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Chang Q, Yang Y, Hong B, Zhao Y, Zhao M, Han S, Zhang F, Peng H, Peng D, Li Y. A variant of the venom allergen-like protein, DdVAP2, is required for the migratory endoparasitic plant nematode Ditylenchus destructor parasitism of plants. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1322902. [PMID: 38152146 PMCID: PMC10751354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1322902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor, poses a serious threat to numerous root and tuber crops, yet the functional characterization of effectors from this migratory endoparasitic plant nematode remains limited. Despite inhabiting distinct habitats, sedentary and migratory plant parasitic nematodes share the structurally conserved effectors, such as venom allergen-like proteins (VAPs). In this study, a variant of DdVAP2 was cloned from D. destructor. The transcription profile analysis revealed that DdVAP2 was higher expressed in D. destructor feeding on either potato or sweet potato compared to on fungus via qRT-PCR. And DdVAP2 was highly expressed at all life stages feeding on sweet potato, except for eggs. DdVAP2 was confirmed to be specifically expressed in the subventral esophageal glands of D. destructor through in situ hybridization assays. Combined with functional validation of the signal peptide of DdVAP2, it suggested that DdVAP2 could be secreted from nematode into host. Heterologous expression of DdVAP2 in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that the protein localized in both cytosol and nuclei of plant cells. Knocking down DdVAP2 by RNAi in D. destructor resulted in infection and reproduction defects on plants. All the results suggest that DdVAP2 plays a crucial role in the interaction between D. destructor and plants by facilitating the nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Yiwei Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanqun Zhao
- Yulin Agricultural Technology Service Center, Yulin, China
| | - Mengxin Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Shanshan Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingmei Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
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Li J, Xu C, Yang S, Chen C, Tang S, Wang J, Xie H. A Venom Allergen-Like Protein, RsVAP, the First Discovered Effector Protein of Radopholus similis That Inhibits Plant Defense and Facilitates Parasitism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4782. [PMID: 33946385 PMCID: PMC8125365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radopholus similis is a migratory endoparasitic nematode that is extremely harmful to host plants. Venom allergen-like proteins (VAPs) are members of the cysteine-rich secretory protein family that are widely present in plants and animals. In this study, we cloned a VAP gene from R. similis, designated as RsVAP. RsVAP contains an open reading frame of 1089 bp encoding 362 amino acids. RsVAP is specifically expressed in the esophageal gland, and the expression levels of RsVAP are significantly higher in juveniles than in other life stages of R. similis. This expression pattern of RsVAP was consistent with the biological characteristics of juveniles of R. similis, which have the ability of infection and are the main infection stages of R. similis. The pathogenicity and reproduction rate of R. similis in tomato was significantly attenuated after RsVAP was silenced. In tobacco leaves transiently expressing RsVAP, the pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) induced by a bacterial flagellin fragment (flg22) was inhibited, while the cell death induced by two sets of immune elicitors (BAX and Gpa2/RBP-1) was repressed. The RsVAP-interacting, ras-related protein RABA1d (LeRabA1d) was identified in tomato hosts by yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays. RsVAP may interact with LeRabA1d to affect the host defense response, which in turn facilitates nematode infection. This study provides the first evidence for the inhibition of plant defense response by a VAP from migratory plant-parasitic nematodes, and, for the first time, the target protein of R. similis in its host was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Xie
- Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (C.X.); (S.Y.); (C.C.); (S.T.); (J.W.)
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Petitot AS, Dereeper A, Da Silva C, Guy J, Fernandez D. Analyses of the Root-Knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne graminicola) Transcriptome during Host Infection Highlight Specific Gene Expression Profiling in Resistant Rice Plants. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080644. [PMID: 32784493 PMCID: PMC7460394 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne graminicola causes considerable damages to rice (Oryza sativa) culture. Resistance to M. graminicola in the related species Oryza glaberrima reduces root penetration by juveniles and stops further nematode development. M. graminicola genes expressed during O. sativa infection were previously characterized but no information is available about the molecular dialogue established with a resistant plant. We compared the M. graminicola transcriptomes of stage-two juveniles (J2s) before and during infection of susceptible or resistant rice. Among 36,121 M. graminicola genes surveyed, 367 were differentially expressed during infection of resistant or susceptible plants. Genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes, peptidases and neuropeptides were expressed for a longer time in resistant plants compared to susceptible plants. Conversely, genes related to nematode development were not activated in the resistant host. The majority of M. graminicola effector genes had similar expression patterns, whatever the host genotype. However, two venom allergen-like protein (VAP)-encoding genes were specifically induced in resistant plants and Mg-VAP1 silencing in J2s reduced their ability to colonize roots. This study highlighted that M. graminicola adapts its gene expression to the host susceptibility. Further investigation is required to assess the role of Mg-VAPs in the rice-nematode interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Petitot
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France; (C.D.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Julie Guy
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France; (C.D.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Diana Fernandez
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
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Luo S, Liu S, Kong L, Peng H, Huang W, Jian H, Peng D. Two venom allergen-like proteins, HaVAP1 and HaVAP2, are involved in the parasitism of Heterodera avenae. Mol Plant Pathol 2019; 20:471-484. [PMID: 30422356 PMCID: PMC6637866 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that venom allergen-like proteins (VAPs) have been identified in many animal- and plant-parasitic nematodes, studies on VAPs in Heterodera avenae, which is an important phytonematode, are still in their infancy. Here, we isolated, cloned and characterized two VAPs, named HaVAP1 and HaVAP2, from H. avenae. The two encoded proteins, HaVAP1 and HaVAP2, harbour an SCP-like domain each, but share only 38% identity with each other. HaVAP1 and HaVAP2 are expressed in subventral and dorsal oesophageal glands, respectively. HaVAP1 is expressed mainly at the early stages, whereas HaVAP2 accumulates principally at the late stages. Both HaVAP1 and HaVAP2 are secreted when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, but HaVAP1 is delivered into chloroplasts, whereas HaVAP2 is translocated to the nucleus without signal peptides. Knocking down HaVAP1 increased the virulence of H. avenae. In contrast, silencing of HaVAP2 hampered the parasitism of H. avenae. Both HaVAP1 and HaVAP2 suppressed the cell death induced by BAX in N. benthamiana leaves. Moreover, HaVAP2 physically interacted with a CYPRO4-like protein (HvCLP) of Hordeum vulgare in the nucleus of the plant. It is reasonable to speculate that the changes in the transcript of HvCLP are associated with HaVAP2 during the parasitism of H. avenae. All results obtained in this study show that both HaVAP1 and HaVAP2 are involved in the parasitism of H. avenae, but they possess different functions, broadening our understanding of the parasitic mechanism of H. avenae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shiming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Lingan Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Wenkun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Heng Jian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
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Kelleher A, Darwiche R, Rezende WC, Farias LP, Leite LCC, Schneiter R, Asojo OA. Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like protein 4 (SmVAL4) is a novel lipid-binding SCP/TAPS protein that lacks the prototypical CAP motifs. Corrigendum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:1022. [PMID: 25849410 PMCID: PMC4388274 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715003132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A correction is made to the article by Kelleher et al. [(2014), Acta Cryst. D70, 2186–2196]. Figure 6(a) of the article by Kelleher et al. [(2014), Acta Cryst. D70, 2186–2196] is corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kelleher
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rabih Darwiche
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Wanderson C Rezende
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Roger Schneiter
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Oluwatoyin A Asojo
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kelleher A, Darwiche R, Rezende WC, Farias LP, Leite LCC, Schneiter R, Asojo OA. Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like protein 4 (SmVAL4) is a novel lipid-binding SCP/TAPS protein that lacks the prototypical CAP motifs. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2014; 70:2186-96. [PMID: 25084337 PMCID: PMC4118828 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714013315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects over 200 million people. Vaccine candidates have been identified, including Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like proteins (SmVALs) from the SCP/TAPS (sperm-coating protein/Tpx/antigen 5/pathogenesis related-1/Sc7) superfamily. The first SmVAL structure, SmVAL4, was refined to a resolution limit of 2.16 Å. SmVAL4 has a unique structure that could not be predicted from homologous structures, with longer loops and an unusual C-terminal extension. SmVAL4 has the characteristic α/β-sandwich and central SCP/TAPS cavity. Furthermore, SmVAL4 has only one of the signature CAP cavity tetrad amino-acid residues and is missing the histidines that coordinate divalent cations such as Zn(2+) in other SCP/TAPS proteins. SmVAL4 has a cavity between α-helices 1 and 4 that was observed to bind lipids in tablysin-15, suggesting the ability to bind lipids. Subsequently, SmVAL4 was shown to bind cholesterol in vitro. Additionally, SmVAL4 was shown to complement the in vivo sterol-export phenotype of yeast mutants lacking their endogenous CAP proteins. Expression of SmVAL4 in yeast cells lacking endogenous CAP function restores the block in sterol export. These studies suggest an evolutionarily conserved lipid-binding function shared by CAP proteins such as SmVAL4 and yeast CAP proteins such as Pry1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kelleher
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rabih Darwiche
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Wanderson C. Rezende
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Roger Schneiter
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Oluwatoyin A. Asojo
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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