Multiple eccrine spiradenomas in a zosteriform pattern

Eccrine spiradenoma (ES) typically presents as a solitary tender lesion. Multiple ES is a rare variant of ES and can present in a segmental, linear, blaschkoid, or zosteriform pattern. The etiology of multiple ES is unknown, but several theories have been suggested including a multipotent stem cell origin. We report the case of a 30-year-old woman with multiple painful ES in a zosteriform pattern on the mid-back and abdomen. Skin biopsy of a representative lesion demonstrated a circumscribed tumor nodule encapsulated by a fibrous capsule with diffuse dense basophilic proliferation located in the dermis. The lesions were then excised on two separate sessions without recurrence.

Linear syringocystadenoma papilliferum on the retroauricular area associated with nevus sebaceus

Syringocystadenoma papilliferum is a rare cutaneous adnexal tumor that usually arises in the head and neck region. It may develop de novo or within a nevus sebaceus. Linear syringocystadenoma papilliferum is an uncommon variant of this benign tumor. We report a child with linear retroauricular distribution of syringocystadenoma papilliferum. A background nevus sebaceus was shown histologically. Total excision was curative with no recurrence. An association between the linear variant of syringocystadenoma papilliferum and nevus sebaceus has not been reported previously.

Lymphangiectatic Variant of Eccrine Spiradenoma - A Diagnostic Challenge

Conventional eccrine spiradenoma is a benign, slow growing and painful tumor of the skin. While the tumor does not usually present a diagnostic dilemma, a rare variant with marked stromal lymphedema can be a challenge to interpret. We present a case of lymphangiectatic variant of eccrine spiradenoma in an 82-year-old white male who presented with a persistent left flank lesion for several months. The patient was initially asymptomatic and subsequently developed a suspected abscess that was excised to reveal a 6.5 cm subcutaneous mass. Microscopic examination reveals strands and cords of dark, epithelial, round to oval cells with inconspicuous nucleoli streaming between prominently dilated and congested vascular spaces. Within the cystic component there are small ductular structures. Additionally, prominent stromal lymphedema is present. To the best of our knowledge, there is only one reported case of this entity in the English literature. This case represents a diagnostic challenge and the purpose of reporting it is to alert surgical pathologists, dermatopathologists and dermatologists of the existence of this unusual variant of eccrine spiradenoma.

A unexpected growth arising within nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn

The predisposition to epithelial neoplasms in nevus sebaceous is well established; most tumors occur in adults and are benign. Hidradenoma is a relatively rare benign tumor of sweat gland origin that can rarely arise within a nevus sebaceous. We present an interesting case of a hidradenoma and sebaceoma arising within a nevus sebaceous and present a literature review of the 2 conditions. Even though hidradenoma is a benign tumor, we would advocate complete excision given the potential for malignant transformation.

Apocrine adenoma of the breast

A case of apocrine adenoma, a rare benign tumor of the breast is reported. A left breast nodule from a 47-year-old female was found by mammography and excised. The tumor was well circumscribed and composed of tightly packed tubules lined by cells with apocrine features. There has been no recurrence in two years. The few previously reported cases are summarized. Apocrine adenomas have been reported arising in a variety of sites including the breast, (1-5) perianal region, (6,7) eyelid, (8) and axilla. (9) Their appearance has similarities to the apocrine metaplasia commonly seen in fibrocystic change of the breast but they are well-circumscribed tumors with closely packed tubular and papillary structures. They are not distinctive by mammography or physical examination and should be managed as any other breast mass.

Benign hidradenoma: magnetic resonance and ultrasound features of two cases

Tumors of sweat gland origin are rare in the hand but should be considered in the differential diagnosis when certain imaging features are present. We present a case of nodular hidradenoma of the hand, with previously unreported magnetic resonance imaging features, and a further case in the thigh, both with ultrasound and histopathological correlation. The imaging literature of this tumor is reviewed, and its significance is discussed with respect to the current understanding of its malignant potential.

Clear cell hidradenoma of the breast: a case report with review of the literature

Clear cell hidradenoma of the breast is rare. A 55-year-old woman demonstrated a left breast tumor during follow-up examination of the right breast. Focal asymmetric density was shown on mammogram, and ultrasonography showed an intracystic tumor. Since the diagnosis was not clear on aspiration cytology, excisional biopsy was performed. The lesion was an intracystic tumor macroscopically. Histological examination demonstrated characteristic histological features of clear cell hidradenoma, such as proliferation of uniform epithelial cells, clear or slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm, and cuboidal cell-lined ductal structures. Immunohistochemically, these proliferating epithelial cells were negative for myoepithelial markers, such as alpha-smooth muscle actin, CD10 and anti-muscle actin, but positive for p63. These features were consistent with clear cell hidradenoma.

Skin-type hidradenoma of the breast parenchyma with t(11;19) translocation: hidradenoma of the breast

Skin adnexal type tumors situated in the parenchyma of the breast are very rare. We report herein a case of solid-cystic hidradenoma of the breast. The tumor was situated in the parenchyma of the breast of a 55-year-old female and showed no connection to the overlying skin on ultrasound and radiology investigations, grossly and microscopically. Histologically, the tumor was identical to its cutaneous counterpart and was surrounded by breast tissue. The neoplasm was composed of solid and cystic areas. The cystic component, which predominated in the lesion, was filled with homogeneous eosinophilic material. The solid component consisted of several nodules with vague lobulated architecture protruding into the cystic spaces. The nodules were composed of cuboidal monomorphous cells that were continuous with larger polygonal cells and rare, large mucinous cells with basophilic granular cytoplasm. Several mammary ducts in close proximity to the tumor showed features of columnar cell hyperplasia. A 120-bp METC1/MAML2 fusion transcript was identified by RT-PCR and subsequent sequencing technique. This t(11;19) translocation has been reported in approximately 50% of hidradenomas of the skin.

Clear cell hidradenoma of the ankle

Clear cell hidradenoma is a relatively common, benign eccrine neoplasm with rare presentations in the foot and ankle. Variable clinical and histopathologic characteristics of the tumor warrant careful consideration over primary and recurrent malignancy, particularly eccrine carcinoma. The first known case of primary benign clear cell hidradenoma of the ankle is presented with imaging studies, surgical management, and clinicopathologic correlation, distinguishing the neoplasm from its malignant counterparts.

Tubular adenoma and syringocystadenoma papilliferum: a reappraisal of their relationship. An interobserver study of a series, by a panel of dermatopathologists

Tubular adenoma (TA) and syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) may show histopathological overlap, with some lesions having features of both neoplasms (SCAP + TA). TA has been recently suggested to represent a carcinoma. Four observers blindly assessed 67 cases of TA, SCAP, and their lookalikes (poroma, apocrine adenoma, apocrine carcinoma; all lesions focally featuring a pseudopapillary pattern), and classified the lesions into one of four categories: (1) TA, (2) SCAP, (3) SCAP + TA, and (4) others. Lesions were also classified as benign or malignant. In only 29 cases was there unanimous agreement among the four observers, who classified 22 lesions as TA, three as SCAP, and four cases as others. Of the 38 cases where there was interobserver diagnostic variation, in 30, the diagnosis varied between TA or SCAP or SCAP + TA; the remainder fell in the others category. Analysis of the factors leading to interobserver variability indicated that diagnostic problems occurred when there were any of the following: epidermal acanthosis, papillomatosis, connection of the neoplastic tubules to the overlying epidermis and/or follicular infundibula, and plasma cell infiltration. These features accounted for the morphological overlap between TA and SCAP. All observers agreed that the lesions were benign; the only apocrine carcinoma included was recognized as such by all observers. From the study, it was concluded that TA may arise in the deep dermis without any epidermal connection, or, in other cases, it may be more superficially located with or without an epidermal connection. It may be reasonably inferred that, possibly as a response to infection, there may be accompanying plasma cells and variable acanthosis and papillomatosis, such that the appearances are those of "pure" SCAP, or lesions may have features "intermediate" or overlapping between TA and SCAP.

Malignant nodular hidradenoma with angiolymphatic invasion: a case report

Malignant nodular hidradenomas are rare variants of sweat gland carcinomas characterized by aggressive clinical behaviour. We report a case of 42-year-old female with 3 x 2 x 1 cm nodule on her foot followed by cutaneous and regional lymph node metastasis. Flow cytometry showed S-phase fraction of 72.6% and 15.8% of aneuploid cells corroborating with its aggressive nature.

A case of multiple epitrichial sweat gland ductal carcinomas in a horse

This case report describes a rare epitrichial sweat gland ductal carcinoma in a 14-year-old horse and is the first report of multiple carcinomas of this type in horses. Although several tumours developed, mostly on the distal extremities, over a 2-year period, the horse remained otherwise healthy. Topical treatment with imiquimod was successful for many of them.

Giant apocrine hidradenoma of the breast

We report a case of a 26-year-old woman with an 8.0-cm tumor of the left breast. The tumor was clinically and radiologically suspicious for malignancy. The pathologic evaluation of the core biopsy and the subsequent excision specimen revealed a benign sclerosing, cystic, and papillary adnexal tumor with apocrine and clear cell morphology. The immunohistochemical staining for p63 was positive. Estrogen, progesterone, and Her-2 receptor immunohistochemical stains were negative. The cytogenetic analysis revealed 46, XX t(11:19) (q21;q13.1) balanced translocation. The final diagnosis was apocrine hidradenoma.

[Atypical presentation of syringocystoadenoma papilliferum]

Syringocystoadenoma papilliferum is benign adnexal tumor derived from the sweat glands that is located in the head and neck in 70-80% of patients, and commonly presents as a papule or a solitary nodule. We report a case of syringocystoadenoma papilliferum with an atypical presentation given its location in the thigh and the peculiar histologic features, unrepresentative of this entity.

Mitotic Count is not Predictive of Clinical Behavior in Hidradenoma Papilliferum of the Vulva

Although it is generally recognized that some benign sweat gland neoplasms may show appreciable mitotic activity, there are few reports of its quantitative analysis in specific tumor types or of its correlation with clinical behavior. The presence of a large number of mitoses in a sweat gland tumor for which the histologic criteria of malignancy are not well defined, particularly in association with nuclear abnormalities, may produce a considerable diagnostic challenge. We recently encountered such a problem in a putative case of hidradenoma papilliferum. Therefore, we have undertaken a retrospective clinicopathologic study of 19 cases originally diagnosed as hidradenoma papilliferum or probable hidradenoma papilliferum, with a particular emphasis on the relationship of the mitotic index to clinical behavior. The age range of the cases was 41 to 92 years (mean 56.8 years). In all cases in which the margins could be evaluated, the tumors were well circumscribed (15/15), but in 4 cases circumscription could not be assessed because the specimen was fragmented. All showed focal mild nuclear pleomorphism. Mitoses were present in both epithelial and myoepithelial cells. The mitotic index varied from 0 to 5.3 mitoses/mm2 (0 to 13 mitoses per 10 high power fields (hpf); 1 hpf=0.246 mm2), with a mean of 2.4/mm2 (6/10 hpf) and a median of 0.8/mm2 (2/10 hpf). No atypical mitoses were identified. The proliferative fraction (MIB-1 index) correlated with the mitotic index (correlation coefficient 0.94; P<0.0001) and varied from 1% to 10.5% (mean 3.9%, median 3.0%). There were no recurrences or metastases over a mean period of 8 years. Consequently, we have shown that the mitotic index in these lesions can be variable and often high, but it does not predict a more aggressive outcome.

Malignant eccrine spiradenoma of the vulva: a case report and review of the literature

Malignant eccrine spiradenoma is a rare skin tumor of sweat gland origin. We present the first reported case of this tumor in the female genitalia. Due to the rarity of this tumor, there has yet to be an established standard of care. The present case is that of a 41-year-old woman with malignant eccrine spiradenoma of the periclitoral region. She had an 18-month history of a recurrent, painful mass adjacent to the clitoris. Her diagnosis was made after excision of the cystic tumor. The patient then underwent a partial radical vulvectomy with bilateral sentinel lymph node sampling. As malignant eccrine spiradenoma is a rare tumor, no standard care exists for treatment and postoperative management. Based on our review of the literature, wide local excision appears to be the preferred initial treatment. Furthermore, adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation does not seem to improve survival in patients with advanced or recurrent cancer. Although lymph node sampling and/or lymphadenectomy is frequently reported in the treatment of this tumor, hematogenous metastasis can also occur. Therefore, these patients require close postoperative follow-up for recurrent disease.

Clear cell hidradenoma: a mimic of metastatic clear cell tumors

Clear cell hidradenoma is a benign skin appendage tumor that may mimic conventional-type renal cell carcinoma. Histologically, clear cell hidradenoma contains small ductular lumens, focal apocrine and squamoid change, and a less prominent vascular pattern than renal cell carcinoma. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies can aid in distinguishing the 2 tumors. Knowing the cytologic features of primary skin adnexal neoplasms helps distinguish them from cutaneous metastases, which are more commonly referred for fine-needle aspiration biopsy evaluation. Detailed clinical history, physical findings, and ancillary studies are essential for correct diagnosis and categorization of these tumors. We report the rare case of a patient with renal cell carcinoma who underwent excision of an axillary clear cell hidradenoma, which was clinically suggestive of cutaneous metastatic disease.

Sebaceous carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, trichoadenoma, trichoblastoma, and syringocystadenoma papilliferum arising within a nevus sebaceus

BACKGROUND

Nevus sebaceus has a well-documented potential to develop a wide variety of neoplasms of both epidermal and adnexal origins. It is highly unusual for more than three tumors to arise simultaneously within a single nevus sebaceus. Sebaceous carcinoma arising within a nevus sebaceus is a rare occurrence.

OBJECTIVE

The objective was to report the case of a patient with a nevus sebaceus that simultaneously developed five distinct neoplasms of epidermal and various adnexal origins and to report the fourth case of sebaceous carcinoma arising within a nevus sebaceus.

METHODS

A 45-year-old woman presented with a nevus sebaceus that contained five separate neoplasms, including sebaceous carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, trichoadenoma, trichoblastoma, and syringocystadenoma papilliferum.

RESULTS

Complete excision of the nevus sebaceus and the five tumors was performed. Systemic work-up showed no evidence of metastatic disease or association with Muir-Torre syndrome.

CONCLUSION

This case report highlights the diverse neoplastic potential of nevus sebaceus and demonstrates the capacity of this hamartoma to develop aggressive tumors, such as sebaceous carcinoma. Prophylactic excision or at least close clinical surveillance for sudden development of new growths is warranted in all cases of nevus sebaceus.

Three-millimeter apocrine adenoma in a man: a case report and review of the literature

We describe a rare case of apocrine adenoma of the breast in a 45-year-old man. The patient presented with a tender lump in his left breast that had been present for 6 months. A mammogram identified a 3-mm nodular density in the breast, which was described as a hypoechoic nodule on ultrasound. Microscopic examination of tissue from an excisional biopsy revealed a 3-mm group of benign glands with abundant granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm and apical luminal blebbing, consistent with an apocrine adenoma. After reviewing other reported apocrine adenomas in the literature, we determined that our case was the smallest detected apocrine adenoma to be reported to date.

Linear spiradenoma with focal malignant transformation

Malignant spiradenoma is an exceedingly rare adnexal tumour clinically characterized by rapid enlargement of a pre-existing, long-standing benign spiradenoma. Microscopic examination typically reveals a continuum between benign spiradenoma and areas of malignant transformation. Biological behaviour is unpredictable and it should be regarded as a potentially lethal neoplasm. Treatment recommendations require radical surgical excision. The reported case of a 23-year-old female illustrates the malignant transformation of a 1.5 cm nodule within a large linear spiradenoma almost covering the frontal aspect of the lower leg. In reviewing the literature, malignant transformation seems to occur slightly more often in multiple than in solitary spiradenomas. It is unclear whether excision restricted to the malignant area is an advisable treatment option in comparison to total excision of all spiradenoma nodules. In the presented case, the transformed area was excised. The patient is free of recurrence after 2 years.

Multiple eccrine spiradenomas on the hand, forearm and head

The first case of multifocal eccrine spiradenomas on the hand, forearm and scalp is described. This case is unusual in that the tumors located on the little finger included the nail matrix and occurred in a linear/zosteriform distribution, resulting in a nail deformity. The nodules on the forearm and scalp were in a random distribution. Histologically, each tumor was highly cellular and composed of two cell types: small darkly staining basaloid cells and larger, pale cells. Ultrastructural observations often showed an intracellular lumen with numerous microvilli in larger pale-staining cells.

Metastatic infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the breast

Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the breast is classified as a benign, locally invasive neoplasm. To our knowledge, there have been no reported cases of metastasizing syringomatous adenomas. We used sentinel lymph node mapping to identify metastatic cells, leading to a diagnosis of infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the breast.

Hidradenoma papilliferum of nasal skin

Pathologic examination of an excisional biopsy specimen of a subepidermal nodule from the nasal tip of a 37-year-old black man demonstrated papillae covered by eosinophilic columnar epithelial cells, suggesting cylindric cell papilloma or well-differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma of nasal mucosa. The patient did not submit to further investigation of the sinonasal tract but sought attention 15 months later because of local recurrence of the lesion. A protuberant, 3-cm, cystic nodule of the subcutis over the left nasal ala and tip was excised completely and found to have characteristics of hidradenoma papilliferum, an apocrine gland neoplasm most commonly occurring in the anogenital skin of white women. This case demonstrates how easily an apocrine neoplasm arising near a mucocutaneous junction can be confused with a mucosal tumor, potentially leading to inappropriate treatment.

Blaschkoid eccrine spiradenomas

We report a case of multiple eccrine spiradenomas that arose in adulthood along a patient's arm and continued to the midline of the patient's chest across multiple dermatomes. This is one of a handful of such cases, which have been reported as linear, nevoid, or zosteriform eccrine spiradenomas. We believe this distribution is best described as Blaschkoid rather than zosteriform or linear because these lesions follow the lines of Blaschko rather than those of a single dermatome.

[Middle ear adenoma. Long-term course of a rare neoplasm]

Adenomas of the middle ear are rare benign glandular neoplasms arising from the middle ear mucosa. After previous operations 25 and 15 years before, a 67-year-old female complained about dizziness, tinnitus, and unilateral hearing loss on the left side. A tumor in the tympanum that was revealed by otoscopy could be removed completely. Histological examinations showed an adenoma of the middle ear with cholesteatoma. This was inconsistent with the histological result of the operation in 1983, which had described a hidradenoma. An exact analysis of the preparations confirmed that a middle ear adenoma had already been present in 1983. Hidradenoma is one of the most important differential diagnoses. The characteristic histological sign of middle ear adenomas in contrast to hidradenomas is the lack of myoepithelial cells. In addition, it is very difficult to differentiate middle ear adenoma and adenocarcinoma using histopathological and clinical methods. Therefore, thorough follow-up is mandatory for patients after surgical treatment of middle ear adenomas.

Malignant spiradenoma: report of two cases and literature review

Spiradenoma is a benign skin adnexal neoplasm that usually appears as a solitary nodule in any area of the body. There have been only 33 reports on malignant transformation of a benign eccrine spiradenoma since the first description by Dabska in 1972. Most cases have originated on a long-standing cutaneous lesion. These tumors can behave in an aggressive fashion, and some have led to the patient's death. We report 2 new cases of this rare neoplasm affecting 2 men, 92 and 72 years of age, comment on the clinical and pathologic features of our cases, and review the literature concerning this lesion.