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Brennan M, Davison PF, Paulus H. Preparation of bispecific antibodies by chemical recombination of monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 fragments. Science 1985; 229:81-3. [PMID: 3925553 DOI: 10.1126/science.3925553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of bispecific antibodies by the chemical reassociation of monovalent fragments derived from monoclonal mouse immunoglobulin G1 is inefficient because of side reactions during reoxidation of the multiple disulfide bonds linking the heavy chains. These side reactions can be avoided by using specific dithiol complexing agents such as arsenite and effecting disulfide formation with a thiol activating agent such as 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). In this way bispecific antibodies were obtained in high yield and free of monospecific contaminants from monoclonal mouse immunoglobulin G1 fragments. The bispecific antibodies were used as agents for the selective immobilization of enzymes.
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Carayanniotis G, Barber BH. Adjuvant-free IgG responses induced with antigen coupled to antibodies against class II MHC. Nature 1987; 327:59-61. [PMID: 3472080 DOI: 10.1038/327059a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The generation of strong serological responses to protein antigens in experimental animals usually requires the use of potent adjuvants, most of which cannot be used in human or veterinary vaccines because of deleterious side effects. Attempting to circumvent this problem, we have assessed an adjuvant-free antigen-delivery system based on the hypothesis that antigen coupled to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants should be 'targeted' onto antigen-presenting cells, thus facilitating recognition by helper T cells. We found that the biotin-binding protein avidin could generate a serological response in mice, without adjuvant, when injected coupled to a biotinylated anti-class II MHC mAb. Equivalent amounts of avidin mixed with the non-biotinylated form of the same mAb failed to elicit a response. A targeting effect was demonstrated at low levels of injected conjugate because only mice bearing the appropriate class II antigens responded. Responses were also seen with a protein antigen other than avidin, offering a new, adjuvant-free approach to subunit vaccine construction.
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Chinol M, Casalini P, Maggiolo M, Canevari S, Omodeo ES, Caliceti P, Veronese FM, Cremonesi M, Chiolerio F, Nardone E, Siccardi AG, Paganelli G. Biochemical modifications of avidin improve pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and reduce immunogenicity. Br J Cancer 1998; 78:189-97. [PMID: 9683292 PMCID: PMC2062912 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pretargeting techniques using the avidin-biotin system have shown encouraging results in both diagnostic and therapeutic clinical trials. It has been shown that in cancer therapy the ideal agent to be used for pretargeting should have a plasma half-life longer than avidin and lower immunogenicity than streptavidin in order for these procedures to be applied safely and repeatedly in patients. We prepared a recombinant form of avidin with no carbohydrates and avidins, biochemically modified either by decreasing the positive charges with succinic anhydride or by linking polyethylene glycol (PEG) at three different molar ratios and evaluated their in vivo behaviour after i.p. administration in mice. The succinylation and PEGylation of avidin increased the plasma half-life proportionally to the degree of protein modification. The procedures, however, affected the biotin binding to some extent. The biodistribution studies showed that, for all six time points (ranging from 20 min to 18 h post-injection), the liver and kidney to blood ratios were lower for PEGylated avidins than native, recombinant and succinyl avidin. Recombinant and low PEGylated avidin evoked an immune response in all mice after at least three injections. Native, recombinant and succinyl avidins showed higher serum titres than PEGylated avidins. In conclusion, the conjugation of avidin to PEG chains (n = 7) originates a compound with a suitable blood clearance, low immunogenicity and concurrent low cross-reactivity with avidin.
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Paganelli G, Bartolomei M, Ferrari M, Cremonesi M, Broggi G, Maira G, Sturiale C, Grana C, Prisco G, Gatti M, Caliceti P, Chinol M. Pre-targeted locoregional radioimmunotherapy with 90Y-biotin in glioma patients: phase I study and preliminary therapeutic results. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2001; 16:227-35. [PMID: 11471487 DOI: 10.1089/10849780152389410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the maximum-tolerated dose, of a pre-targeting three-step (3-S) method employing 90Y-biotin in the locoregional radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of recurrent high grade glioma, and to investigate the antitumor efficacy of this new treatment. Twenty-four patients with recurrent glioma underwent second surgical debulking and implantation of a catheter into the surgical resection cavity (SRC), in order to introduce the radioimmunotherapeutic agents [biotinylated monoclonal antibody (MoAb), avidin and 90Y-biotin]. Eight patients with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and 16 patients with glioblastoma (GBM) were injected with biotinylated anti-tenascin MoAb (2 mg), then with avidin (10 mg; 24 h later) and finally 90Y-biotin (18 h later). Each patient received two of these treatments 8-10 weeks apart. The injected activity ranged from 0.555 to 1.110 GBq (15-30 mCi). Dosage was escalated by 0.185 GBq (5 mCi) in four consecutive groups. The treatment was well tolerated without acute side effects up to 0.740 GBq (20 mCi). The maximum tolerated activity was 1.110 GBq (30 mCi) limited by neurological toxicity. None of the patients developed hematologic toxicity. In three patients infection occurred around the catheter. The average absorbed dose to the normal brain was minimal compared with that received at the SRC interface. At first control (after 2 months), partial (PR) and minor (MR) responses were observed in three GBM (1 PR; 2 MR) and three AA patients (1 PR; 2 MR) with an overall objective response rate of 25%. Stable disease (SD) was achieved in seven GBM and five AA patients (50%). There was disease progression in six GBM patients (25%), but in none of the AA patients. At the dosage of 0.7-0.9 GBq per cycle, locoregional 3-S-RIT was safe and produced an objective response in 25% of patients. Based on these encouraging results, phase II studies employing 3-S-RIT soon after first debulking are justified.
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Pitkänen A, Amaral DG. Distribution of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells and fibers in the monkey temporal lobe: the amygdaloid complex. J Comp Neurol 1993; 331:14-36. [PMID: 8320347 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903310103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-binding protein parvalbumin was immunohistochemically localized in the monkey amygdaloid complex. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies, fibers, and terminals were observed in several amygdaloid nuclei and cortical areas. Three types of aspiny neurons, ranging from small spherical cells (Type 1) to large multipolar cells (Type 2) and fusiform cells (Type 3) were observed in most amygdaloid regions, though the proportions of the cell types were different in each region. The density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals tended to parallel the density of labeled cell bodies. The highest densities of parvalbumin profiles were observed in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the periamygdaloid cortex (PAC2), the magnocellular division of the basal nucleus, the ventrolateral portion of the lateral nucleus, and the accessory basal nucleus. The regions containing the lowest densities of parvalbumin-positive profiles were the medial nucleus, anterior cortical nucleus, central nucleus, and the paralaminar nucleus. In regions with fiber and terminal labeling, pericellular networks of fibers, reminiscent of basket cell terminations, were commonly observed to surround unstained neuronal cell bodies and proximal dendrites. In the magnocellular division of the basal nucleus, and to a lesser extent in the lateral nucleus, parvalbumin-labeled "cartridges" of axo-axonic terminals were observed on the initial segments of unlabeled cells. Parvalbumin-positive varicosities were also commonly observed in close apposition to the soma and dendrites of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells. Given the close correspondence between the distribution of parvalbumin-positive neurons and a subset of GABAergic neurons in many brain regions, these data provide a first indication of the organization of the inhibitory circuitry of the primate amygdaloid complex.
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Chung JW, Park JM, Bernhardt R, Pyun JC. Immunosensor with a controlled orientation of antibodies by using NeutrAvidin–protein A complex at immunoaffinity layer. J Biotechnol 2006; 126:325-33. [PMID: 16842878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The orientation of antibody was controlled by using NeutrAvidin-protein A complex on the gold surface of SPR biosensor. The surface density of receptor antibody (anti-hIgG) was compared by treatment of receptor antibody to the layer of avidin, NeutrAvidin, protein A, NeutrAvidin-protein A complex and bare gold surface of SPR biosensor. The ligand antibody (hIgG) was injected to each IA layer and the binding ratio of ligand antibody per unit receptor was estimated as a parameter of orientation control. The NeutrAvidin-protein A complex on gold surface of SPR biosensor showed the highest surface density of receptor antibody as well as the binding ratio of ligand antibody per receptor antibody. The NeutrAvidin-protein A complex was also prepared on biotin-labelled SAM, and the binding ratio of ligand per receptor was found to be significantly improved in comparison to the IA layer prepared by chemical coupling of receptor antibody to the SAM layer. The NeutrAvidin-protein A complex which showed the highest efficiency for the binding of ligand antibodies, was applied for the detection of a cancer marker called CEA. By using NeutrAvidin-protein A complex and sandwich assay for signal amplification, sensitivity was improved to be 1.5-fold higher than bare gold surface and the detection of CEA with the detection limit of 30 ng/ml was achieved.
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Paganelli G, Chinol M, Maggiolo M, Sidoli A, Corti A, Baroni S, Siccardi AG. The three-step pretargeting approach reduces the human anti-mouse antibody response in patients submitted to radioimmunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE 1997; 24:350-1. [PMID: 9143478 DOI: 10.1007/bf01728778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Blake MR, Weimer BC. Immunomagnetic detection of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in food and environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:1643-6. [PMID: 9143097 PMCID: PMC168457 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.5.1643-1646.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There are currently no methods for the rapid and sensitive detection of bacterial spores that could be used to direct raw materials containing high spore loads away from products that pose a food safety risk. Existing methods require an overnight incubation, cannot detect spores below 10(5) CFU/ml, or are not specific to particular species. This work describes a method to specifically detect < 10(4) CFU of bacterial spores per ml within 2 h. Polyclonal antibodies to Bacillus stearothermophilus spores were attached to 2.8-micron-diameter magnetic polystyrene beads by using a polythreonine cross-linker via the antibody carbohydrate moiety. A biotin-avidin-amplified sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay coupled to a fluorescent substrate was used to quantitate captured spores. The concentration of B. stearothermophilus spores in samples was linearly correlated to fluorescent activity (r2 = 0.99) with a lower detection limit of 8 x 10(3) CFU/ml and an upper detection limit of 8 x 10(5) CFU/ml. The detection limits are not fixed and can be changed by varying the immunomagnetic bead concentration. Several food and environmental samples were tested to demonstrate the versatility of the assay.
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Ruan C, Zeng K, Varghese OK, Grimes CA. A magnetoelastic bioaffinity-based sensor for avidin. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 19:1695-701. [PMID: 15142604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2003] [Revised: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A magnetoelastic bioaffinity sensor coupled with biocatalytic precipitation is described for avidin detection. The non-specific adsorption characteristics of streptavidin on different functionalized sensor surfaces are examined. It is found that a biotinylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) interface can effectively block non-specific adsorption of proteins. Coupled with the PEG immobilized sensor surface, alkaline phosphatase (AP) labeled streptavidin is used to track specific binding on the sensor. This mass-change-based signal is amplified by the accumulation on the sensor of insoluble products of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate catalyzed by AP. The resulting mass loading on the sensor surface in turn shifts the resonance frequency of the magnetoelastic sensors, with an avidin detection limit of approximately 200 ng/ml.
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Carayanniotis G, Skea DL, Luscher MA, Barber BH. Adjuvant-independent immunization by immunotargeting antigens to MHC and non-MHC determinants in vivo. Mol Immunol 1991; 28:261-7. [PMID: 1708106 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(91)90072-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Using avidin as a model protein antigen, and biotinylated monoclonal antibodies as a convenient means of forming stable complexes with avidin, we have investigated the adjuvant-independent immunization of three mouse strains, C57BL/6, C3H and (C57BL/6 x C3H)F1, with immunoconjugates targeted to different class II MHC and non-MHC sites. The results confirm the effectiveness of anti-I-Ak and anti-I-Ab immunoconjugates with respect to priming for secondary IgG responses in (H-2b x H-2k)F1 mice, while indicating a lack of response in strains which are homozygous for the targeted allele. In terms of non-MHC targets in the monocyte-macrophage lineage, neither anti-MAC-1 nor anti-MAC-2 immunoconjugates were effective in any of the three strains. However, the 33D1 anti-dendritic cell antibody gave significant responses in all three strains, with the F1 response being more than 10-fold greater than the anti-class II immunoconjugates in either strain. These findings indicate that immunotargeting a protein antigen to a non-MHC determinant on dendritic cells in vivo can be an effective means of inducing an adjuvant-independent serological response, and that this approach can have significant advantages over anti-class II MHC immunotargeting.
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Abstract
The efficacy of avidin as a carrier for the generation of anti-hapten antibodies was assessed in mice by immunization with complexes of avidin and synthetic peptides containing biotin and an epsilon-dinitrophenyl (DNP) lysine residue. The synthetic haptens were constructed with 0, 1 or 2 6-aminocaproyl groups as spacers between the biotin and DNP-lysine moieties. Complexes without a spacer did not induce anti-DNP antibody responses, while those with two spacers induced stronger responses than those with only one spacer. However, the anti-DNP responses to avidin-biotinylated hapten complexes were considerably weaker than responses to a conventional hapten-protein conjugate (DNP-ovalbumin), and, like "T-independent" antigens, failed to induce significant immunological memory. The distribution of isotypes in the anti-DNP antibodies produced to avidin-biotin-6-aminocaproyl-epsilon-DNP-lysine-alanine and DNP-ovalbumin was similar, but the former antigen induced significantly lower levels of antibody in (CBA/N X BALB/c) F1 male mice with the xid defect than in phenotypically normal female littermates, and also induced significant responses in nu/nu mice, in contrast to DNP-ovalbumin. These findings suggest that there is at least a "T-independent" or "T-efficient" component in the response to avidin-biotin complexes, perhaps due to the tetrameric structure of the molecule. Estimates of the depth of the receptor site for biotin were obtained by using the complexes to competitively inhibit the binding of anti-DNP antibody to plates coated with DNP-protein. The findings were consonant with the data on immunogenicity (capacity to induce anti-DNP antibody responses) and suggested that the receptor site has a depth of 16-26 A.
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Friedman A, Zerubavel R, Gitler C, Cohen IR. Molecular events in the processing of avidin by antigen-presenting cells (APC). III. Activation of T-lymphocyte lines and H-2 restriction are mediated by processed avidin associated with I-region gene products. Immunogenetics 1983; 18:291-302. [PMID: 6413394 DOI: 10.1007/bf00952967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction between processed avidin (PA) and avidin-specific lines of T lymphocytes free of resident antigen-presenting cells (APC). We found that PA was able to replace the requirement for APC in the T-lymphocyte proliferative assay, only if the PA was associated with an Ia-positive moiety (IPM) supplied by the APC. In addition to supplying a necessary signal for a proliferative response to PA, IPM imposed H-2 restriction on the PA molecule. The association between PA and IPM was reversible and the two moieties could be physically separated and recombined. The results support a conclusion that major histocompatibility restriction of the interaction between T lymphocytes and APC is due to the association between processed antigen and an APC element containing I-region products.
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Loesch A, Burnstock G. Immunoreactivity to P2X(6) receptors in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system: an ultrastructural study with extravidin and colloidal gold-silver labelling. Neuroscience 2002; 106:621-31. [PMID: 11591462 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of the purine receptor P2X(6) subtype was studied in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system at the electron microscope level. Receptors were visualised with ExtrAvidin peroxidase conjugate and immunogold-silver pre-embedding immunocytochemistry using a polyclonal antibody against an intracellular domain of the receptor. Application of ExtrAvidin labelling revealed P2X(6) receptors in subpopulations of: (i) neurosecretory cell bodies, neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory axons and dendrites of neurones in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei; and (ii) pituicytes and neurosecretory axons of the neurohypophysis. Some of the neurosecretory granules observed in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei neurone cell bodies, dendrites and axons as well as those in neurohypophysial axons were also positive for the P2X(6) receptors. In the paraventricular nucleus, some axons and dendrites of non-neurosecretory neurones positive for P2X(6) receptors formed synapses between themselves. Using the immunogold-silver method, the electron-dense particles labelling P2X(6) receptors were found in neurosecretory cell bodies of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, in relation to the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and neurosecretory granules. The particles indicative of P2X(6) receptors were also located in neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory axons including axonal buttons making synapses with P2X(6)-negative dendrites. In the neurohypophysis, the electron-dense particles were localised in a subpopulation of pituicytes and neurosecretory axons. In neurohypophysial axons, particles were at times seen over the membrane of some neurosecretory granules (immunogold label) or microvesicles (immunoperoxidase label). We speculate that the P2X(6) receptors at the neurohypophysial level may be implicated not only in hormone release from the axon terminals, but also in membrane recycling of the granular vesicles and microvesicles.
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Daniels TR, Ortiz-Sánchez E, Luria-Pérez R, Quintero R, Helguera G, Bonavida B, Martínez-Maza O, Penichet ML. An antibody-based multifaceted approach targeting the human transferrin receptor for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. J Immunother 2011; 34:500-508. [PMID: 21654517 PMCID: PMC3717268 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318222ffc8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously developed an antibody-avidin fusion protein (ch128.1Av) targeting the human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1, also known as CD71), which demonstrates direct in vitro cytotoxicity against malignant hematopoietic cells. This cytotoxicity is attributed to its ability to decrease the level of TfR1 leading to lethal iron deprivation. We now report that ch128.1Av shows the ability to bind the Fcγ receptors and the complement component C1q, suggesting that it is capable of eliciting Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. In addition, in 2 disseminated multiple myeloma xenograft mouse models, we show that a single dose of ch128.1Av results in significant antitumor activity, including long-term survival. It is interesting to note that the parental antibody without avidin (ch128.1) also shows remarkable in vivo anticancer activity despite its limited in vitro cytotoxicity. Finally, we demonstrate that ch128.1Av is not toxic to pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cells using the long-term cell-initiating culture assay suggesting that these important progenitors would be preserved in different therapeutic approaches, including the in vitro purging of cancer cells for autologous transplantation and in vivo passive immunotherapy. Our results suggest that ch128.1Av and ch128.1 may be effective in the therapy of human multiple myeloma and potentially other hematopoietic malignancies.
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
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Hughes DI, Bannister AP, Pawelzik H, Thomson AM. Double immunofluorescence, peroxidase labelling and ultrastructural analysis of interneurones following prolonged electrophysiological recordings in vitro. J Neurosci Methods 2000; 101:107-16. [PMID: 10996371 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory hippocampal and neocortical interneurones comprise a physiologically, morphologically and neurochemically heterogenous cell population. To identify the roles each class of interneurone plays within a given circuit it is necessary to correlate the electrophysiological properties of individual cells with their neurochemistry and morphology at both the light and electron microscopic level. However, the optimal conditions required for any one part of the protocol typically compromise the results from another. We have developed a protocol which allows the neurochemical content, gross morphology and ultrastructure details of biocytin-filled neurones to be recovered following long, dual intracellular recordings in thick mature slices maintained in an interface recording chamber, helping define sub-populations which could not otherwise be determined. Dual immunofluorescence is performed by incubating the tissue in monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies simultaneously, prior to visualization of biocytin-labelling with precipitation of a peroxidase reaction product. By using a biotinylated anti-avidin D antibody (Vector Laboratories), the intensity of this precipitation can be enhanced further where necessary. It is envisaged that this protocol can not only help determine the neurochemical content of cells recorded in similar in vivo studies, but that the ability to amplify peroxidase labelling in poorly filled cells is also of interest.
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Muzykantov VR, Smirnov MD, Klibanov AL. Avidin attachment to red blood cells via a phospholipid derivative of biotin provides complement-resistant immunoerythrocytes. J Immunol Methods 1993; 158:183-90. [PMID: 8429223 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(93)90212-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Preincubation of red blood cells (RBC) in an aqueous dispersion of biotin-phosphatidylethanolamine (biotin-PE) provides binding sites for avidin on the surface of these cells (up to 5 x 10(5) avidin molecules per cell). Previously we have shown that biotin covalently attached to the surface of RBC by a chemical reaction with biotin N-hydroxysuccinimide ester permits attachment of avidin to these cells, resulting in the activation of the alternative pathway of complement with subsequent cell lysis. However, avidin attached to RBC via biotin-PE did not cause complement activation. This is not due to the stabilizing action of biotin-PE. In contrast, various phospholipids, including biotin-PE, enhance the lysis of RBC induced by hemolytic antibodies via the classical complement pathway. The potential of avidin-coated RBC to act as activators of the complement alternative pathway depends on the method of biotin attachment to RBC. Complement-resistant avidin-coated RBC can specifically bind biotinylated antibodies. These immunoerythrocytes effectively and specifically bind to the antigen-coated surface and are not lysed by complement even in the presence of soluble antigen. These data extend the possible applications of immunoerythrocytes in drug targeting.
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Barbucci R, Magnani A, Roncolini C, Silvestri S. Antigen-antibody recognition by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy/attenuated total reflection studies: biotin-avidin complex as an example. Biopolymers 1991; 31:827-34. [PMID: 1912341 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360310703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biotin-avidin recognition is studied by Fourier transform ir spectroscopy/attenuated total reflection (FTIR/ATR) under physiological conditions. The ureido portion of biotin is confirmed to be involved in the interaction with avidin, as previously found, but when the biotin-avidin complex forms, an electrostatic interaction occurs between the carboxylate group of the biotin molecule and the protonated aminic end group of the avidin amino acid side chains. Comparison of the biotin-avidin system with the biotin-1,4-diaminobutane and biotin-tryptophan systems confirms these findings.
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Bubb MO, Green F, Conradie JD, Tchernyshev B, Bayer EA, Wilchek M. Natural antibodies to avidin in human serum. Immunol Lett 1993; 35:277-80. [PMID: 8514338 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(93)90194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human serum was found to contain natural antibodies to the egg-white glycoprotein avidin. Of 270 samples tested, all contained antibodies to different extents, mainly of the IgG and IgM classes. Anti-avidin antibodies could be isolated by affinity chromatography.
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Lofthouse SA, Andrews AE, Nash AD, Bowles VM. Humoral and cellular responses induced by intradermally administered cytokine and conventional adjuvants. Vaccine 1995; 13:1131-7. [PMID: 7491821 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)00053-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Serum antibody responses to the model protein antigen avidin were monitored in sheep following intradermal injection of avidin formulated with a range of commercially available and experimental adjuvants, including muramyl dipeptide (MDP), aluminium hydroxide gel (alum), recombinant ovine interleukin1 beta (rovIL-1 beta), rovIL-1 beta + alum, Quil A + alum or Emulsigen Plus. The highest antibody responses were recorded for animals immunised with avidin in rovIL-1 beta + alum, Quil A + alum or Emulsigen Plus, with moderate responses resulting from use of rovIL-1 beta or alum alone as adjuvants. Lower antibody responses to avidin were recorded when avidin was administered alone or with MDP. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to avidin indicated that the most pronounced cellular response occurred in animals immunised with rovIL-1 beta + alum. Local cellular changes induced after primary and secondary intradermal injections indicated that distinct patterns of cellular recruitment were induced by the different adjuvants. Avidin with MDP resulted in an elevation of CD4+ T cells in the upper dermis while Emulsigen Plus induced an infiltration of large numbers of neutrophils throughout the dermis and reticular layers. CD4+, CD8+ and gamma delta + T cells increased in number and were found evenly distributed throughout these regions. Alum-based adjuvants resulted in the development of distinct cellular accumulations comprising primarily CD4+ T cells and CD45R + B cells arranged in distinct foci in the reticular layer. These cells were strongly class II positive as were the majority of macrophage like cells surrounding the foci. Staining for factor VIII related antigen indicated the presence of endothelial venules in the T and B cell foci and surrounding tissues.
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Andrews AE, Lofthouse SA, Bowles VM, Brandon MR, Nash AD. Production and in vivo use of recombinant ovine IL-1 beta as an immunological adjuvant. Vaccine 1994; 12:14-22. [PMID: 8303935 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)90005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To determine the potential of ovine interleukin 1 (IL-1) as a vaccine adjuvant in sheep, we have expressed and purified recombinant ovine IL-1 beta (rovIL-1 beta) from bacterial cultures using a modified form of the ovine IL-1 beta cDNA. Adjuvant trials using the model protein avidin demonstrated that rovIL-1 beta when administered in association with a compound providing a slow-release mechanism, resulted in significant enhancement of specific serum antibody levels in both mice and sheep. In a dose-response experiment in sheep, intradermal immunization with avidin plus either 10 or 100 micrograms of rovIL-1 beta in aluminium hydroxide resulted in antibody levels four- to eightfold higher than immunizations without rovIL-1 beta. The addition of rovIL-1 beta also resulted in a more severe DTH response to avidin indicating that rovIL-1 beta is able to enhance both humoral and cell-mediated responses to avidin. The highest antibody titres were observed when sheep received rovIL-1 beta in both the primary and secondary immunizations although the addition of rovIL-1 beta in only one of the immunizations still resulted in a significant increase in antibody levels. Additional experiments showed that rovIL-1 beta and avidin must be administered in a site drained by the same lymph node for the adjuvant effect of rovIL-1 beta to be observed.
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Abstract
Multilamellar immunoliposomes were prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol (CH), sphingomyelin (SPH) and biotinylated dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEB) in the molar ratio of 1:1:1:0.1 with surface linked avidin-biotinylated sheep (anti-mouse IgG) IgG (AV-sIgGB) or GK1.5 monoclonal rat (antimouse L3T4 antigen) IgG (AV-GK1.5B). The ability of these immunoliposomes to induce antibody responses against AV, sIgG or GK1.5 was determined. GK1.5B and sIgGB elicited a low-level antibody response (5-10 microgram/ml serum) after i.v. immunization and boosting. Liposomes (1 mumol) containing GK1.5B or sIgGB were more effective than free GK1.5B or sIgGB in eliciting antibodies (20-30 and 100-120 micrograms/ml serum, respectively). Liposomal AV mixed with either sIgG or GK1.5 gave antibody levels comparable to immunization with free GK1.5B or sIgGB. Liposomes with surface AV-sIgGB or AV-GK1.5B elicited antibodies against AV and high levels against GK1.5 or sIgG. Immunoliposomes possessing surface AV-sIgGB or AV-GK1.5B were eliminated from the circulation of normal mice relatively slowly (T1/2 15.5 and 30 min): in contrast, liposomal AV-sIgGB or AV-GK1.5B was rapidly eliminated from the circulation of immunized mice (T1/2 4.5 and 4.0 min). These results demonstrate that liposomes with surface IgG (immunoliposomes) are immunogenic, and that repeated administration elicits anti-IgG antibodies that result in a significant reduction in blood circulation residence times.
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Lofthouse SA, Kajihara M, Nagahara S, Nash A, Barcham GJ, Sedgmen B, Brandon MR, Sano A. Injectable silicone implants as vaccine delivery vehicles. Vaccine 2002; 20:1725-32. [PMID: 11906759 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Injectable silicone implants were assessed as vaccine delivery vehicles in sheep, using either the model antigen avidin or Clostridium tetani and Clostridium novyi toxoids. Two types of implant were compared, the matrix type, that has been shown to deliver antigen in vitro in a first-order profile over approximately 1 month, and the covered rod type, that delivers antigen for several months in a zero-order profile. The implants were prepared using lyophilized antigen and adjuvant (in this case, recombinant ovine interleukin-1beta; rovIL-1beta) and manufactured in the absence of extremes of temperature or pH or the use of organic solvents. Use of the matrix type implant was capable of inducing antibody responses equivalent to those induced by conventional vaccination with aluminium hydroxide adjuvant ("alum"). The use of the covered rod implants, that release very low levels of antigen over a long period, induced responses that were markedly enhanced over the alum control groups. The covered rod implant also favoured production of both IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes in contrast to responses of matrix-vaccinated sheep and conventionally vaccinated control sheep in which IgG1 predominated. Prolonged duration of the antibody response was also observed following vaccination with covered rod implants. Dose-response analysis using the matrix implant demonstrated a trend towards improved responses for lower antigen doses. Clostridial vaccination of sheep showed that protective antibody titres up to 4-fold higher than for alum-adjuvanted groups could be induced by administering the antigen in the covered rod implant. Responses elicited by all implant groups were dependent on the inclusion of adjuvant into the implant formulation.
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Krzystyniak K, Flipo D, Mansour S, Fournier M. Suppression of avidin processing and presentation by mouse macrophages after sublethal exposure to dieldrin. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1989; 18:157-66. [PMID: 2606648 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(89)90013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular events in macrophage antigen processing and presentation were examined to determine the possible site(s) of cell-xenobiotic interaction. Antigenic processing by mouse peritoneal macrophages of a single protein antigen, avidin, was significantly suppressed following sublethal exposure of animals to an organochlorine pesticide, dieldrin. Exposure of C57B1/6 female mice to dieldrin affected the in vitro uptake of [methyl-14C]avidin by peritoneal macrophages and markedly decreased phagocytosis of fluorescein-labelled microspheres and Salmonella typhimurium. Release of the processed avidin, determined by immunochemical quantification of immunogenic avidin and by bioassay of immunogenicity of the released antigen, was also markedly affected. Dieldrin markedly affected presentation of avidin on the macrophage surface, observed by cytoimmunochemical staining of the antigen with fluorescent antibody and flow cytometry. Inhibition of the release of processed avidin was dieldrin dose- and time-dependent, following single sublethal intraperitoneal (ip) exposure to the pesticide. The antigenic properties of processed avidin, determined by biological assay using lymphocyte cultures of normal C57B1/6 mice primed with avidin, were proportional to the antigen concentration in supernatants of macrophage cultures, for both vehicle controls and dieldrin-exposed animals. This observation and analysis of the kinetics of release of processed avidin by macrophages from control and dieldrin-exposed animals suggested that the release of processed avidin, but not the immunogenicity of the antigen itself, was affected by the pesticide exposure. Generally, impairment of avidin processing and presentation appeared to be more dramatic than other pesticide-related injuries to macrophages, such as the uptake of the antigen. In conclusion, antigen processing could be a sensitive target for dieldrin-related injury of macrophage functional activities, which, in consequence, could produce suppression of the humoral immune response.
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Murthy CV, Adiga PR. Purification of biotin-binding protein from chicken egg yolk and comparison with avidin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 786:222-30. [PMID: 6539128 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(84)90092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A simple alternative procedure for the purification in higher yields of the biotin-binding protein from the chicken egg yolk in a ligand-free form is described. The isolated protein was homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel filtration chromatography, immuno-double diffusion and immuno-electrophoresis. The protein had an Mr of 72 000 +/- 2000 and was a homotetramer of subunit Mr of 18 000 +/- 1000. It bound [14C]biotin in the molar ratio of 1:4 with an association constant (Ka) of 0.58 X 10(12) M-1. The yolk biotin-binding protein and avidin exhibited qualitatively similar spectral changes on interaction with biotin and p- hydroxyazobenzoic acid, but quantitatively these changes were more pronounced with avidin. Despite the lack of gross immunological cross-reactivity between the two biotin-binders, evidence based on immunological techniques for some degree of common conformational characteristics restricted to or around the ligand-binding sites of the two proteins was adduced. The mixed subunits of the two proteins failed to form hetero-oligomers on reconstitution.
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Carayanniotis G, Vizi E, Parker JM, Hodges RS, Barber BH. Delivery of synthetic peptides by anti-class II MHC monoclonal antibodies induces specific adjuvant-free IgG responses in vivo. Mol Immunol 1988; 25:907-11. [PMID: 2850498 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(88)90128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Two synthetic peptides from different regions of the glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus (HSV) have been used to determine whether or not anti-peptide IgG responses can be generated in the absence of adjuvant. Based on an earlier demonstration (Carayanniotis and Barber, 1987) that protein antigens could be made immunogenic in the absence of adjuvant, if coupled to MAbs specific for the recipient's class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, the HSV synthetic peptides were photocoupled to avidin and mixed with biotinylated anti-class II or control antibodies. Peptide-specific IgG responses were obtained when avidin-peptide conjugates coupled to an anti-I-Ak MAb were injected into (H-2k x H-2b) F1 mice, but not when injected into H-2b mice. The same avidin-peptide conjugates were non-immunogenic when coupled to a control anti-influenza virus nucleoprotein antibody or biotinylated bovine serum albumin. These data indicate that targeting synthetic peptides to class II bearing cells in vivo can elicit peptide-specific IgG responses without the need for adjuvant. These findings offer a new approach to the design and delivery of adjuvant-independent vaccine agents based on synthetic peptide antigens.
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