Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole fused spirooxindole-linked 1,2,3-triazoles as antioxidant agents: Exploring their utility in the development of antidiabetic drugs via inhibition of α-amylase and DPP4 activity

Environment-benign, multicomponent synthetic methodologies are vital in modern pharmaceutical research and facilitates multi-targeted drug development via synergistic approach. Herein, we reported green and efficient synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole fused spirooxindole linked 1,2,3-triazoles using a tea waste supported copper catalyst (TWCu). The synthetic approach involves a one-pot, five-component reaction using N-propargylated isatin, hydrazine hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate, malononitrile/ethyl cyanoacetate and aryl azides as model substrates. Mechanistically, the reaction was found to proceed via in situ pyrazolone formation followed by Knoevenagel condensation, azide alkyne cycloaddition and Michael's addition reactions. The molecules were developed using structure-based drug design. The primary goal is to identifying anti-oxidant molecules with potential ability to modulate α-amylase and DPP4 (dipeptidyl-peptidase 4) activity. The anti-oxidant analysis, as determined via DPPH, suggested that the synthesized compounds, A6 and A10 possessed excellent anti-oxidant potential compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In contrast, compounds A3, A5, A8, A9, A13, A15, and A18 were found to possess comparable anti-oxidant potential. Among these, A3 and A13 possessed potential α-amylase inhibitory activity compared to the acarbose, and A3 further emerged as dual inhibitors of both DPP4 and α-amylase with anti-oxidant potential. The relationship of functionalities on their anti-oxidant and enzymatic inhibition was explored in context to their SAR that was further corroborated using in silico techniques and enzyme kinetics.

Moracin D suppresses cell growth and induces apoptosis via targeting the XIAP/PARP1 axis in pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer, a tumor with a high metastasis rate and poor prognosis, is among the deadliest human malignancies. Investigating effective drugs for their treatment is imperative. Moracin D, a natural benzofuran compound isolated from Morus alba L., shows anti-inflammation and anti-breast cancer properties and is effective against Alzheimer's disease. However, the effect and mechanism of Moracin D action in pancreatic cancer remain obscure.

PURPOSE

To investigate the function and molecular mechanism of Moracin D action in repressing the malignant progression of pancreatic cancer.

METHODS

Pancreatic cancer cells were treated with Moracin D, and cell proliferation was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and immunofluorescence assays. The clonogenicity of pancreatic cancer cells was assessed based on plate colony formation and soft agar assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. The expression of proteins related to the apoptosis pathway was determined by Western blot analysis. Moracin D and XIAP were subjected to docking by auto-dock molecular docking analysis. Ubiquitination levels of XIAP and the interaction of XIAP and PARP1 were assessed by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Moracin D's effects on tumorigenicity were assessed by a tumor xenograft assay.

RESULTS

Moracin D inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis, and regulated the protein expression of molecules involved in caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways. Moracin D suppressed clonogenicity and tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, XIAP could interact with PARP1 and stabilize PARP1 by controlling its ubiquitination levels. Moracin D diminished the stability of XIAP and decreased the expression of XIAP by promoting proteasome-dependent XIAP degradation, further blocking the XIAP/PARP1 axis and repressing the progression of pancreatic cancer. Moracin D could dramatically improve the chemosensitivity of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

Moracin D repressed cell growth and tumorigenesis, induced cell apoptosis, and enhanced the chemosensitivity of gemcitabine through the XIAP/PARP1 axis in pancreatic cancer. Moracin D is a potential therapeutic agent or adjuvant for pancreatic cancer.

Electro-dewatering performance of sewage sludge under interrupted pulsating voltage: A comparison between square shape and half-sine shape waveform

Electro-dewatering of sewage sludge with pulsating voltage was conducted under the two different wave shapes (square wave (SQW) and half-sine wave (HSW)) to investigate the influence of wave shape and duty cycle on sludge dewatering performance. The results indicated that, under the same average voltage, the moisture content of dewatered sludge with HSW was 10.3%-35.4% lower than that with SQW, suggesting the better dewatering performance of HSW. The optimal dewatering performance was achieved at duty cycle of 80% for SQW and 60% for SHW. The chemical oxygen demand of filtrate from HSW could be 13% higher than that from SQW, indicating the higher capacity of HSW in breaking sludge cells/floc structure. The applied voltage during electrochemical treatment promoted the hydrolysis of protein in filtrate, and the main components in the electro-dewatered filtrate were fulvic acid- and humic acid-like substances. The specific energy consumption for sludge electro-dewatering were 0.015-0.269 kWh/(kg removed water), and it was almost in linear relationship with duty cycle. By overall considering the energy consumption and electro-dewatering performance, the condition of 60% duty cycle with HSW was obviously better than other conditions, which provides a meaningful guidance for future application of sludge electro-dewatering technology with pulsating voltage.

Fulvic acid-mediated efficient anaerobic digestion for kitchen wastewater: Electrochemical and biochemical mechanisms

Fulvic acid, prevalent in humus derived from the anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastewater, is crucial in organic matter transformation. However, its effects and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the fate of anaerobic digestion of artificial and kitchen wastewater with different fulvic acid contents was investigated. The results showed that 125 mg/L fulvic acid resulted in a 64.02 and 51.72 % increase in methane production in synthetic and kitchen wastewater, respectively. Fulvic acid acted as an electron mediator and increased substrate oxidation by boosting NAD and ATP levels, thereby increasing microbial metabolic rates and ensuring an adequate substrate for methane generation. Isotope analysis suggested that fulvic acid boosts the conversion of volatile fatty acids to methane via the interspecies electron transfer pathway. Gene expression analysis revealed that cytochrome c, FAD, and other electron transport coenzymes were upregulated by fulvic acid, thereby enhancing substrate utilisation and biogas quality. Fulvic acid presented a dual stimulatory and inhibitory effect on anaerobic digestion, with concentrations over 125 mg/L diminishing its positive impact. This dual effect may stem from the properties and concentrations of fulvic acid. This study revealed the effect mechanism of fulvic acid and provided insights into the humus performance in anaerobic digestion.

Sophoricoside ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury dependent on activating AMPK

AIMS

Ischemic stroke accounts for 87% of all strokes, and its death and disability bring a huge burden to society. Brain injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is also a major difficulty in clinical treatment and prognosis. Sophoricoside (SOP) is an isoflavone glycoside isolated from the seed of medical herb Sophora japonica L. Previously, SOP was found to be effective in anti-inflammation and glucose-lipid metabolism-related diseases. In order to investigate whether SOP has a regulatory effect on cerebral I/R injury, we conducted this study.

METHODS

Here, by application of SOP into MCAO (transient middle cerebral artery occlusion)-induced mice and OGD/R (oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion)-induced primary neurons, the regulation effects of SOP was analyzed by detecting neurological score of post-stroke mice, phenotypes of brains and brain sections, cell viabilities, and apoptosis- and inflammation-regulation. RNA sequencing and molecular biology experiments were performed to explore the mechanism of SOP regulating cerebral I/R injury.

RESULTS

SOP administration decreased the infarct size, neurological deficit score, neuronal cell injury, inflammation and apoptosis. Mechanistically, SOP exerted its protective effect by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

SOP inhibits cerebral I/R injury by promoting the phosphorylation of AMPK.

Fulvic acid more facilitated the soil electron transfer than humic acid

Humus substances (HSs) participate in extracellular electron transfer (EET), which is unclear in heterogeneous soil. Here, a microbial electrochemical system (MES) was constructed to determine the effect of HSs, including humic acid, humin and fulvic acid, on soil electron transfer. The results showed that fulvic acid led to the optimal electron transfer efficiency in soil, as evidenced by the highest accumulated charges and removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons after 140 days, with increases of 161% and 30%, respectively, compared with those of the control. However, the performance of MES with the addition of humic acid and humin was comparable to that of the control. Fulvic acid amendment enhanced the carboxyl content and oxidative state of dissolved organic matter, endowing a better electron transfer capacity. Additionally, the presence of fulvic acid induced an increase in the abundance of electroactive bacteria and organic degraders, extracellular polymeric substances and functional enzymes such as cytochrome c and NADH synthesis, and the expression of m tr C gene, which is responsible for EET enhancement in soil. Overall, this study reveals the mechanism by which HSs stimulate soil electron transfer at the physicochemical and biological levels and provides basic support for the application of bioelectrochemical technology in soil.

Feasibility, safety, efficacy and potential scaling-up of sofosbuvir-based HCV treatment in Central and West Africa: (TAC ANRS 12311 trial)

Access to Hepatis C treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa is a clinical, public health and ethical concern. The multi-country open-label trial TAC ANRS 12311 allowed assessing the feasibility, safety, efficacy of a specific care model of HCV treatment and retreatment in patients with hepatitis C in Sub Saharan Africa. Between November 2015 and March 2017, with follow-up until mid 2019, treatment-naïve patients with HCV without decompensated cirrhosis or liver cancer were recruited to receive 12 week-treatment with either sofosbuvir + ribavirin (HCV genotype 2) or sofosbuvir + ledipasvir (genotype 1 or 4) and retreatment with sofosbuvir + velpatasvir + voxilaprevir in case of virological failure. The primary outcome was sustained virological response at 12 weeks after end of treatment (SVR12). Secondary outcomes included treatment adherence, safety and SVR12 in patients who were retreated due to non-response to first-line treatment. The model of care relied on both viral load assessment and educational sessions to increase patient awareness, adherence and health literacy. The study recruited 120 participants, 36 HIV-co-infected, and 14 cirrhotic. Only one patient discontinued treatment because of return to home country. Neither death nor severe adverse event occurred. SVR12 was reached in 107 patients (89%): (90%) in genotype 1 or 2, and 88% in GT-4. All retreated patients (n = 13) reached SVR12. HCV treatment is highly acceptable, safe and effective under this model of care. Implementation research is now needed to scale up point-of-care HCV testing and SVR assessment, along with community involvement in patient education, to achieve HCV elimination in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Double blind randomized controlled trial of efficacy of ormeloxifene for the treatment of fibroadenoma (The FIBROCENT study)

BACKGROUND

We evaluated the effectiveness of Ormeloxifene (Centchroman) on regression of Fibroadenoma in a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

METHODS

Patients with biopsy proven Fibroadenoma were enrolled between March 2023 and October 2023 and divided in two arms- Ormeloxifene group and Placebo group. Effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated using USG. No residual mass was defined as complete regression and more than 30% decrease in size was considered as partial regression.

RESULTS

A total of 130 consecutive patients with Fibroadenoma were randomized to Ormeloxifene group (n = 65) and Placebo Group (n = 65). Complete regression was observed in 9% (6/65) patients in Ormeloxifene group and 10.8% (7/65) in Placebo Group at the end of 12 weeks (p = 0.49). Twenty one patients taking Ormeloxifene reported adverse events as compared to none in the other group.

CONCLUSION

In our study Ormeloxifene was not found to be effective in treatment of fibroadenoma and had concerning side effects.

Synergistic improvement of humus formation in compost residue by fenton-like and effective microorganism composite agents

Improving the humification of compost through a synergistic approach of biotic and abiotic methods is of great significance. This study employed a composite reagent, comprising Fenton-like agents and effective microorganisms (EM) to improve humification. This composite reagent increased humic-acid production by 37.44 %, reaching 39.82 g kg-1, surpassing the control group. The composite reagent synergistically promoted micromolecular fulvic acid and large humic acid production. Collaborative mechanism suggests that Fenton-like agents contributed to bulk residue decomposition and stimulated the evolution of microbial communities, whereas EMs promoted highly aromatic substance synthesis and adjusted the microbial community structure. Sequencing analysis indicates the Fenton-like agent initiated compost decomposition by Firmicutes, and EM reduced the abundance of Virgibacillus, Lentibacillus, and Alcanivorax. Applied as an organic fertilizer in Brassica chinensis L. plantations, the composite reagent considerably improved growth and photosynthetic pigment content. This composite reagent with biotic and abiotic components provides a learnable method for promoting humification.

Bioaccumulation, trophic transfer and risk assessment of polycyclic musk in marine food webs of the Bohai Sea

Galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) are dominant musks added to personal care products. However, the accumulate and trophic transfer of SMs through the marine food chain are unclear. In this study, organisms were collected from three bays in Bohai Sea to investigate the bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and health risk of SMs. The HHCB and AHTN concentrations in the muscles range from 2.75 to 365.40 μg/g lw and 1.04-4.94 μg/g lw, respectively. The median HHCB concentrations in muscles were the highest in Bohai Bay, followed by Laizhou Bay and Liaodong Bay, consistent with the HHCB concentrations in sediments. The different fish tissues from Bohai Bay were analyzed, and the HHCB and AHTN concentrations followed the heart > liver > gill > muscles. The trophic magnification factors (TMF) were lower than 1 and the health risk assessment showed no adverse health effects. The results provide insights into the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer behavior of SMs in marine environments.

A water mediated multicomponent reaction for the synthesis of novel spirooxindole derivatives and their antifungal activity

A water mediated three-component reaction of isatin, 4-aminocoumarin, and 1,3-cyclodicarbonyl compounds is reported for the synthesis of spiro[chromeno[4,3-b]cyclopenta[e]pyridine-7,3'-indoline]trione and the spiro[chromeno[4,3-b]quinoline 7,3'-indoline]trione. Up to 27 different spirooxindole derivatives were synthesized by this method. The bioactivity of these spirooxindole derivatives was evaluated and they were found to show antifungal activity against Cercospora arachidicola, Physalospora piricola, Rhizoctonia cerealis, and Fusarium moniliforme.

Occurrence, Spatial Distribution, and Bioaccumulation of Dissolved Synthetic Musks in Freshwaters across China

Commercial chemicals, such as synthetic musks, are of global concern, but data on their occurrence and spatial distribution in aquatic environments of large scale are scarce. Two sampling campaigns were conducted in the present study to measure freely dissolved synthetic musks in freshwaters across China using passive samplers, along with biological coexposure at selected sites. Polycyclic musks (PCMs) dominated synthetic musks, with a detection frequency of 95%. Higher concentrations of PCMs were observed in densely populated Mid, East, and South China compared to less populated regions, indicating the significance of anthropogenic activities for synthetic musks in water. The concentration ratios of galaxolide (HHCB)/tonalide (AHTN) were significantly higher in low-latitude areas than in high-latitude areas from June to September, suggesting that solar radiation played an important role in the degradation of HHCB/AHTN. Significant correlations were found between dissolved concentrations of HHCB and AHTN and their lipid-normalized concentrations in coexposed fish and clam. The estimated hazard quotients for HHCB and AHTN in freshwater fish consumed by humans were less than 0.01 at all sampling sites except the Yangtze River Basin. These results help to understand the environmental fate and ecological risks of synthetic musks on a large geographical scale.

Sophoricoside improved Crohn's disease-like colitis by inhibiting intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis through PI3K/AKT signaling

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Increased apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is a significant cause of intestinal barrier dysfunction in Crohn's disease (CD). Sophoricoside (SOP) is an isoflavone glycoside known for its anti-apoptotic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of SOP on mice with CD-like colitis and to understand the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Mice treated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) were used to examine the therapeutic effect of SOP on CD-like colitis and intestinal barrier damage. To further explore SOP's impact on IECs apoptosis and intestinal barrier protection, an in vitro colonic organoid apoptosis model induced by TNF-α was utilized. Network pharmacology was employed to predict the relevant pathways and molecular processes associated with SOP in the treatment of CD.

RESULTS

Treatment with SOP significantly improved colitis symptoms in TNBS mice, as demonstrated by reductions in the Disease Activity Index (DAI), weight loss, colon shortening, macroscopic scores, colonic tissue inflammatory scores, and the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Our experiments confirmed that SOP protects the intestinal barrier by counteracting IECs apoptosis. Additionally, this study established that SOP reduced IECs apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

SOP can reduce IECs apoptosis through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby protecting the intestinal barrier. This study is the first to illustrate how SOP ameliorates colitis and protects the intestinal barrier, suggesting SOP has potential clinical application in treating CD.

Fulvic acid modulates mucosal immunity in fish skin: Sustainable aquaculture solution or environmental risk factor?

This is the first study determining the effects of bath exposure to fulvic acid, a humic substance, on the skin mucosal immunity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Humic substances have recently been gaining attention for their increasing concentrations in aquatic ecosystems and their use as supplements in sustainable aquaculture. This study demonstrated that water exposure to fulvic acid at concentrations of 5 mg C/L and 50 mg C/L increased lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activities in the mucus by approximately 2-fold and 2.5 to 3.2-fold, respectively. Furthermore, exposure to 50 mg C/L resulted in a 77.0% increase in mucosal immunoglobulin concentrations compared to the other groups. Importantly, all mucus samples demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Yersinia ruckeri, with control mucus reducing bacterial growth by 44.5% and exposure to fulvic acid increasing this effect to 26.3%. Although these modulations show promise for application in aquaculture, alterations of the beneficial microbiota from long-term exposure in natural waters can be expected. Monitoring the rising concentrations of humic substances in natural water bodies is therefore urgently needed. Overall, this study represents the first investigation revealing the ability of humic substances to modulate skin mucosal immunity and the capacity to combat microorganisms.

Fulvic acid foliar application: a novel approach enhancing antioxidant capacity and nutritional quality of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

BACKGROUND

The global growth of pistachio production has prompted exploration into sustainable agricultural practices, on the application of humic substances such as fulvic acid in enhancing the quality of horticultural crops. The present study was carried out in Qom province, Iran, on 20 years old pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Kaleh-Ghoochi) trees and investigated the impact of foliar spraying of fulvic acid at varying concentrations (1.5, 3, and 4.5 g L- 1) on the antioxidant and quality properties of pistachio. The different concentrations of fulvic acid were applied at two key stages: at the initiation of pistachio kernel formation (late June) and the development stage of pistachio kernel (late August), as well as at both time points. Following harvest at the horticulturally mature phase, various parameters, including total phenols, flavonoids, soluble proteins, soluble carbohydrate content, antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activity, were assessed.

RESULTS

Results indicated that foliar application of fulvic acid, particularly at 1.5 g L- 1 during both late June and August, effectively increased phenolic compounds (31.8%) and flavonoid content (24.53%). Additionally, this treatment also augmented antioxidant capacity and heightened the activity of catalase (CAT) (37.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (63.86%), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (76.45%). Conversely, peroxidase (POX) (41.54%) activity was reduced in fulvic acid-treated nuts compared with controls. Moreover, the content of chlorophyll (45%) and carotenoids (46.7%) was enhanced using this organic fertilizer. In terms of mineral elements, the increment was observed in zinc (Zn) (58.23%) and potassium (K) (28.12%) amounts in treated nuts. Additionally, foliar application of fulvic acid led to elevated levels of soluble carbohydrates and proteins in treated nuts.

CONCLUSIONS

In the present study, application of fulvic acid resulted in enhancement of antioxidant activity and quality traits of pistachio nut through an increase in total phenol, flavonoids, chlorophyll, carotenoids, K, Zn, and also activity of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, use of fulvic acid emerges as a promising strategy to enhance the quality and nutritional attributes of pistachios, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and improved crop outcomes.

An algorithm for simplified hepatitis C virus treatment with non-specialist care based on nation-wide data from Taiwan

BACKGROUND

Both European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (AASLD-IDSA) guidelines recommend simplified hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment with pan-genotypic sofosbuvir/velpatasvir or glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for eligible patients. This observational study used real-world data to assess these regimens' safety in eligible patients and develop an algorithm to identify patients suitable for simplified treatment by non-specialists.

METHODS

7,677 HCV-infected patients from Taiwan Hepatitis C Registry (TACR) who received at least one dose of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir or glecaprevir/pibrentasvir, and fulfilled the EASL/AASLD-IDSA criteria for simplified treatment were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was conducted on patient characteristics and safety data.

RESULTS

Overall, 92.8% (7,128/7,677) of patients achieved sustained virological response and only 1.9% (146/7,677) experienced Grades 2-4 laboratory abnormalities in key liver function parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin), with only 18 patients (0.23%) experiencing Grades 3-4 abnormalities. Age > 70 years old, presence of hepatocellular carcinoma, total bilirubin > 1.2 mg/dL, estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and Fibrosis-4 > 3.25 were associated with higher risks of Grades 2-4 abnormalities. Patients with any of these had an odds of 4.53 times than that of those without in developing Grades 2-4 abnormalities (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Real-world data from Taiwan confirmed that simplified HCV treatment for eligible patients with pan-genotypic regimens is effective and well tolerated. The TACR algorithm, developed based on this study's results, can further identify patients who can be safely managed by non-specialist care.

ESPGHAN recommendations on treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in adolescents and children including those living in resource-limited settings

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, with more than three million viraemic adolescents and children. Treatment of adults with HCV infection and HCV-related liver disease has advanced considerably thanks to development and improvements in therapy. Direct-acting antiviral regimens are safe and effective. Three regimens with pangenotypic activity (glecaprevir/pibrentasvir, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir) and three regimens with genotype-specific activity (sofosbuvir/ribavirin, sofosbuvir/ledipasvir and elbasvir/grazoprevir) have been approved with age-specific limitation for treatment of children with chronic hepatitis C by the European Medicines Agency and the United States Food and Drug Administration. The World Health Organization has set the ambitious target to eliminate hepatitis C as a major public health threat by 2030 and based its actions against HCV on the large use of direct acting antivirals. These updated European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C describe the optimal therapeutic management of adolescents and children with HCV infection including specific indications for those living in resource-limited settings.

Role of the molecular structure of humified organic matter in rice plant response to environmental lead pollution

Humified organic matter has been shown to decrease Pb toxicity in plants. However, there are still gaps in our understanding of the mechanism by which this phenomenon occurs. In this study, we aimed to assess the ability of humic substances (HSs), humic acids (HAs), and fulvic acids (FAs) to enhance defense mechanisms in rice plants under lead (Pb)-stressed conditions. HS fractions were isolated from vermicompost using the chemical fractionation methodology established by the International Humic Substances Society. These fractions were characterized by solid-state NMR and FTIR. Chemometric analysis was used to compare humic structures and correlate them with bioactivity. Three treatments were tested to evaluate the protective effect of humic fractions on rice plants. The first experiment involved the application of humic fractions along with Pb. The second comprised pretreatment with humic fractions followed by subsequent exposure to Pb stress. The third experiment involved Pb stress and subsequent treatment with humic fractions. The root morphology and components of the antioxidative defense system were evaluated and quantified. The results showed that HS + Pb, HA + Pb, and FA + Pb treatment preserved root growth and reduced the levels of O2- and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the roots by up to 5% and 2%, respectively. Pretreatment of the plants with humic fractions promoted the maintenance of root growth and reduced the contents of O2-, H2O2, and MDA by up to 48%, 22%, and 20%, respectively. Combined application of humic fractions and Pb reduced the Pb content in plant tissues by up to 60%, while pretreatment reduced it by up to 80%. The protective capacity of humic fractions is related to the presence of peptides, lignin, and carbohydrate fragments in their molecular structures. These results suggest that products could be developed that can mitigate the adverse effects of heavy metals on agricultural crops.

Direct-acting antiviral therapies for hepatitis C infection: global registration, reimbursement, and restrictions

Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have delivered high response rates (>95%) and simplified the management of HCV treatment, permitting non-specialists to manage patients without advanced liver disease. We collected and reviewed global data on the registration and reimbursement (government subsidised) of HCV therapies, including restrictions on reimbursement. Primary data collection occurred between Nov 15, 2021, and July 24, 2023, through the assistance of a global network of 166 HCV experts. We retrieved data for 160 (77%) of 209 countries and juristrictions. By mid-2023, 145 (91%) countries had registered at least one of the following DAA therapies: sofosbuvir-velpatasvir, sofosbuvir-velpatasvir-voxilaprevir, glecaprevir-pibrentasvir, sofosbuvir-daclatasvir, or sofosbuvir. 109 (68%) countries reimbursed at least one DAA therapy. Among 102 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), 89 (87%) had registered at least one HCV DAA therapy and 53 (52%) reimbursed at least one DAA therapy. Among all countries with DAA therapy reimbursement (n=109), 66 (61%) required specialist prescribing, eight (7%) had retreatment restrictions, seven (6%) had an illicit drug use restriction, five (5%) had an alcohol use restriction, and three (3%) had liver disease restrictions. Global access to DAA reimbursement remains uneven, with LMICs having comparatively low reimbursement compared with high-income countries. To meet WHO goals for HCV elimination, efforts should be made to assist countries, particularly LMICs, to increase access to DAA reimbursement and remove reimbursement restrictions-especially prescriber-type restrictions-to ensure universal access.

Through-Space Charge-Transfer-Based Aggregation-Induced Emission and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in Fused 2H-Chromene Coumarin Congener Generating ROS for Antiviral (SARS-CoV-2) Approach

Harvesting triplets in metal-free organic frameworks at ambient conditions and finding appropriate applications are a formidable challenge. Herein, we report a donor-acceptor-type system composed of carbazole and fused 2H-chromene coumarin derivative, exhibiting triplet harvesting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior in solid and aggregated states, respectively. The presence of an sp3 linker and the introduction of a selected cyano/ester group in the acceptor result in twisted D-A architectures, further assisting in the suppression of nonradiative deactivation via through-space charge transfer and H-bonding interactions, fulfilling the stringent requirements for the simultaneous process of TADF and AIE, successively. Experimental and theoretical results revealed that the participation of the singlet/triplet charge transfer (1CT/3CT) and the higher lying hybrid triplet locally excited charge-transfer state (3LE + 3CT) leads to an efficient TADF. Both of the synthesized AIE-TADF congeners actively participated in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nanoaggregate forms and were further explored computationally for antiviral prospects as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

Applications of humic and fulvic acid under saline soil conditions to improve growth and yield in barley

BACKGROUND

Enriching the soil with organic matter such as humic and fulvic acid to increase its content available nutrients, improves the chemical properties of the soil and increases plant growth as well as grain yield. In this study, we conducted a field experiment using humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA) and recommended dose (RDP) of phosphorus fertilizer to treat Hordeum vulgare seedling, in which four concentrations from HA, FA and RDP (0.0 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100%) under saline soil conditions . Moreover, some agronomic traits (e.g. grain yield, straw yield, spikes weight, plant height, spike length and spike weight) in barley seedling after treated with different concentrations from HA, FA and RDP were determined. As such the beneficial effects of these combinations to improve plant growth, N, P, and K uptake, grain yield, and its components under salinity stress were assessed.

RESULTS

The findings showed that the treatments HA + 100% RDP (T1), HA + 75% RDP (T2), FA + 100% RDP (T5), HA + 50% RDP (T3), and FA + 75% RDP (T6), improved number of spikes/plant, 1000-grain weight, grain yield/ha, harvest index, the amount of uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) in straw and grain. The increase for grain yield over the control was 64.69, 56.77, 49.83, 49.17, and 44.22% in the first season, and 64.08, 56.63, 49.19, 48.87, and 43.69% in the second season,. Meanwhile, the increase for grain yield when compared to the recommended dose was 22.30, 16.42, 11.27, 10.78, and 7.11% in the first season, and 22.17, 16.63, 11.08, 10.84, and 6.99% in the second season. Therefore, under salinity conditions the best results were obtained when, in addition to phosphate fertilizer, the soil was treated with humic acid or foliar application the plants with fulvic acid under one of the following treatments: HA + 100% RDP (T1), HA + 75% RDP (T2), FA + 100% RDP (T5), HA + 50% RDP (T3), and FA + 75% RDP (T6).

CONCLUSIONS

The result of the use of organic amendments was an increase in the tolerance of barley plant to salinity stress, which was evident from the improvement in the different traits that occurred after the treatment using treatments that included organic amendments (humic acid or fulvic acid).

Integrating and optimizing tonabersat in standard glioblastoma therapy: A preclinical study

Glioblastoma (GB), a highly aggressive primary brain tumor, presents a poor prognosis despite the current standard therapy, including radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. Tumor microtubes involving connexin 43 (Cx43) contribute to glioma progression and therapy resistance, suggesting Cx43 inhibition as a potential treatment strategy. This research aims to explore the adjuvant potential of tonabersat, a Cx43 gap junction modulator and blood-brain barrier-penetrating compound, in combination with the standard of care for GB. In addition, different administration schedules and timings to optimize tonabersat's therapeutic window are investigated. The F98 Fischer rat model will be utilized to investigate tonabersat's impact in a clinically relevant setting, by incorporating fractionated radiotherapy (three fractions of 9 Gy) and TMZ chemotherapy (29 mg/kg). This study will evaluate tonabersat's impact on tumor growth, survival, and treatment response through advanced imaging (CE T1-w MRI) and histological analysis. Results show extended survival in rats receiving tonabersat with standard care, highlighting its adjuvant potential. Daily tonabersat administration, both preceding and following radiotherapy, emerges as a promising approach for maximizing survival outcomes. The study suggests tonabersat's potential to reduce tumor invasiveness, providing a new avenue for GB treatment. In conclusion, this preclinical investigation highlights tonabersat's potential as an effective adjuvant treatment for GB, and its established safety profile from clinical trials in migraine treatment presents a promising foundation for further exploration.

PTI-801 (posenacaftor) shares a common mechanism with VX-445 (elexacaftor) to rescue p.Phe508del-CFTR

The deletion of a phenylalanine at position 508 (p.Phe508del) in the CFTR anion channel is the most prevalent variant in people with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). This variant impairs folding and stability of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, resulting in its defective trafficking and premature degradation. Over the last years, therapeutic accomplishments have been attained in developing small molecules that partially correct p.Phe508del-CFTR defects; however, the mechanism of action (MoA) of these compounds has only started to be uncovered. In this study, we employed biochemical, fluorescence microscopy, and functional assays to examine the efficacy and properties of PTI-801, a newly developed p.Phe508del-CFTR corrector. To exploit its MoA, we assessed PTI-801 effects in combination with low temperature, genetic revertants of p.Phe508del-CFTR (the in cis p.Val510Asp, p.Gly550Glu, p.Arg1070Trp, and 4RK) and other correctors. Our results demonstrated that PTI-801 rescues p.Phe508del-CFTR processing, PM trafficking, and channel function (upon agonist stimulation) with greater correction effects in combination with ABBV-2222, FDL-169, VX-661, or VX-809, but not with VX-445. Although PTI-801 exhibited no potentiator activity on low temperature- and corrector-rescued p.Phe508del-CFTR, this compound displayed similar behavior to that of VX-445 on genetic revertants. Such evidence associated with the lack of additivity when PTI-801 and VX-445 were combined indicates that they share a common binding site to correct p.Phe508del-CFTR defects. Despite the high efficacy of PTI-801 in combination with ABBV-2222, FDL-169, VX-661, or VX-809, these dual corrector combinations only partially restored p.Phe508del-CFTR conformational stability, as shown by the lower half-life of the mutant protein compared to that of WT-CFTR. In summary, PTI-801 likely shares a common MoA with VX-445 in rescuing p.Phe508del-CFTR, thus being a feasible alternative for the development of novel corrector combinations with greater capacity to rescue mutant CFTR folding and stability.

Designed complexes combining brazilein and brazilin with betanidin for dye-sensitized solar cell application: DFT and TD-DFT study

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are promising third-generation photovoltaic cell technology owing to their easy fabrication, flexibility and better performance under diffuse light conditions. Natural pigment sensitizers are abundantly available and environmentally friendliness. However, narrow absorption spectra of natural pigments result in low efficiencies of the DSSCs. Therefore, combining two or more pigments with complementary absorption spectra is considered an appropriate method to broaden the absorption band and boost efficiency. This study reports three complex molecules: brazilin-betanidin-oxane (Braz-Bd-oxane), brazilin-betanidin-ether (Braz-Bd-ether) and brazilein-betanidin-ether (Braze-Bd-ether), obtained from the etherification and bi-etherification reactions of brazilin dye and brazilein dye with betanidin dye. The equilibrium geometrical structure properties, frontier molecular orbital, electrostatic surface potential, reorganization energy, chemical reactivities, and non-linear optical properties of the studied dyes were investigated using density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP methods, with 6-31+G(d,p) basis sets and LANL2DZ for light atom and heavy atoms respectively. The optical-electronic properties were calculated using TD-DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) for isolated dye and TD-DFT/CAM-B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)/LANL2DZ for dyes@(TiO2)9H4. The results reveal that spectra for Braz-Bd-oxane and Braze-Bd-ether complexes red-shifted compared to the individually selected dyes. The simulated absorption spectra of the adsorbed dyes on (TiO2)9H4 are red-shifted compared to the free dye. Moreover, Braz-Bd-oxane and Braz-Bd-ether exhibit better charge transfer and photovoltaic properties than the selected natural dyes forming these complexes. Based on the dyes' optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic properties, the designed molecules Braz-Bd-oxane and Braze-Bd-ether are considered better candidates to be used as photosensitizers in dye solar cells.

Brazilin-Ce nanoparticles attenuate inflammation by de/anti-phosphorylation of IKKβ

Inflammation is associated with a series of diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease and infection, and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation modification of proteins are important in inflammation regulation. Here we designed and synthesized a novel Brazilin-Ce nanoparticle (BX-Ce NPs) using Brazilin, which has been used for anti-inflammation in cardiovascular diseases but with narrow therapeutic window, and Cerium (IV), a lanthanide which has the general activity in catalyzing the hydrolysis of phosphoester bonds, to conferring de/anti-phosphorylation of IKKβ. We found that BX-Ce NPs specifically bound to Asn225 and Lys428 of IKKβ and inhibited its phosphorylation at Ser181, contributing to appreciably anti-inflammatory effect in cellulo (IC50 = 2.5 μM). In vivo mouse models of myocardial infarction and sepsis also showed that the BX-Ce NPs significantly ameliorated myocardial injury and improved survival in mice with experimental sepsis through downregulating phosphorylation of IKKβ. These findings provided insights for developing metal nanoparticles for guided ion interfere therapy, particularly synergistically target de/anti-phosphorylation as promising therapeutic agents for inflammation and related diseases.

Response of fulvic acid linking to redox characteristics on methane and short-chain fatty acids in anaerobic digestion of chicken manure

Fulvic acids (FAs) is formed during the bioconversion of organic matter (OM) to biogas during anaerobic digestion (AD) and has a complex structure and redox function. However, the evolutionary mechanisms of FAs during AD and its interactions with acid and methane production have not been sufficiently investigated, especially at different stages of AD. Intermittent AD experiments by chicken manure and rice husk showed significant structural changes and reduced aromatization of FAs (e.g., O-H stretch6, 14.10-0%; SR, 0.22-0.60). The electron donating capacity (EDC) [9.76-45.39 μmole-/(g C)] and electron accepting capacity (EAC) [2.55-5.20 μmole-/(g C)] of FAs showed a tendency of decreasing and then increasing, and FAs had a stronger electron transfer capacity (ETC) in the methanogenic stage. Correlation analysis showed that the EDC of FAs was influenced by their own structure (C-O stretch2, C-H bend1, C-H bend4, and N-H bend) and also had an inhibitory effect on propionic production, which further inhibited acetic production. The EAC of FAs was affected by molecular weight and had a promoting effect on methane production. Structural equation modelling identified three possible pathways for AD. The C-O stretch2 structure of FAs alone inhibits the production of propionic. In addition, pH can directly affect the EDC of FAs. This study provides a theoretical basis for the structural and functional evolution of FAs in AD of chicken manure on the mechanism of methane production.

Treatment of the most difficult-to-cure hepatitis C virus-infected population with sofosbuvir / velpatasvir

INTRODUCTION

Pangenotypic therapies for infections with hepatitis C virus (HCV), although universal and highly effective, entail a risk of treatment failure.

OBJECTIVES

Our study aimed to identify the population of HCV‑infected patients most difficult to cure with the sofosbuvir / velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) regimen.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The effectiveness of the SOF/VEL regimen with a possible addition of ribavirin (RBV) was evaluated in populations known to be less responsive to treatment, and then in a population characterized by the combination of all factors impairing effectiveness, comprising patients treated with this regimen in the EpiTer‑2 multicenter retrospective study.

RESULTS

A total of 2267 patients were treated with SOF/VEL±RBV. Of those, 2078 (96.4%) achieved sustained virologic response. The cure rate was 93.5% among 646 patients infected with genotype (GT) 3, 92.3% among 635 patients with cirrhosis, 95.5% in a population of 1233 men, and 94.1% among 421 patients with body mass index (BMI) above 30. An analysis in a group of 43 men with cirrhosis and obesity infected with GT3 showed the effectiveness of pangenotypic therapy at only 79.1%, falling to 66.7% in individuals with previous treatment failure.

CONCLUSIONS

In a large population of SOF/VEL‑treated HCV‑infected patients, we showed relatively low effectiveness of the regimen in treatment‑experienced men with cirrhosis and obesity, infected with GT3. Triple therapy should be considered when initiating the treatment of HCV infections in this group, which, however, needs to be confirmed in further studies. Previous studies were conducted in less demanding populations, because they did not take into account sex and BMI, which significantly affect the treatment effectiveness.

Fulvic acid modified ZnO nanoparticles improve nanoparticle stability, mung bean growth, grain zinc content, and soil biodiversity

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have emerged as a novel solution to combat Zn deficiency in agriculture. However, challenges persist regarding their Zn utilization efficiency and environmental impact. Fulvic acid (FA), as a relatively mature modified material, is a promising candidate to enhance the environmental stability of ZnO NPs. This study investigates modifying ZnO NPs with FA to improve their stability and increase Zn content in mung bean fruit and explores their effect on plants and the soil ecosystem. We combined FA and ZnO NPs (FZ-50) at mass ratios of 1: 5, 1: 2, and 4: 5, denoted as 20 % FZ, 50 % FZ, and 80 % FZ, respectively. Initial germination tests revealed that the 50 % FZ treatment improved sprout growth and Zn content and minimized agglomeration the most. A subsequent pot experiment compared FZ-50 with ZnO, ZnO NPs, and F + Z (1: 1 FA: ZnO NPs). Notably, the FZ-50 treatment (50 % FZ applied to the soil) demonstrated superior results, exhibiting a 30.25 % increase in yield, 121 % improvement in root nodule quality, and 56.38 % increase in Zn content, with no significant changes in enzyme activities (catalase and peroxidase). Furthermore, FZ-50 increased soil available Zn content and promoted soil microorganism diversity, outperforming ZnO and ZnO NPs. This study underscores the potential of FA as a relatively mature material for modifying ZnO NPs to increase grain Zn content, presenting a novel approach to addressing Zn deficiency in agriculture.

Bergenin Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis By Decreasing Gut Commensal Bacteroides vulgatus-Mediated Elevated Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Ulcerative colitis is closely associated with the dysregulation of gut microbiota. There is growing evidence that natural products may improve ulcerative colitis by regulating the gut microbiota. In this research, we demonstrated that bergenin, a naturally occurring isocoumarin, significantly ameliorates colitis symptoms in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice. Transcriptomic analysis and Caco-2 cell assays revealed that bergenin could ameliorate ulcerative colitis by inhibiting TLR4 and regulating NF-κB and mTOR phosphorylation. 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics analyses revealed that bergenin could improve gut microbiota dysbiosis by decreasing branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels. BCAA intervention mediated the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway to exacerbate the symptoms of ulcerative colitis in mice. Notably, bergenin greatly decreased the symbiotic bacteria Bacteroides vulgatus (B. vulgatus), and the gavage of B. vulgatus increased BCAA concentrations and aggravated the symptoms of ulcerative colitis in mice. Our findings suggest that gut microbiota-mediated BCAA metabolism plays a vital role in the protective effect of bergenin on ulcerative colitis, providing novel insights for ulcerative colitis prevention through manipulation of the gut microbiota.

Illuminated fulvic acid stimulates denitrification and As(III) immobilization in flooded paddy soils via an enhanced biophotoelectrochemical pathway

Fulvic acid (FA) is a representative photosensitive dissolved organic matter (DOM) compound that occurs naturally in paddy soils. In this study, the effect of a FA + nitrate treatment (0, 4 and 8 mg/L FA + 20 mmol/L nitrate) on denitrification and As(III) immobilization in flooded paddy soils was assessed under dark and intermittently illuminated conditions (12 h light+12 h dark). The FA input stimulated denitrification in illuminated soils (~100 % of nitrate removal within 6 days) compared to dark conditions (~92 % nitrate removal after 6 days). Meanwhile, As(III) (initial concentration of 0.1 mmol/L) was nearly completely immobilized (~100 %) under illuminated conditions after 4 days for the FA + nitrate treatment compared to 90- 93 % retention in the dark. Denitrification and As immobilization were positively related to the FA dosage in the illuminated assays. The stronger denitrification in illuminated soils was ascribed to denitrifiers harvesting photoelectrons from photosensitive substrates/semiconducting minerals. FA addition also increased the activities of denitrifying enzymes (e.g., NAR, NIR and NOR) and the denitrification electron transport system by nearly 0.6-0.7 and 1.5-1.8 times that of the nitrate-alone treatment under illuminated and dark conditions, thereby fostering stronger denitrification. Upon irradiation, As(III) immobilization was not only stimulated by the interactions with the denitrification pathway whereby As(III) acts as an electron donor for denitrifiers, but was also modulated by Fe(III)/oxidative reactive species-derived photooxidation of As(III). Moreover, the FA + nitrate treatment promoted the enrichment of metal-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Stenotrophomonas and Acidovorax) that are responsible for nitrate-dependent As(III)/Fe(II) oxidation. The results of this study enhance our understanding of interactions among the biogeochemical cycles of As, Fe, N and C, which are intricately linked by a biophotoelectrochemical pathway in flooded paddy soils.

Design, Synthesis, Antifungal Evaluation, Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Study, and Molecular Docking of Novel Spirotryprostatin A Derivatives

Phytopathogenic fungi cause plant diseases and economic losses in agriculture. To efficiently control plant pathogen infections, a total of 19 spirotryprostatin A derivatives and 26 spirooxindole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and tested for their antifungal activity against ten plant pathogens. Additionally, the intermediates of spirooxindole derivatives were investigated, including proposing a mechanism for diastereoselectivity and performing amplification experiments. The bioassay results demonstrated that spirotryprostatin A derivatives possess good and broad-spectrum antifungal activities. Compound 4d exhibited excellent antifungal activity in vitro, equal to or higher than the positive control ketoconazole, against Helminthosporium maydis, Trichothecium roseum, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium graminearum, Alternaria brassicae, Alternaria alternate, and Fusarium solan (MICs: 8-32 µg/mL). Compound 4k also displayed remarkable antifungal activity against eight other phytopathogenic fungi, including Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. niveum and Mycosphaerella melonis (MICs: 8-32 µg/mL). The preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs) were further discussed. Moreover, molecular docking studies revealed that spirotryprostatin A derivatives anchored in the binding site of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Therefore, these compounds showed potential as natural compound-based chiral fungicides and hold promise as candidates for further enhancements in terms of structure and properties.

Is it possible for fulvic acid modified dredged sediment biochar to adsorb tetracycline and result in a novel method of resource utilization?

In this study, dredged sediment from Baiyang Lake was used as raw material to prepare DSB at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C and in an anoxic pyrolysis atmosphere. The adsorption and removal performance of tetracycline in water of DSB were investigated using fulvic acid (FA) as the activator. The biochar materials were first characterized (SEM, BET, XRD, FTIR, and XPS), and the elemental composition and surface functional groups of F-DSB were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of F-DSB, according to the Langmuir model, was 72.3 mg/g. Results demonstrated that F-DSB exhibited good adsorption performance. In conclusion, FA is a potential green modifier that can be used to improve the adsorption properties of DSB. This research will be useful in improving our understanding of the possible adsorption mechanism and process optimization of modified DSB. This work offers a novel approach to the resource utilization of dredged sediment.

Comparative efficacy and safety of Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir and Danoprevir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: the real-world data in China

BACKGROUND

Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir (Epclusa, ECS) is the first pan-genotype direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and Danoprevir (DNV) is the first DAA developed by a Chinese local enterprise, which is suitable for combined use with other drugs to treat genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C. However, previous reports have never compared the real-world data of ECS and DNV.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

178 chronic hepatitis C patients were retrospectively recruited, and 94cases were accepted with Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir ± Ribavirin (ECS group), and others (n = 84 treated with DNV combination therapy (DNV group). The HCV genotype, virological response, adverse effects and some laboratory biochemical indexes were contrasted between above two groups in the real world study.

RESULTS

DNV group had significantly lower level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), lower rates of decompensated cirrhosis ( P < 0.05). ECS group possessed more 6a (31.91% vs.13.10%) while DNV group was provided with more 1b (48.81% vs. 22.34%) patients. Significantly poor liver function was detected in ECS group at 4-week treatment (ALT and AST) and 12-week follow-up (AST) (all P < 0.05). The SVR12 undetectable rates of both groups were 100%, and no serious event was observed during the treatment and follow-up in both groups.

CONCLUSION

In this retrospective real-world study, the efficacy of DNV combined therapy is similar to Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir ± Ribavirin for chronic HCV infection, and the safety is comparable. DNV based therapy is a promising regimen for chronic hepatitis C.

Characterizing fibril morphological changes by spirooxindoles for neurodegenerative disease application

Fibrillation of proteins and polypeptides, which leads to the deposition of plaques in cells and tissues has been widely associated with many neuropathological diseases. Inhibition of protein misfolding and aggregation is crucial for the prevention and treatment of these conditions. The growing interest in identifying inhibitor molecules to prevent the formation of fibrils in vivo has led to the results highlighted in this study. Due to their hydrophobic structure and potential to readily cross the blood brain barrier, a library of spirooxindole compounds were synthesized with those labelled Hd-63, Hd-66 and Hd-74 proving to be the most potent against fibril formation. Our spectroscopic analysis provides detailed insight, that the introduction of these spirooxindole compounds leads to morphological changes in the mechanism of fibril formation which prevent the formation of highly ordered fibrils, instead results in the formation of disordered aggregates which are not fibrillar in nature.

Design and Evaluation of a Dual-Sensitive In Situ Gel for the Controlled Release of Pranoprofen

Currently, the marketed ophthalmic preparations of pranoprofen (PF) are mainly eye drops, but due to the special clearance mechanism of the eye and corneal reflex, the contact time between the drug and the focal site is short, most of the drug is lost, and the bioavailability is less than 5%. In the present study, an in situ gel eye drop containing no bacteriostatic agent and sensitive to temperature and ions was designed for delivery of PF. It was demonstrated to meet the criteria for ophthalmic preparations by characterization such as appearance content sterility. Ocular irritation tests showed a favorable safety profile. In vivo ocular retention time experiments showed that the ocular retention time of the pranoprofen gel was 4.41 times longer than that of commercially available drops (Pranopulin®), and the nasal tear excretion of the pranoprofen gel was lower than that of Pranopulin®, which suggests that the drug loss was reduced relative to that of the drops. The efficacy of the pranoprofen gel against tincture of cayenne pepper-induced corneal and conjunctival inflammation was examined using Pranopulin® as a control and in conjunction with inflammation scores, H&E slice results, and levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The results showed that pranoprofen gel and Pranololin® had significant efficacy in the treatment of corneal and conjunctival inflammation, and the anti-inflammatory effect of pranoprofen gel was superior to that of Pranololin®. This study provides a new option for the treatment of corneal and conjunctival inflammation.

Sensory profiling of pears from the Pacific Northwest: Consumers' perspective and descriptive analysis

This study used data from consumer testing, descriptive analysis (DA), and preference mapping to determine the sensory characteristics of pear cultivars from two harvest seasons in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). A trained sensory panel (n = 10) used generic DA to evaluate multiple sensory modalities of 22 pear cultivars. Six pears from summer and six from winter season were evaluated by consumers (n = 219) to assess their liking of different attributes. Results of the DA showed the trained panel significantly discriminated the summer and winter pears on most of the sensory modalities. To identify the attributes driving consumer acceptability, external preference mapping was applied. Attributes such as pear aroma, pear flavor, sweet, sour, and juicy were the most contributory attributes to the liking of the summer pears. Conversely, fermented aroma, stemmy-woody aroma, fermented flavor, stemmy-woody flavor, and grainy-gritty attributes were associated with a reduction in consumer liking. Summer cultivars, "Bartlett," coded pear 573, and "Seckel" had the broadest preference, satisfying 60% to 80% of the consumers. Seventy-five percent of the consumers identified winter cultivars "Comice" and "Paragon" as the most appealing. Overall, cluster analysis showed that different pears appeal to different types of consumers; however, summer cultivars like "Bartlett" and "Seckel" and winter cultivars like "Comice" and "Paragon" would appeal to the greatest number of consumers in the PNW market. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Sensory attributes like pear flavor, sweet, and juicy, were important drivers of liking for pear consumers in the Pacific Northwest. These results should prove useful to pear growers and marketers to increase pear consumption in the United States.

Characterization of the interactions between Fulvic acid and Trypsin with Spectroscopic and Molecular Docking technology

The interaction mechanism between trypsin and fulvic acid was analyzed by multispectral method and molecular docking simulation. The fluorescence spectra showed that fulvic acid induced static quenching of trypsin. The validity of this conclusion was further substantiated through the computation of the binding constants. The thermodynamic parameters show that the reaction is mainly controlled by van der Waals force and hydrogen bond force, and the reaction is spontaneous. In addition, based on the obtained binding distance, there may be a non-radiative energy transfer between the two. The ultraviolet spectrum showed that fulvic acid could shift the absorption peak of trypsin, indicating that fulvic acid had an effect on the secondary structure of trypsin. According to the synchronous fluorescence spectrum results, fulvic acid primarily interacts with tryptophan residues in trypsin and induces alterations in their microenvironment. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and circular dichroism further proves this conclusion. The molecular docking simulation reveals that the interaction between the two groups primarily arises from hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. The findings suggest that FA has the ability to induce conformational changes in trypsin's secondary structure.

Effects of fulvic acid on broiler performance, blood biochemistry, and intestinal microflora

To study the effects of mineral fulvic acid (FuA) on broiler performance, slaughter performance, blood biochemistry index, antioxidant function, immune performance, and intestinal microflora, 360 Arbor Acres (AA) broiler chickens with similar body weights were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 12 chickens in each replicate in the current study. Chickens in the control group (C) were fed with the basal diet, and chickens in the test groups (I, II, III, and IV) were fed with the diet supplemented with 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% mineral FuA, respectively. The indicators were measured on the hatching day, d 21 and d 35. From the whole experimental period, FuA supplement significantly increased average body weight (ABW) (P < 0.05), average daily gain (ADG) of broilers (P < 0.05), and thymus weight (P < 0.05) in II and IV groups, but bascially reduced the pH value of thigh meat. FuA supplement significantly improved aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in the group III on d 35 (P < 0.05) and the serum levels of IgA and IgG on d 21 and d 35 (P < 0.05), but reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) level on d 21 (P < 0.05) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum on d 35 (P < 0.05). FuA supplement significantly affected the abundance of Barnesiella, Lachnospiraceae, Alistipes, Lactobacillus, and Christensenellaceae on genus level. Differences between group III and other groups were significant in the genera microflora composition on d 21 and d 35. Functional analysis showed that the cecum microbiota were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism. In conclusion, FuA may potentially have significant positive effects on the growth performance and immune function of AA chickens through the modulation of the gut microbiota, and the 0.1% FuA was the best in broiler diet based on the present study.

Butin attenuates behavioral disorders via cholinergic/BDNF/Caspase-3 pathway in scopolamine-evoked memory deficits in rats

OBJECTIVE

Recent research suggests that butin may also exert neuroprotective effects. However, its influence on cognitive performance and, specifically, its potential to mitigate scopolamine-induced memory impairment remains unexplored. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of butin on the cognitive and behavioral performance of rats with scopolamine-induced memory impairment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Scopolamine-injected memory-impediment model in rats was used to determine the efficacy of butin in higher and lower doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 14 days. Y-maze, along with Morris water, was used to assess the ability to recall spatial and working information. Biochemistry-related functions such as acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, malonaldehyde, catalase, nitric oxide, and neurotransmitters levels were estimated as indicators of free radical damage. Furthermore, we evaluated neuro-inflammatory responses by assessing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and caspase-3 immuno-reactive proteins.

RESULTS

When assessed through behavioral paradigms, the butin-treated group enhanced the spatial and working memory of rodents. Scopolamine caused a substantial alteration in biochemical-related parameters, neuronal enzymatic, inflammation responses and apoptosis markers prominently restored by butin.

CONCLUSIONS

This study concludes that butin protects scopolamine-injected rats from behavioral impairments and neuronal damage by reducing apoptosis and neuroinflammation.

Synthesis of substituted 2H-Chromenes via Pd-catalyzed C-H activation and thermal cyclization

A proficient approach has been developed for the synthesis of substituted 2H-chromenes from C1-substituted glucal. The key step of our synthetic methodology was C-H activation in propylene carbonate solvent followed by 6π-electrocyclization aromatization in ethylene glycol as greener substitutes to toxic aprotic solvents, to obtain 2H-chromenes in a stepwise manner. The application of the developed methodology was further explored with the synthesis of a small library of substituted 2H-chromenes in good yields.

C3-Spirooxindoles: Divergent chemical synthesis and bioactivities (2018-2023)

This scientific review documents the recent progress of C3-spirooxindoles chemistry (synthesis and reaction mechanism) and their bioactivities, focusing on the promising results as well as highlighting the biological mechanism via the reported molecular docking findings of the most bioactive derivatives. C3-Spirooxindoles are attractive bioactive agents and have been found in a variety of natural compounds, including alkaloids. They are widely investigated in the field of medicinal chemistry and play a key role in medication development, such as antivirals, anticancer agents, antimicrobials, etc. Regarding organic synthesis, several traditional and advanced strategies have been reported, particularly those that started with isatin derivatives.

N-containing phenolic compounds from Periplaneta americana with triple negative breast cancer inhibitory activity

Eight previously undescribed compounds comprising pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde derivatives, namely periplanpyrroles A-D (1-4), spirooxindole derivatives perispirooxindoles A (5) and B (6), and the phenolic compounds periplanetols G (7) and H (8), along with eight known compounds were isolated from the 70% ethanol extract of the whole bodies of Periplaneta americana. Their structures including absolute configurations were unambiguously identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and computational methods. In addition, all compounds were evaluated for their activities against triple negative breast cancer in vitro. The wound healing assay revealed that 7, 9, and 11 significantly inhibit the migration of BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Further observations made in Western blotting experiments showed that 7 could dose-dependently decrease the protein level of vimentin and N-cadherin in MDA-MB-231 and BT549 cells.

Successful prolonged treatment with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for a hepatitis C patient with decompensated cirrhosis and treatment failure after 12-week therapy

There is no established rescue therapy for hepatitis C patients with decompensated cirrhosis who experience treatment failure on 12-week sofosbuvir (SOF)/velpatasvir (VEL) therapy that is the only approved regimen for decompensated cirrhosis in Japan. We experienced a patient with decompensated cirrhosis who showed virologic relapse at post-treatment week 7 following 12-week SOF/VEL therapy. She had resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) against VEL before therapy but did not achieve new RASs against VEL or SOF after therapy. We considered rescue therapy following strong demand from her and her family. The drug adherence of therapy was 100%, and the treatment was well tolerated. Because we prioritized the safety and drug adherence of the regimen, we performed prolonged 24-week SOF/VEL therapy without ribavirin at her own expense with the approval of the ethics board in the hospital where the first author belongs. Fortunately, a sustained virologic response 24 was achieved without any adverse events. Hepatocellular carcinoma that had developed after 12-week SOF/VEL therapy recurred and was treated near the end of rescue therapy, but hepatic functional reserve improved. Although this was a single case report and was assumed to be very rare, the same regimen might be effective for treatment failure with 12-week SOF/VEL therapy.

The risk of revision is higher following shoulder hemiarthroplasty compared with total shoulder arthroplasty for osteoarthritis: a matched cohort study of 11,556 patients from the National Joint Registry, UK

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and hemiarthroplasty (HA) are used in the management of osteoarthritis of the glenohumeral joint. We aimed to determine whether TSA or HA resulted in a lower risk of adverse outcomes in patients of all ages with osteoarthritis and an intact rotator cuff and in a subgroup of patients aged 60 years or younger.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Shoulder arthroplasties recorded in the National Joint Registry, UK, between April 1, 2012 and June 30, 2021, were linked to Hospital Episode Statistics in England. Elective TSAs and HAs were matched on propensity scores based on 11 variables. The primary outcome was all-cause revision. Secondary outcomes were combined revision/non-revision reoperations, 30-day inpatient complications, 1-year mortality, and length of stay. 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported.

RESULTS

11,556 shoulder arthroplasties were included: 7,641 TSAs, 3,915 HAs. At 8 years 95% (CI 94-96) of TSAs and 91% (CI 90-92) of HAs remained unrevised. The hazard ratio (HR) varied across follow-up: 4-year HR 2.7 (CI 1.9-3.5), 8-year HR 2.0 (CI 0.5-3.5). Rotator cuff insufficiency was the most common revision indication. In patients aged 60 years or younger prosthesis survival at 8 years was 92% (CI 89-94) following TSA and 84% (CI 80-87) following HA.

CONCLUSION

The risk of revision was higher following HA in patients with osteoarthritis and an intact rotator cuff. Patients aged 60 years and younger had a higher risk of revision following HA.

Study on the removal of fulvic acid in water by potassium ferrate-enhanced iron-manganese co-oxide film and its mechanism

The previous studies have shown that iron-manganese co-oxide film (MeOx) could simultaneously remove ammonium, manganese ion and bisphenol A. In this study, the removal of fulvic acid (FA) was explored by adding potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) to heighten the catalytic activity of MeOx. After adding about 3.0 mg/L potassium ferrate, the elimination efficiency of 7.0 mg/L FA by the MeOx increased from 20 to 50%. The effects of temperature and ammonium on the elimination of FA were investigated. Higher temperature (above 22 °C) and higher ammonium concentration (above 2.0 mg/L) caused a decrease in FA removal. Most of FA combined with the ferric hydroxide colloid produced by K2FeO4 in water to form macromolecular groups, and they were subsequently absorbed and covered on the surface of MeOx. Scanning electron microscope showed that more viscous flocs appeared on the surface of MeOx, and the film thickness became thicker. Electron energy-dispersive spectrometer analysis revealed a notable increased in the C-O element ratio and a significant decreased in the Mn-Fe element ratio on the surface of MeOx. From Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the content of transition metal carbonyl compounds increased in the surface of MeOx. XPS analysis confirmed that the presence of Fe3O4, FeO, Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 along with functional group substances of FA attached on the surface of MeOx. The removal mechanism of FA was studied.

Brazilin-7-acetate, a novel potential drug of Parkinson's disease, hinders the formation of α-synuclein fibril, mitigates cytotoxicity, and decreases oxidative stress

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates. However, there are currently no effective therapies for PD. Brazilin, an inhibitor of α-Syn aggregation, is unstable and toxic. Therefore, we have developed and synthesized derivatives of brazilin. One of these derivatives, called brazilin-7-acetate (B-7-A), has shown reduced toxicity and a stronger effect on inhibiting α-Syn aggregation. It showed that B-7-A prevented the formation of α-Syn fibers and disrupted existing fibers in a dosage-dependent manner. Additionally, B-7-A significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of α-Syn aggregates and alleviated oxidative stress in PC12 cells. The beneficial effects of B-7-A were also confirmed using the Caenorhabditis elegans model. These effects included preventing the accumulation of α-Syn clumps, improving behavior disorder, increasing lifespan, reducing oxidative stress, and protecting against lipid oxidation and loss. Finally, B-7-A showed good ADMET properties in silico. Based on these findings, B-7-A exhibits potential as a prospective treatment for PD.

Exploring the environmental factor fulvic acid attenuates the ecotoxicity of graphene oxide under food delivery exposure

There is limited understanding of nanoparticle potential ecotoxicity, particularly regarding the influence of environmental factors that can be transferred through the food chain. Here, we assessed the transfer behavior and the ecotoxicity of commercially manufactured graphene oxide nano-materials (GO, <100 nm) in a food chain perspective spanning from Escherichia coli (E. coli) to Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) under simulated environmental conditions. Our findings revealed that E. coli preyed upon GO, subsequently transferring it to C. elegans, with a discernible distribution of GO observed in the digestive system and reproductive system. Accumulated GO generated serious ecological consequences for the higher level of the food chain (C. elegans). More importantly, GO and the resulting injurious effects of germ cells could be transferred to the next generation, indicating that GO exposure could cause genetic damage across generations. Previous research has demonstrated that GO can induce degradation of both the inner and outer cell membranes of E. coli, which is then transmitted to C. elegans through the food chain. Additionally, fulvic acid (FA) possesses various functional groups that enable interaction with nanomaterials. Our findings indicated that these interactions could mitigate ecotoxicity caused by GO exposure via food delivery, and this approach could be extended to modify GO in a way that significantly reduced its toxic effects without compromising performance. These results highlighted how environmental factors could attenuate ecological risks associated with nanomaterial transmission through the food chain.

A Platform for the Synthesis of Corynantheine-Type Corynanthe Alkaloids

Corynantheine-type alkaloids are major components of the Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, that exhibit unique pharmacological activity. However, no universal method to prepare these alkaloids has been reported. Disclosed herein is a catalytic, asymmetric platform that enables rapid access to corynantheine alkaloids. The first enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-corynantheidine pseudoindoxyl is described. The first asymmetric syntheses of (+)-corynoxine and (-)-corynoxine B were also achieved, along with enantioselective syntheses of (-)-corynantheidol and (-)-corynantheidine. Through this work, all series of corynantheine alkaloids including indole, spirooxindole, and pseudoindoxyl can now be accessed in the laboratory, enabling comprehensive biological investigation of kratom alkaloids to be undertaken.

Antifeedant, Antifungal Cryptic Polyketides with Six Structural Frameworks from Tea Endophyte Daldinia eschscholtzii Propelled by the Antagonistic Coculture with Phytopathogen Colletotrichum pseudomajus and Different Culture Methods

The antagonistic coculture with tea phytopathogen Colletotrichum pseudomajus induces antifungal cryptic metabolites from isogenesis endophyte Daldinia eschscholtzii against tea phytopathogens. Sixteen new polyketides with six structural frameworks including ten cryptic ones, named coldaldols A-C (1-3), collediol (5), and daldinrins A-L (10-20 and 23), were found from the coculture of C. pseudomajus and D. eschscholtzii by different culture methods. The unique framework of compounds 11 and 12 featured a benzopyran-C7 polyketone hybrid, and compounds 13-16 were characterized by the novel benzopyran dimer. The structures were determined mainly by spectroscopic methods, including extensive one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D) NMR, high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS), ECD calculation, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The configuration of acyclic compounds 5 and 18 were determined by application of the universal NMR database. Most compounds showed significant antifungal activities against the tea pathogens C. pseudomajus and Alternaria sp. with MICs of 1-8 μg/mL. Compound 12 had stronger antifungal activity than that of positive drug nystatin. The ether bond at C-4 of the benzopyran derivative increased the antifungal activity. Compounds 4-9 and 11-23 showed antifeedant activities against silkworms with feeding deterrence indices of 15-100% at the concentration of 50 μg/cm2.

[A new benzopyran glycoside from Gentiana macrophylla]

Thirteen compounds were isolated and identified from 70% ethanol extract of the roots of Gentiana macrophylla by multi-chromatographic methods, including microporous resin, silica gel, and C_(18) reversed-phase column chromatography, as well as HPLC as follows: macrophylloside G(1), macrophylloside D(2), 5-formyl-2,3-dihydroisocoumarin(3),(+)-medicarpin(4),(+)-syringaresinol(5), liquiritigenin(6),(3R)-sativanone(7),(3R)-3'-O-methylviolanone(8), 4,2',4'-trihydroxychalcone(9), latifolin(10), gentioxepine(11), 6α-hydroxycyclonerolidol(12), and ethyl linoleate(13). Compound 1 was a new benzopyran glycoside. Compounds 4, 6-10, 12, and 13 were isolated for the first time from Gentiana plants. Compounds 1 and 2 showed promising hepatoprotective activity against D-GalN-induced AML12 cell damage at the concentration of 10 μmol·L~(-1), and compound 2 exhibited more significant activity than silybin at the same concentration.