analysis of predicted glycosylation sites for the S protein of four IBV strains, we confirmed glycosylation at 18 sites by mass spectrometry for the pathogenic laboratory strain M41-CK. Further characterization revealed heterogeneity among the glycans present at six of these sites, indicating a difference in the glycan profile of individual S proteins on the IBV virion. These results demonstrate a non-specific role for complex glycans in IBV replication, with an indication of an involvement in antibody recognition but not neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart Armstrong
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Zhang T, Gao X, Wang D, Zhao J, Zhang N, Li Q, Zhu G, Yin J. A Single-Pass Type I Membrane Protein from the Apicomplexan Parasite Cryptosporidium parvum with Nanomolar Binding Affinity to Host Cell Surface. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051015. [PMID: 34066754 PMCID: PMC8151451 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a globally recognized zoonotic parasite of medical and veterinary importance. This parasite mainly infects intestinal epithelial cells and causes mild to severe watery diarrhea that could be deadly in patients with weakened or defect immunity. However, its molecular interactions with hosts and pathogenesis, an important part in adaptation of parasitic lifestyle, remain poorly understood. Here we report the identification and characterization of a C. parvum T-cell immunomodulatory protein homolog (CpTIPH). CpTIPH is a 901-aa single-pass type I membrane protein encoded by cgd5_830 gene that also contains a short Vibrio, Colwellia, Bradyrhizobium and Shewanella (VCBS) repeat and relatively long integrin alpha (ITGA) N-terminus domain. Immunofluorescence assay confirmed the location of CpTIPH on the cell surface of C. parvum sporozoites. In congruence with the presence of VCBS repeat and ITGA domain, CpTIPH displayed high, nanomolar binding affinity to host cell surface (i.e., Kd(App) at 16.2 to 44.7 nM on fixed HCT-8 and CHO-K1 cells, respectively). The involvement of CpTIPH in the parasite invasion is partly supported by experiments showing that an anti-CpTIPH antibody could partially block the invasion of C. parvum sporozoites into host cells. These observations provide a strong basis for further investigation of the roles of CpTIPH in parasite-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (T.Z.); (X.G.); (D.W.); (N.Z.); (Q.L.)
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (T.Z.); (X.G.); (D.W.); (N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Dongqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (T.Z.); (X.G.); (D.W.); (N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Jixue Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (T.Z.); (X.G.); (D.W.); (N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiushi Li
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (T.Z.); (X.G.); (D.W.); (N.Z.); (Q.L.)
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (T.Z.); (X.G.); (D.W.); (N.Z.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jigang Yin
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (T.Z.); (X.G.); (D.W.); (N.Z.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (J.Y.)
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