Ursolic acid-piperazine-dithiocarbamate ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes induced necroptosis in MGC-803 cells.
METALLOMICS : INTEGRATED BIOMETAL SCIENCE 2022;
14:6712343. [PMID:
36149330 DOI:
10.1093/mtomcs/mfac072]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three ursolic acid-piperazine-dithiocarbamate ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes Ru1-Ru3 were designed and synthesized for evaluating antitumor activity. All the complexes exhibited high in vitro cytotoxicity against MGC-803, T24, HepG2, CNE2, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, A549, and A549/DDP cell lines. Ru1, Ru2, and Ru3 were 11, 8 and 10 times, respectively, more active than cisplatin against A549/DDP. An in vivo study on MGC-803 xenograft mouse models demonstrated that representative Ru2 exhibited an effective inhibitory effect on tumor growth, showing stronger antitumor activity than cisplatin. Biological investigations suggested that Ru2 entered MGC-803 cells by a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway, initially localizing in the lysosomes and subsequently escaping and localizing in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial swelling resulted in vacuolization, which induced vacuolation-associated cell death and necroptosis with the formation of necrosomes (RIP1-RIP3) and the uptake of propidium iodide. These results demonstrate that the potential of Ru2 as a chemotherapeutic agent to kill cancer cells via a dual mechanism represents an alternative way to eradicate apoptosis-resistant forms of cancer.
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