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Zhang Y, He S, He C, Zhou L, Xu O, Qiao L, Chen B, Cao Y, He Z. AsOBP1 is required for bioallethrin repellency in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles sinensis. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:1519-1532. [PMID: 38389031 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The use of insecticides, primarily pyrethroids, is a pivotal strategy for mosquito control globally. Bioallethrin, the first commercially available volatile pyrethroid, can elicit spatial (i.e., noncontact) repellency to mosquitoes through the coactivation of olfactory receptor neurons and sodium channels. However, the olfactory mechanism of the repellency elicited by bioallethrin in mosquitoes is still unclear. Here, we demonstrated the involvement of AsOBP1 in the bioallethrin repellency in Anopheles sinensis, one of the main vectors of vivax malaria in China and other Southeast Asian countries. The behavioral and electrophysiological analyses in AsOrco-/- mutant found that the spatial repellency elicited by bioallethrin depended on the odorant receptor (OR)-mediated olfactory pathway. Furthermore, the repellency was reduced in the AsOBP1-/- mutant and a pyrethroid-resistant strain, in which the expression of AsOBP1 was significantly decreased. Moreover, recombinant AsOBP1 protein bound to bioallethrin in an in vitro competition assay. These results indicate that activation of the AsOBP1-mediated olfactory pathway is an important component of bioallethrin repellency. Our research lays the foundation for further elucidation into the olfactory mechanism of bioallethrin repellency and the behavioral modifications of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes.
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Atta MF, Qamar K, Safdar SS, Iram M, Bashir Kiani MR, Zia MS. Protective Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Testicular Histology in Rats Exposed <em>via</em> Chronic Mosquito Coil Smoke Inhalation. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2024; 34:641-645. [PMID: 38840343 DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2024.06.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the preventive effect of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on the testicular histology of rats exposed chronically to mosquito coil smoke. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College/National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from January to December 2020. METHODOLOGY Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. Group A was the healthy control. Group B rats were exposed to allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke for 12 weeks (4 hours/day). Group C rats received coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, 10mg/kg/day) through oral gavage, in addition to 12 weeks of mosquito coil smoke exposure (4 hours/day). At the end of the study, testicular histology was compared among three groups including the germinal epithelium height, seminiferous tubule diameter, and testicular capsule thickness, while adjusting for the body weight variations among rats. RESULTS The rats in Group B, exposed only to mosquito coil smoke showed testicular disruption, characterised by dilated seminiferous tubules (p <0.001), reduced germinal epithelial height (p <0.001), and thickened testicular capsule (p <0.007), as compared to the control group rats. However, the germinal epithelium height (p = 0.73) and testicular capsule thickness (p = 0.31) of rats receiving CoQ10 in addition to mosquito coil smoke inhalation were not significantly different from the control group. CONCLUSION Prolonged inhalation of allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke can cause testicular disruption among rats. The oral CoQ10 administration can effectively prevent the histomorphological adverse effects on the testis among rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke. KEY WORDS Allethrin, Coenzyme Q10, Germinal epithelium, Mosquito coil, Seminiferous tubules, Testicular capsule.
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Leong XY, Lee CY, Veera Singham G, Chong Shu-Chien A, Naylor R, Naylor A, Miller DM, Wilson MM, Lilly DG, Doggett SL. The Efficacy of a Pyrethroid-impregnated Mattress Liner on Multiple International Strains of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) and Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:19-28. [PMID: 35640206 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern bed bugs are resistant to multiple insecticide classes, particularly the pyrethroids. The efficacy of pyrethroid-impregnated mattress liners marketed for bed bug management has been variable. This study evaluated the efficacy of a permethrin-impregnated mattress liner, ActiveGuard, against 24 bed bug strains, consisting of both Cimex hemipterus (F.) and Cimex lectularius L. A 'mat assay', employing an allethrin-impregnated mat, was used to establish the pyrethroid resistance profile of all strains. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of ActiveGuard exposure on bed bug knockdown: 1) exposing the bed bugs continuously on the liner for up to 24 d, 2) holding the bed bugs on the liner for either 4 or 6 h, and 3) placing a noninsecticide treated fabric above the liner with the bed bugs held continuously on top. Our results indicated that all modern strains (collected within the last 15 years during the current resurgence) were pyrethroid-resistant, although the magnitude of resistance was highly variable between strains. In the continuous exposure study, an incomplete knockdown was recorded for most modern bed bug strains, with some having no knockdown even up to 7 d of constant exposure. In the 4 or 6 h exposure study, the level of knockdown was reduced even further, and very few bed bugs were knocked down in the double fabric study. The results of this study indicate that pyrethroid-impregnated mattress liners are not likely to be effective in the management of most modern bed bug infestations involving either C. hemipterus or C. lectularius.
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Dang K, Toi CS, Lilly DG, Lee CY, Naylor R, Tawatsin A, Thavara U, Bu W, Doggett SL. Identification of putative kdr mutations in the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:1015-1020. [PMID: 25132449 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bed bugs [both Cimex hemipterus (F.) and Cimex lectularius L.] are highly resistant to pyrethroids worldwide. An important resistance mechanism known as 'knockdown resistance' (kdr) is caused by genetic point mutations on the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene. Previous studies have identified two point mutations (V419L and L925I) on the VGSC gene in C. lectularius that are responsible for kdr-type resistance. However, the kdr mutations in C. hemipterus have not been investigated. RESULTS Four novel mutations, L899V (leucine to valine), M918I (methionine to isoleucine), D953G (aspartic acid to glycine) and L1014F (leucine to phenylalanine), were identified in the domain II region of the C. hemipterus VGSC gene. This region has been widely investigated for the study of kdr-type resistance to pyrethroids in other insect pests. The V419L and L925I kdr mutations as previously identified in C. lectularius were not detected in C. hemipterus. CONCLUSION M918I and L1014F are considered to be probable kdr mutations and may play essential roles in kdr-type resistance to pyrethroids in C. hemipterus. Further studies are under way in the authors' laboratory to determine the non-kdr-type resistance mechanisms in C. hemipterus.
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Bibbs CS, Fulcher A, Xue RD. Allethrin-Based Mosquito Control Device Causing Knockdown, Morbidity, and Mortality in Four Species of Field-Caught Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:739-742. [PMID: 26335485 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A mosquito control device marketed for spatial repellency, the ThermaCELL Mosquito Repellent Appliance, was evaluated in semifield trials against multiple field-caught species of mosquito. Using paper and mesh cages, mosquito test groups of at least 30 mosquitoes were suspended in a 2,337 cubic foot outdoor space while two ThermaCELL repellent devices were active. After 30 min of treatment, cages were moved to the laboratory to observe knockdown, morbidity, and mortality for 24 h. Species tested included Aedes atlanticus Dyar and Knab (98% average mortality), Psorophora ferox Humboldt (97% average mortality), Psorophora columbiae Dyar and Knab (96% average mortality), and Aedes taeniorhynchus Wiedemann (84% average mortality). The repellent devices showed effectiveness with high knockdown and mortality across all species tested. Mosquito control devices like the ThermaCELL Mosquito Repellent Appliance may have further practical applications to help combat viral exposures by limiting host mosquitoes. Such devices may provide a functional alternative to DEET dependence in the current state of mosquito management.
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Avicor SW, Wajidi M FF, Jaal Z. Laboratory evaluation of three commercial coil products for protection efficacy against Anopheles gambiae from southern Ghana: a preliminary study. Trop Biomed 2015; 32:386-389. [PMID: 26691267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Residents in irrigated urban agricultural sites face numerous mosquito problems such as increased mosquito populations and reduced insecticides susceptibility due to the creation of mosquito breeding sites and agricultural use of insecticides and hence require effective protective products against them. In this study, the protection effectiveness of three pyrethroid formulated mosquito coils of Malaysian origin against Anopheles gambiae sensu lato from an irrigated urban agricultural site in Ghana were evaluated for their potential use. Sucrose fed An. gambiae s.l. were exposed to insecticide-containing coils in a 70 cm x 70 cm x 70 cm glass chamber to assess the insecticidal effect of the coils. The 0.005% metofluthrin coil caused the most rapid knockdown of 50% of the test mosquitoes. The mean lethal effect of the coils on An. gambiae s.l. were as follows; 0.005% metofluthrin (86%), 0.3% d-allethrin (74.33%), 0.15% d-trans allethrin (72%) and the 0.25% d-allethrin reference coil (69%). The 0.005% metofluthrin coil achieved the highest insecticidal effect on An. gambiae s.l. compared to the other coils and hence performed better than the others as an anti-mosquito product. All the three test coils were effective against An. gambaie s.l. from the irrigated agricultural site compared to the reference coil.
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Ujihara K, Mori T, Iwasaki T, Sugano M, Shono Y, Matsuo N. Metofluthrin: A Potent New Synthetic Pyrethroid with High Vapor Activity against Mosquitoes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 68:170-4. [PMID: 14745180 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
(1R)-trans-Norchrysanthemic acid fluorobenzyl esters are synthesized and their structure-activity relationships are discussed. These esters show outstanding insecticidal activity against mosquitoes. In particular, the 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methoxymethylbenzyl analog (metofluthrin) exhibits the highest potency, being approximately forty times as potent as d-allethrin in a mosquito coil formulation when tested against southern house mosquitoes (Culex quinquefasciatus). Metofluthrin also exhibits a significant vapor action at room temperature.
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Lukwa N, Chiwade T. Lack of insecticidal effect of mosquito coils containing either metofluthrin or esbiothrin on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes. Trop Biomed 2008; 25:191-195. [PMID: 19287356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Use of mosquito coils for personal protection against malaria and mosquito nuisance is advocated under mosquito and malaria control programmes. We performed field studies of mosquito coils containing either metofluthrin or esbiothrin in experimental huts situated in Kamhororo village, Gokwe district, Zimbabwe. All tests were performed on 3-5 day old reared female Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes. The burning times were 9hr 20min for mosquito coils containing metofluthrin and 8 hr for those containing esbiothrin and the results were significantly different (p = <0.001). The mean knock down rate for mosquito coils containing metofluthrin was 90% and that for esbiothrin was 73.3% and the results were significantly different (p = 0.00). Mosquito coils containing metofluthrin had a mean repellence of 92.7% as compared to 85.4% for esbiothrin and the results were not significantly different (p=0.27). The protection time as required by EPA (1999) was 6 hr for mosquito coils containing metofluthrin and 5 hr for those containing esbiothrin. The mean insecticidal effect of mosquito coils containing metofluthrin was 84% as compared to 83% for those containing esbiothrin and the results were not significantly different (p = 0.56). Both mosquito formulations could not be classified as having insecticidal effect since none of them met the 95% mortality rate criteria.
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Katsuda Y, Leemingsawat S, Thongrungkiat S, Prummonkol S, Samung Y, Kanzaki T, Watanabe T, Kahara T. Control of mosquito vectors of tropical infectious diseases: (2) pyrethroid susceptibility of Aedes aegypti ( l) collected from different sites in Thailand. THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2008; 39:229-234. [PMID: 18564707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Four strains (SS, BS, A and B) of Aedes aegypti collected from different sites in Bangkok and at different times were examined for their pyrethroid susceptibility. Mosquito coils containing dl, d-T80-allethrin, d, d-T-prallethrin and methoxymethyl-tetrafluorobenzyl tetramethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate (K-3050) with or without a synergist were tested by the 25 m3 semi-field test method. One strain (SS) was the most susceptible with KT50 values of about < 30 minutes for all mosquito coils, while the other three strains (BS, A and B) were found to be around 10 to 20 times more tolerant to pyrethroids than the SS strain. A similar tendency for the pyrethroid susceptibility of the four strains was obtained with tests by topical application method. In field efficacy tests, mosquito coils with d, d-T-prallethrin 0.20% plus N-(2-ethylhexyl)bicycle-[2,2,1]- hept-5- ene-2,3-dicarboxyimide as a synergist exhibited a repellent effect of about 85%, while those with K-3050 0.10% plus the synergist exhibited a greater repellent effect of about 90%. In contrast, the repellent effect of commercial dl, d-T80-allethrin 0.20% coils was as low as about 50%. The d, d-T-prallethrin and K-3050 coils with the synergist were confirmed to be highly effective in repelling Ae. aegypti.
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Grosman N. Influence of pyrethroids and piperonyl butoxide on histamine release from isolated rat mast cells. Inflamm Res 2007; 56:473-8. [PMID: 17891335 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-007-7111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Pyrethroids are insecticides with low acute toxicity in mammals but their world-wide use for domestic and occupational purposes has caused concern about the risks of long-term exposure. The mammalian toxicity of pyrethroids is related to disturbances of membrane function in neuronal tissues whereas their influence on nonneuronal tissues is poorly understood. Recently, selected pyrethroids were shown to affect the function of rat synaptosomal and leukocyte membranes similarly. The present investigation explores to what extent their influence on the function of intact cells, i. e. isolated rat mast cells, correlates with these membrane interactions. MATERIALS AND TREATMENT Permethrin and the more water soluble esbiol (S-bioallethrin), both type I pyrethroids, and cyfluthrin, type II, used alone and together with the enhancing substance piperonyl butoxide (PBO) at concentration ratios of 1:5 and 1:10, were tested for influence on histamine release induced by compound 48/80 without and with calcium. RESULTS Permethrin (5-10 microM) caused a 10-25 % inhibition of the histamine release in the absence of calcium but did not affect the response with calcium present and had no interaction with PBO. Esbiol (10 microM) was an effective inhibitor on its own, with 70 and 45% inhibition in the absence and presence of calcium, respectively, and caused virtually complete inhibition in a synergistic interaction with PBO. The effect of esbiol could partly be ascribed to inhibition of oxidative energy production. Cyfluthrin was inactive at concentrations up to 10 microM. PBO alone (50 microM) caused some inhibition, in particular in the absence of calcium (ca. 25 %). CONCLUSIONS The results relating to mast cell histamine release reveal both similarities and differences with the influence of the pyrethroids on cell membrane activities. They indicate that not solely membrane interactions but also additional or alternative targets are involved in the effects of pyrethroids on mammalian tissues. Moreover, the pronounced effects of a brief cell exposure suggest that long-term exposure can be hazardous.
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Kishore K, Kumar V, Kesari S, Dinesh DS, Kumar AJ, Das P, Bhattacharya SK. Vector control in leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res 2006; 123:467-72. [PMID: 16778324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoor residual spraying is a simple and cost effective method of controlling endophilic vectors and DDT remains the insecticide of choice for the control of leishmaniasis. However resistance to insecticide is likely to become more widespread in the population especially in those areas in which insecticide has been used for years. In this context use of slow release emulsified suspension (SRES) may be the best substitute. In this review spraying frequencies of DDT and new schedule of spray have been discussed. Role of biological control and environment management in the control of leishmaniasis has been emphasized. Allethrin (coil) 0.1 and 1.6 per cent prallethrin (liquid) have been found to be effective repellents against Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of Indian kalaazar. Insecticide impregnated bednets is another area which requires further research on priority basis for the control of leishmaniasis. Role of satellite remote sensing for early prediction of disease by identifying the sandflygenic conditions cannot be undermined. In future synthetic pheromons can be exploited in the control of leishmaniasis.
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Liu Y, Liang LY, Ma WL, Zheng WL. [Effect of S-bioallethrin on human lymphocyte]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2006; 26:321-4, 327. [PMID: 16546737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of the S-bioallethrin on human lymphocytes by microarray technique. METHODS The changes of normal human lymphocytes treated with S-bioallethrin were examined with light microscope, flow cytometry, electron microscope, DNA ladder and microarray techniques. RESULTS Morphological study showed that the lymphocytes underwent apoptosis after S-bioallethrin exposure, which as further confirmed by the expression changes of 346 genes. CONCLUSION S-bioallethrin can induce apoptosis of normal human lymphocytes and changes in their gene expression profiles.
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Srinivasan R, Kalyanasundaram M. Ultra low volume aerosol application of deltacide (deltamethrin 0.5% w/v, S-bioallethrin 0.71% w/v & piperonyl butoxide 8.9% w/v) against mosquitoes. Indian J Med Res 2006; 123:55-60. [PMID: 16567869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Insecticide in the form of space spray as an ultra low volume (ULV) aerosol are used during epidemics of vector borne diseases. Deltacide, a formulation comprising of three chemicals viz., deltamethrin 0.5 per cent w/v, S-bio-allethrin 0.71 per cent w/v and piperonyl butoxide 8.9 per cent w/v is suitable for ULV application. As this combination is found to be effective in preventing resistance development tackling the population, which had already developed resistance and cause immediate mortality, its synergistic effect was tested in Peet Grady chamber, against three species of mosquitoes, viz., Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. METHODS Blood fed females were exposed to ULV application of deltacide in a Peet Grady chamber at four dosages viz., 0.005, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 ml/m2 and examined for knockdown activity at 10 min interval for 60 min. Thereafter, the mosquitoes were removed from the chamber and maintained in another room having controlled temperature (28+/-2 degrees C) and humidity (60-75%) and observed for recovery, if any, and the per cent knockdown was calculated. Mortality rate after 24 h of holding period was also determined from moribund and dead adults. RESULTS Pairwise comparison showed that the effect of deltacide spray varied significantly (P<0.001) among the three species tested. The effectiveness was significantly higher in Ae. aegypti, when compared with that of Cx. quiquefasciatus (P<0.001) and An. stephensi (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the efficacy of deltacide between Cx. quiquefasciatus and An. stephensi. All species of mosquitoes became inactive i.e., knocked down completely within 60 min of exposure at all the dosages tested and mortality observed was 100 per cent after 24 h of exposure. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Deltacide when tested in the form of ULV cold aerosol, the dosage 0.01 ml/m2 was effective against both Ae. aegypti, and An. stephensi, and 0.02 ml/m2 against Cx. quiquefasciatus, causing 100 per cent mortality. The efficacy of ULV application of deltacide against vector mosquitoes needs to be assessed under field conditions.
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Mani TR, Arunachalam N, Rajendran R, Satyanarayana K, Dash AP. Efficacy of thermal fog application of deltacide, a synergized mixture of pyrethroids, against Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue. Trop Med Int Health 2005; 10:1298-304. [PMID: 16359411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of indoor and peridomestic thermal fog applications of deltacide, a synergized mixture of pyrethroids (S-bioallethrin 0.7% w/v, deltamethrin 0.5% w/v and piperonyl butoxide 8.9% w/v) against adult populations of Aedes aegypti in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. We bioassayed adult caged mosquitoes, counted indoor resting and human landing adult mosquitoes and assessed the percentage of potential breeding sites with Aedes larvae. The bioassay mortalities indicated that the knockdown and killing effect was greater when fogging was applied inside houses rather than around them. Peridomestic thermal fogging reduced the resting and biting populations by 76% and 40%, respectively for the 3 days after treatment, whereas indoor fogging suppressed adult populations for 5 days.
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Grosman N, Diel F. Influence of pyrethroids and piperonyl butoxide on the Ca2+-ATPase activity of rat brain synaptosomes and leukocyte membranes. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:263-70. [PMID: 15652757 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides of low acute toxicity in mammals but the consequences of long-term exposure are of concern. Their insecticidal action is related to neurotoxicity and, in addition, there are indications of mammalian immunotoxicity. In order to clarify structure-activity relationships of the membrane interactions of pyrethroids, the present study compared the influence of selected pyrethroids, i.e. permethrin and the more water soluble esbiol (S-bioallethrin), both type I, and cyfluthrin, type II, on the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of rat brain synaptosomes and peritoneal leukocyte membranes. The pyrethroids were tested alone as well as mixed with the enhancing substance piperonyl butoxide (PBO) at concentration ratios of 1:5 and 1:10. At the highest concentration tested, permethrin (10 microM) alone inhibited the ATPase activity of leukocyte membranes by 20%, whereas the synaptosomes were affected less. Esbiol and cyfluthrin alone did not affect either membrane preparation significantly, whereas PBO (50 microM) alone caused 10-15% inhibition. Mixtures of either pyrethroid with PBO inhibited the ATPase activity of both types of membranes (up to 40% inhibition) in a synergistic manner, which always tended to be supra-additive. With esbiol a true potentiation took place. The synergistic interaction between pyrethroid and PBO was most apparent with mixtures of a concentration ratio of 1:5. The ATPase activity of leukocyte membranes tended to be more susceptible to inhibition than that of synaptosomes. The results are in accordance with the assumption that the mammalian toxicity of pyrethroids can be ascribed to a general disturbance of cell membrane function in neuronal tissue. The results indicate that it may also be the case in the immune apparatus.
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Hildebrand ME, McRory JE, Snutch TP, Stea A. Mammalian Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Are Potently Blocked by the Pyrethroid Insecticide Allethrin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 308:805-13. [PMID: 14634047 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.058792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroids are commonly used insecticides for both household and agricultural applications. It is generally reported that voltage-gated sodium channels are the primary target for toxicity of these chemicals to humans. The phylogenetic and structural relatedness between sodium channels and voltage-gated calcium (Ca) channels prompted us to examine the effects of the type 1 pyrethroid allethrin on the three major classes of mammalian calcium channels exogenously expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. We report that all classes of mammalian calcium channels are targets for allethrin at concentrations very similar to those reported for interaction with sodium channels. Allethrin caused blockade with IC(50) values of 7.0 microM for T-type alpha(1G) (Ca(v)3.1), 6.8 microM for L-type alpha(1C) (Ca(v)1.2), and 6.7 microM for P/Q-type alpha(1A) (Ca(v)2.1) channels. Mechanistically, the blockade of calcium channels was found to be significantly different than the prolonged opening of mammalian sodium channels caused by pyrethroids. In all calcium channel subtypes tested, allethrin caused a significant acceleration of the inactivation kinetics and a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation. The high-voltage-activated P/Q- and L-type channels showed a frequency of stimulation-dependent increase in block by allethrin, whereas the low-voltage-activated alpha(1G) subtype did not. Allethrin did not significantly modify the deactivation kinetics or current-voltage relationships of any of the calcium channel types. Our study indicates that calcium channels are another primary target for allethrin and suggests that blockade of different types of calcium channels may underlie some of the chronic effects of low-level pyrethroid poisoning.
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Whitmore LF, Hughes JF, Harrison N, Abela M, O'Rourke P. Enhanced efficiency of electrostatically charged insecticide aerosols. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2001; 57:432-436. [PMID: 11374160 DOI: 10.1002/ps.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The bioefficacy of a standard domestic aerosol insecticide has been compared with that of a similar spray in which the droplets were electrostatically charged. The aerosol was charged without the need for an external power supply, by enhancing natural charge separation processes that occur during atomisation. The charge-to-mass ratio achieved was 1.1 x 10(-4) C kg-1, compared with 2.2 x 10(-5) C kg-1 for the standard aerosol. Efficiency was assessed for insects in free flight. A direct space-spray application method was used to study the bioefficacy of these aerosols on houseflies, Musca domestica, and an indirect space-spray method on houseflies and mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus. Two levels of concentration of active ingredients were compared. At low concentrations of 1.57 g kg-1 of bioallethrin and 0.29 g kg-1 of bioresmethrin, the charged aerosol achieved a significant reduction in KDT50 (time at which 50% of the flies were knocked down), compared with the standard aerosol. In the direct spray application to houseflies, the KDT50 was reduced by 50%, while in the indirect spray the KDT50 was reduced by 40%. In the indirect spray of mosquitoes, the KDT50 was reduced by 22%. With higher active ingredient concentrations of 2.09 g kg-1 for bioallethrin and 0.39 g kg-1 for bioresmethrin, the charged aerosol also demonstrated faster knockdown than the standard, but the improvement was less marked. In the direct spray application to houseflies, the KDT50 was reduced by 21% compared with the standard aerosol, while in the indirect spray the KDT50 was reduced by 16%. In the indirect spray of mosquitoes, the KDT50 was reduced by 24%. The percentage mortality after 24 h was also increased with the charged aerosol. Charge carried by the droplets results in increased interception of the insecticide, as the droplets are attracted to the insects in flight and space charge effects within the aerosol could cause improved dispersion in the test chamber.
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Martin RL, Pittendrigh B, Liu J, Reenan R, ffrench-Constant R, Hanck DA. Point mutations in domain III of a Drosophila neuronal Na channel confer resistance to allethrin. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 30:1051-1059. [PMID: 10989292 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels are the presumed site of action of pyrethroid insecticides and DDT. We screened several mutant sodium channel Drosophila lines for resistance to type I pyrethroids. In insecticidal bioassays the para(74) and para(DN7) fly lines showed greater than 4-fold resistance to allethrin relative to the allethrin sensitive Canton-S control line. The amino acid substitutions of both mutants are in domain III. The point mutation associated with para(74) lies within the S6 transmembrane region and the amino acid substitution associated with para(DN7) lies within the S4-S5 linker region. These sites are analogous to the mutations in domain II underlying knockdown resistance (kdr) and super-kdr, naturally occurring forms of pyrethroid resistance found in houseflies and other insects. Electrophysiological studies were performed on isolated Drosophila neurons from wild type and para(74) embryos placed in primary culture for three days to two weeks. The mutant para(74) sodium currents were kinetically similar to wild type currents, in activation, inactivation and time to peak. The only observed difference between para(74) and wild-type neurons was in the affinity of the type I pyrethroid, allethrin. Application of 500 nM allethrin caused removal of inactivation and prolonged tail currents in wild type sodium channels but had little or no effect on para(74) mutant sodium channels.
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Ginsburg K, Narahashi T. Time course and temperature dependence of allethrin modulation of sodium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion cells. Brain Res 1999; 847:38-49. [PMID: 10564734 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Key effects of the pyrethroid insecticide allethrin, delivered to or washed out from cells at 10 or 100 microM in 0.1% DMSO, on neuronal Na(+) channel currents were studied in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells under whole-cell patch clamp. Tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na(+) channels were more responsive to allethrin than tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) Na(+) channels. On application of 10 or 100 microM allethrin to cells with TTX-R Na(+) channels, the Na(+) tail current during repolarization developed a large slowly decaying component within 10 min. This slow tail developed multiphasically, suggesting that allethrin gains access to Na(+) channels by a multiorder process. On washout (with 0.1% DMSO present), the slow tail current disappeared monophasically (exponential tau=188+/-44 s). Development and washout rates did not depend systematically on temperature (12 degrees, 18 degrees, or 27 degrees C), but washout was slowed severely if DMSO was absent. As the duration of a depolarizing pulse was increased (range 0.32-10 ms), the amplitude of the slow component of the succeeding tail conductance first increased then decreased. Tail current amplitude had the same dependence on preceding pulse duration (at 18 degrees ) at 10 or 100 microM, consistent with allethrin modification of Na(+) channels at rest before opening. At 10 microM, slow tail conductance was at maximum 40% of the peak conductance during the previous depolarization, independent of temperature; evidently, the fraction of open modified channels did not change. However, at low temperature, the tail is more prolonged, bringing more Na(+) ions into a cell. In functioning neurons, this Na(+) influx would cause a larger depolarizing afterpotential, a condition favoring the repetitive discharges, which are signatory of pyrethroid intoxication.
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Diel F, Detscher M, Schock B, Ennis M. In vitro effects of the pyrethroid S-bioallethrin on lymphocytes and basophils from atopic and nonatopic subjects. Allergy 1998; 53:1052-9. [PMID: 9860237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic pyrethroids are increasingly used as insecticides and marketed as having relatively low human toxicity. The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro effects of the synthetic pyrethroid S-bioallethrin on human blood lymphocytes and basophils in atopic individuals and nonatopic control subjects. S-bioallethrin caused inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation after a 72-h culture period in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition of the lymphocyte proliferation by S-bioallethrin at the concentration 6.5 microM correlated well with the total serum IgE values (r = -0.89, P < 0.001). Samples from atopic subjects were more sensitive to this inhibition than those from nonatopic volunteers. The regulatory interleukin-4/interferon-gamma (JL-4/IFN-gamma) balance showed a significant difference between atopic and nonatopic subjects after a short-term culture period (24 h) in the presence of the same concentration range of S-bioallethrin (P < 0.001). Additionally, IFN-gamma secretion was consistently lower in cells from the atopic donors. Furthermore, S-bioallethrin induced histamine release from human basophils in a concentration-dependent manner. Although the effect was small compared to histamine liberators such as N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe and anti-IgE, the response to S-bioallethrin was significantly different in atopic donors from nonatopic (P = 0.0431). These findings are the first demonstration of the immunotoxicologic properties of the synthetic pyrethroid S-bioallethrin by this combined in vitro approach with human lymphocytes and basophils. Further studies will investigate the responses of lymphocytes from patients who are sensitive to these agents.
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Moya-Quiles MR, Muñoz-Delgado E, Vidal CJ. Effect of the pyrethroid insecticide allethrin on membrane fluidity. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 1995; 36:1299-308. [PMID: 8535302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Allethrin is a widely used pyrethroid insecticide with an alkenylmethylcyclopentenolone group in its structure. We have analyzed its interaction with model and native membranes using DPH and its polar derivative TMA-DPH fluorescence polarization. Allethrin modified the bilayer order in the temperature range of the phase transition when incorporated into liposomes made with dimyristoyl-(DMPC), dipalmitoyl-(DPPC) and distearoyl-(DSPC) phosphatidylcholine. In DMPC: allethrin mixtures the pyrethroid decreased the bilayer order in the gel phase, without altering the liquid-crystalline one. In native membranes, DPH and TMA-DPH fluorescence polarization remained unchanged after incubation with allethrin. The release of hemoglobin was notably facilitated by the incorporation of allethrin into human erythrocytes. The results are discussed in terms of a possible aggregation of the insecticide in the lipid bilayer to create special domains with a consequent increase in membrane instability.
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Nozaki S, Takahashi M, Hashimoto K. Effect of pyrethroid (allethrin and fenvalerate) on excitability changes following nerve impulse. SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI = JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 1995; 37:5-8. [PMID: 7780863 DOI: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.37.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides induce two different clinical symptoms. The difference has been reported to depend on the effect on the sodium channel opening time. We performed the present study to confirm this report by a double stimulation method. Allethrin (type I) 5 mg/kg and fenvalerate (type II) 1.5 kg/mg were injected into pentobarbital anesthetized rats. Tail nerve excitability was examined by a double stimulation method at from 4 msec to 40 msec intervals. The excitability was expressed as a percentage of the response to conditioned stimuli following supernormal stimuli to response to unconditioned stimuli. In control rats, the largest excitability was 94.6 +/- 19.2% at an 8 msec stimulus interval. After allethrin injection, we obtained two types of excitability changes. In some rats, supernormal excitability was present from 4 msec to 15 msec up to 120%. In other rats, the excitability was lower than that in the control from 4 msec to 15 msec. In fenvalerate treated rats, there was supernormal excitability from 4 msec to 40 msec. The peak of excitability was 122.4 +/- 35.3% at 10 msec. By double stimulation methods, we obtained characteristic nerve excitability changes in allethrin and fenvalerate treated rats after symptoms disappeared. These results showed that it should be possible to detect human nerve subclinical changes following lower doses or during chronic exposure.
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Abstract
The induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus is mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-coupled calcium influx. In addition, calcium/calmodulin (CaM) has been demonstrated to play an essential role in the induction process. In the present study, a possible role of CaM-dependent phosphatase (phosphatase 2B, PP-2B, calcineurin) in the LTP process was examined by intracellular recordings in apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells of adult guinea-pigs. In dendrites in which cypermethrin, a potent and specific inhibitor of PP-2B (IC50 40 pM), was intracellularly applied, tetanization generated only short-term increases (15-30 min) of excitatory responses. In the intracellular presence of allethrin, a weak inhibitor of PP-2B, LTP expression was not affected. These findings demonstrate that activation of PP-2B is a necessary condition for the expression of LTP in CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites.
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Moya-Quiles MR, Muñoz-Delgado E, Vidal CJ. Interactions of the pyrethroid insecticide allethrin with liposomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994; 312:95-100. [PMID: 8031152 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1994.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The action of allethrin, a pyrethroid with an alkenylmethylcyclopentenolone group, on the thermotropic properties of lipid vesicles has been investigated. Application of turbidimetry and differential scanning calorimetry to liposomes made with dimyristoyl- (DMPC), dipalmitoyl- (DPPC), and distearoyl- (DSPC) phosphatidycholine, containing variable concentrations of allethrin, showed that the pyrethroid lowers the temperature at which the phase transition of the phospholipid occurs. Furthermore, allethrin produces a broadening of the peak which marks the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition. The appearance of a second peak as the allethrin concentration in the membranes rises indicates a limited miscibility of the pyrethroid in lipids. Incorporation of allethrin in carboxyfluorescein-trapped unilamellar liposomes, followed by incubation at several temperatures, enhances carboxyfluorescein release in allethrin-containing vesicles. The results are discussed in terms of a preferential localization of allethrin in an extended orientation in the bilayer with the carbonyl group of the alkenylmethylcyclopentenolone residue in the lipid water interface and the cyclopropanecarboxylate moiety between the hydrocarbon acyl chain of the phospholipids.
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Ahlbom J, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P. Neonatal exposure to a type-I pyrethroid (bioallethrin) induces dose-response changes in brain muscarinic receptors and behaviour in neonatal and adult mice. Brain Res 1994; 645:318-24. [PMID: 8062093 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study shows that neonatal exposure to the insecticide bioallethrin has a dose-dependent effect on muscarinic cholinergic receptors (MAChR) in the neonatal mouse, leading to permanent changes in MAChR and in spontaneous behaviour in adult mice. Neonatal NMRI mice, given oral doses of either bioallethrin or the vehicle, once daily between the 10th and 16th postnatal day, were killed at the age of 17 days or 1 week after the spontaneous motor behaviour tests at 4 months. The MAChR were assayed in the cerebral cortex by using the antagonist quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) and the agonist carbachol. In the 17-day-old mice bioallethrin exposure elicited a significant dose-dependent increase in the specific [3H]QNB binding. The competition study showed that the proportion of low-affinity binding was significantly increased in the 17-day-old mice compared with controls. In the adult mouse there was a significant dose-dependent decrease in specific [3H]QNB binding. In these adult mice the behavioural variables 'locomotion' and 'total activity' showed significant (P < or = 0.01) dose-dependent increases at all doses up to and including 0.70 mg/kg b.wt.
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