1
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a case of tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis that progressed, despite antitubercular medication, corticosteroids, and immunomodulatory treatment, which ultimately quieted after two intravitreal methotrexate injections. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 35-year-old woman reported a shadow in the left eye for 2 weeks. She presented with tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis in the right eye 2 years prior. At that time, she was started on antituberculosis therapy but was noncompliant and lost to follow-up. On re-presentation, there was a new active left-eye serpiginous lesion, with repeat positive QuantiFERON gold testing. Four antituberculosis drugs were started, followed by corticosteroids and azathioprine, with continued progression despite aggressive treatment. She was finally given 2 intravitreal methotrexate injections (400 μg/0.1 cc) 1 month apart, with final arrest of lesion extension. The uveitis remained quiet for over 24 months, and the patient was able to discontinue all systemic therapy. CONCLUSION Intravitreal methotrexate injections halted progression of treatment-refractory tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Tsui
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Craig M Fern
- Northern Westchester Hospital Center, Mt. Kisco, New York
| | - Naomi R Goldberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York, New York; and
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shery Thomas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe solitary idiopathic choroiditis in the setting of extensive animal exposure. METHODS A 56-year-old asymptomatic female equestrian with an extensive history of exposure to horses and dogs and a trapper of wild animals and rodents was discovered to have an amelanotic choroidal mass in the macular region and referred for suspicious atypical nevus. RESULTS Funduscopy revealed a deep yellow mass with overlying retinal pigment epithelial thinning and without visible subretinal fluid or lipofuscin. Mild hyperautofluorescence represented unmasking of scleral autofluorescence. Ultrasonography showed a 1.8-mm-thick echodense lesion. Enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography disclosed a dense, elevated scleral mass with "volcanic" configuration, demonstrating choroidal compression and trace overlying subretinal fluid. These features were consistent with solitary idiopathic choroiditis/scleritis. Systemic evaluation for standard cat-related bartonellosis, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis were negative. Horse-, dog-, and rodent-related bartonellosis testing was not available. Observation was advised, and the findings remained stable at 6 months. CONCLUSION Solitary idiopathic choroiditis is best imaged on enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography as a scleral lesion with "volcanic" configuration and often secondary to previous Bartonella infection. Serologic positivity for cat-related Bartonella decays over time, and testing for horse-, dog-, or rodent-related Bartonella is not commonly used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Espinoza JV, Lasave AF, Guzman-Blanco M, Arevalo FA, Arevalo JF. Disseminated histoplasmic multifocal choroiditis in AIDS. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2014; 45:179-80. [PMID: 24506097 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20140131-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
Santiagu F, Ong L, Ariffin WA, Tajunisah I. A case of multifocal choroiditis secondary to Candida albicans infection in a leukemic child. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2013; 21:317-20. [PMID: 23617365 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2013.780083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukemia commonly renders a child immunocompromised, making them susceptible to opportunistic microorganism infection.We report an interesting case that presented to us with multifocal choroiditis secondary to Candida albicans infection in a Leukemic child. Appropriate management was undertaken and the infection subsided.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nazari Khanamiri H, Rao NA. Serpiginous choroiditis and infectious multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58:203-32. [PMID: 23541041 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serpiginous choroiditis (SC) is a posterior uveitis displaying a geographic pattern of choroiditis, extending from the juxtapapillary choroid and intermittently spreading centrifugally. The choroiditis involves the overlying retinal pigment epithelium, and the outer retina. This intraocular inflammation typically involves both eyes in otherwise healthy, middle-aged individuals with no familial or ethnic predilection. Pathogenesis is unclear; based on limited histopathologic studies, however, favorable response to immunosuppressive agents, and the absence of association with systemic or local infectious or noninfectious diseases, an organ-specific autoimmune inflammation seems likely to be the underlying process. Patients, particularly from tuberculosis-endemic regions, may present with fundus changes simulating SC, but show evidence of active tuberculosis and/or the presence of mycobacterial DNA in the aqueous humor. This has been referred to as serpiginous-like choroiditis, but we prefer the description multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis (MSC). We present the distinguishing features of SC and infectious multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis simulating SC. The distinction is crucial to avoid unnecessarily treating SC with antimicrobial agents. Advances in diagnostic and imaging modalities can help differentiate SC from MSC. Novel local and systemic treatment approaches improve the outcome and preserve vision in SC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Nazari Khanamiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Portero
- Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Unit, Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gupta V, Bansal R, Gupta A. Continuous progression of tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis after initiating antituberculosis treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 152:857-63.e2. [PMID: 21794847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the frequency, risk factors, management, and outcome of eyes with tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis showing continued progression following initiation of antituberculosis treatment. DESIGN Retrospective, comparative, interventional case series. METHODS SETTING Institutional. PATIENT POPULATION One hundred ten patients of serpiginous-like choroiditis with 1) complete records, 2) tuberculin skin test, 3) active lesions in at least 1 eye, and 4) minimum 18 months follow-up. INTERVENTION Based on the positivity of tuberculin skin test, the patients were categorized in Group A (84 patients with positive tuberculin test) and Group B (26 patients with negative tuberculin test). Of the 84 patients in Group A, 19 received systemic corticosteroids while 65 also received 4-drug antituberculosis treatment in addition. All patients in Group B received corticosteroids. Patients with continued progression received an increased dose of corticosteroids with or without immunosuppressive agents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Development of continued progression. RESULTS There were 61 men and 23 women in Group A and 19 men and 7 women in Group B. Continued progression was observed in 12 patients (14.28%) in Group A and none in Group B (P = .04). Of the 12 patients in Group A showing progression, 11 (16.9%) were receiving antituberculosis treatment and corticosteroids. The lesions responded in all eyes, and final visual acuity of 20/40 or better could be achieved in 10 eyes (75%). CONCLUSION Continued progression of choroiditis lesions occurs in 14% of patients after initiating antituberculosis treatment in tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis. Increased immunosuppression with continuation of antituberculosis treatment resulted in good outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishali Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gabrielian A, Hariprasad SM. New onset of bilateral multifocal coccidioidomycosal choroiditis in a patient on oral fluconazole. Can J Ophthalmol 2010; 45:419-20. [PMID: 20379287 DOI: 10.3129/i09-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
10
|
Gharai S, Venkatesh P, Garg S, Sharma S, Tahir M, Sinha A, Samanta P, Gopi A. Bilateral multifocal choroiditis and optic neuropathy in a patient with AIDS: a diagnostic dilemma. AIDS Read 2007; 17:606-608. [PMID: 18178980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A rare case of bilateral multifocal choroiditis and optic neuropathy as the result of disseminated cryptococcal infection in a person with AIDS is described. A 30-year-old HIV-positive man presented with fever, headache, vomiting, and altered sensorium Ophthalmological examination revealed bilateral multifocal choroiditis and optic neuropathy. Laboratory examination and imaging suggested a presumptive diagnosis of disseminated Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Therapeutic response confirmed the diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Gharai
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chong YY, Kodati S, Kosmin A. Ocular tuberculosis. Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie) 2007; 39:243-245. [PMID: 18025634 DOI: 10.1007/s12009-007-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present an article on asymptomatic tuberculous choroiditis on screening. Discussions also include the manifestations, relevant investigations and management of ocular tuberculosis. Clinicians should be aware of these findings when treating such patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yap Yew Chong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Watford General Hospital, Watford, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Andreola C, Ribeiro MPD, de Carli CRS, Gouvea ALF, Curi ALL. Multifocal choroiditis in disseminated Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142:346-8. [PMID: 16876530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report an uncommon case of multifocal choroiditis as the result of disseminated Cryptococcus neoformans infection in a patient who is HIV-positive. DESIGN Interventional case report. METHODS A 27-year-old HIV-positive woman with fever, headache, and vomiting was examined. Lumbar puncture was performed and revealed C neoformans infection. Her condition evolved with sudden bilateral blindness and deafness. Ophthalmologic examination revealed multiple yellowish choroidal lesions in the posterior pole of both eyes. RESULTS Postmortem examination showed disseminated C neoformans infection. Histologic examination of the eyes confirmed the presence of C neoformans in the choroiditis. CONCLUSION Multifocal choroiditis in C neoformans infection is a rare ophthalmic manifestation. The recognition of this condition by ophthalmologists can help physicians to diagnose a disseminated and fatal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Andreola
- Department of Ophthalmology, AIDS Section, Centro Previdenciário de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ur Rehman S, Anand S, Reddy A, Backhouse OC, Mohamed M, Mahomed I, Atkins AD, James T. Poststreptococcal syndrome uveitis: a descriptive case series and literature review. Ophthalmology 2006; 113:701-6. [PMID: 16581431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical features in a series of patients with poststreptococcal uveitis and to review literature on the pathophysiology and management. DESIGN Retrospective and descriptive case series. PARTICIPANTS Ten consecutive cases of poststreptococcal syndrome uveitis diagnosed between 1996 and 2003. METHODS Review of patient case notes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age, laterality, clinical features, and anti-streptococcal lysin O titers. RESULTS Ten consecutive cases of poststreptococcal syndrome uveitis were identified. All our cases had bilateral nongranulomatous inflammation and raised anti-streptococcal lysin O titers. Collating data from previous reports and this series showed that 96% of the patients were below 40 years of age, and 87.5% had evidence of previous streptococcal infection. One third of the patients had posterior segment involvement. In our patients, this was in the form of vitritis, focal retinitis, optic disc swelling, and multifocal choroiditis. CONCLUSIONS Poststreptococcal syndrome uveitis should be considered in the etiology of acute bilateral nongranulomatous uveitis in children and young patients.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Sabri K, Bibby K. Choroiditis and exudative macular detachments in a post transplant leukaemic patient: an unusual presentation of Pneumocystis jiroveci infection. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:118-9. [PMID: 16361685 PMCID: PMC1856907 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.077479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
16
|
Varma D, Anand S, Reddy AR, Das A, Watson JP, Currie DC, Sutcliffe I, Backhouse OC. Tuberculosis: an under-diagnosed aetiological agent in uveitis with an effective treatment. Eye (Lond) 2005; 20:1068-73. [PMID: 16215543 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To highlight the diversity of clinical presentations with tubercular uveitis in a nonendemic setting, and discuss the diagnostic approach and an effective treatment. METHOD Descriptive case series. RESULTS A total of 12 cases of varied presentations of tubercular uveitis diagnosed over a period of 1 year of which six cases are described in detail. Presentations included choroidal tuberculomas, multifocal choroiditis, recurrent granulomatous uveitis, panuveitis with cystoid macular oedema, and serpiginous choroiditis. All cases had a chronic or recurrent course and responded very well to antitubercular treatment. Diagnosis was mainly assisted by positive tuberculin testing. CONCLUSION A high index of suspicion helps diagnose ocular tuberculosis in areas of low prevalence of the disease. It forms part of the differential diagnosis of any chronic or recurrent uveitis, especially in an at-risk patient. Antitubercular treatment seems highly effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Varma
- Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rabinowitz R, Schneck M, Levy J, Lifshitz T. Bilateral Multifocal Choroiditis With Serous Retinal Detachment in a Patient With Brucella Infection: Case Report and Review of the Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 123:116-8. [PMID: 15642826 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.123.1.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
18
|
Bastion MLC, Kok HS, Muhaya M. Multifocal choroiditis: ocular TB or side-effects of anti-TB therapy? Med J Malaysia 2004; 59:682-4. [PMID: 15889575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A patient with end-stage renal failure secondary to polycystic kidney disease was seen in the Eye Clinic for a corneal abrasion. Incidental fundal examination revealed bilateral multiple, small, raised, pale yellow sub-retinal nodules. Past medical history of inadequately treated pulmonary tuberculosis was obtained. Following initiation of anti-tuberculous therapy, the choroidal lesions resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L C Bastion
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Kuala Lumpur
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Choroiditis, choroidal tubercles, and tuberculomas are well known ocular manifestations of systemic tuberculosis. The present series aimed to report the occurrence of serpiginouslike choroiditis of presumed tubercular origin. DESIGN Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS Eleven eyes in seven consecutive patients with a diagnosis of choroidal tuberculosis simulating serpiginous choroiditis were studied between 1997 and 2000. TESTING AND INTERVENTION: All patients had their fundus photographs taken at the time of initial presentation as well as during follow-up. All patients underwent a Mantoux skin test and chest radiography. In addition, five patients had their aqueous or vitreous humor subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sputum examination, biopsy, or both were carried out whenever recommended by the pulmonologist. Systemic antituberculosis chemotherapy was instituted in combination with treatment for ocular inflammation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Therapeutic response and visual improvement. RESULTS There were five men and two women ranging in age from 17 to 32 years. Clinical presentations included three morphologic variants; multifocal progressive choroiditis showing wavelike progression to confluent, diffuse lesions resembling serpiginous choroiditis (three eyes); diffuse choroiditis characterized by diffuse plaquelike choroiditis with an amoeboid pattern suggestive of serpiginous choroiditis at initial presentation (four eyes); and mixed variety where opposite eyes had mixed features (four eyes). All patients had strongly positive Mantoux skin test results and positive chest radiograph results. The PCR results from aqueous and vitreous humor in four samples was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis; one had sputum positive for acid-fast bacilli, whereas two had histopathologic evidence of tuberculosis from cervical or parahilar lymph nodes. Treatment was associated with resolution of choroidal lesions and visual improvement. Final visual acuity of 20/30 or better was achieved in five eyes. CONCLUSIONS Choroidal tuberculosis may present as multifocal progressive or diffuse choroiditis resembling serpiginous choroiditis. It is important to recognize these presentations because these eyes show good response to systemic antituberculosis chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishali Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Fernández González MC, Pérez Blázquez E, Gálvez Ruiz A, Bonales Daimiel JA. [Cryptococcal choroiditis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2003; 78:103-6. [PMID: 12647251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/METHODS We report the case of a 31 year old male with presumed cryptococcal choroiditis associated with cryptococcal meningitis and AIDS. Multiple yellowish-whitish small choroidal lesions, retinal hemorrhages and cotton-wool spots appeared in the posterior pole associated with vision loss. We also carried out differential diagnosis with other frequent diseases and a review of the treatments. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungus with a predilection for infecting the meninges in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS (10%). Ocular manifestation usually includes cranial nerve palsies or papilledema secondary to increased intracranial pressure. Cryptococcal choroiditis is less frequent (5% of patients with meningitis).
Collapse
|
24
|
Zamir E, Hudson H, Ober RR, Kumar SK, Wang RC, Read RW, Rao NA. Massive mycobacterial choroiditis during highly active antiretroviral therapy: another immune-recovery uveitis? Ophthalmology 2002; 109:2144-8. [PMID: 12414430 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(01)01048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the ocular presentation of disseminated mycobacterial disease occurring during immune-recovery in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). STUDY DESIGN Case report and literature review. PARTICIPANTS A 41-year-old AIDS patient with a prior diagnosis of cytomegalovirus retinitis. METHODS The patient developed progressive, bilateral multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis 2 months after beginning and responding to highly active antiretroviral therapy. His left eye became blind and painful and was enucleated. Pathologic examination revealed massive choroiditis with well-formed, discrete granulomas and multiple intracellular and extracellular acid-fast organisms within the choroidal granulomas. Culture and polymerase chain reaction of vitreous specimens revealed Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). RESULTS Empiric, and later sensitivity-guided, local and systemic antibiotic therapy was used to treat the remaining right eye, but it continued to deteriorate. Despite medical therapy, three vitrectomies and repeated intravitreal injections of amikacin, a total retinal detachment ensued. One week after the third vitrectomy, the patient died from mesenteric artery thrombosis in the setting of disseminated mycobacterial disease. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of ocular inflammation as the presenting finding in the recently recognized syndrome of immune-recovery MAC disease. Pathogenesis of this entity is related to an enhanced immune response to a prior, subclinical, disseminated infection. The formation of discrete granulomas, normally absent in MAC infections in AIDS, reflects this mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Zamir
- Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
To K, Murphy MA. Images in medicine. Pneumocystis carinii choroiditis. Med Health R I 2002; 85:134. [PMID: 11989402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- King To
- Ophthalmology Residency Program, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Arevalo JF, Fuenmayor-Rivera D, Giral AE, Murcia E. Indocyanine green videoangiography of multifocal Cryptococcus neoformans choroiditis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Retina 2002; 21:537-41. [PMID: 11642390 DOI: 10.1097/00006982-200110000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Arevalo
- Retina and Vitreous Service, Clinica Oftalmologica Centro Caracas, Venezuela.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pollock SC, Kristinsson J. Cat-scratch disease manifesting as unifocal helioid choroiditis. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116:1249-51. [PMID: 9747695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
28
|
Biswas J, Gopal L, Sharma T, Parikh S, Madhavan HN, Badrinath SS. Recurrent cryptococcal choroiditis in a renal transplant patient: clinicopathologic study. Retina 1998; 18:273-6. [PMID: 9654421 DOI: 10.1097/00006982-199803000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Biswas
- Medical and Vision Research Foundation, Madras, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Grewal A, Kim RY, Cunningham ET. Miliary tuberculosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116:953-4. [PMID: 9682716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Korobelnik JF, Hannouche D, Marin F, Aussedat V, Hoang-Xuan T. [Surgical treatment of retrofoveal choroid neovascularization in multifocal choroiditis]. J Fr Ophtalmol 1998; 21:146-51. [PMID: 9759398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical removal of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization allows visual improvement, especially in young patients. METHODS Three eyes of 3 patients were prospectively studied. Subfoveal choroidal neovascularization was related to presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. The surgical procedure included vitrectomy, surgical excision of the neovascular membrane, and air tamponnade. RESULTS Follow-up was 6, 12 and 20 months. Vision improved in 2 eyes. In one case, recurrent extrafoveal neovascularization was treated with laser photocoagulation. DISCUSSION Surgery seems to be an alternative to photocoagulation in subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in presumed ocular histoplasmosis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Rostomian K, Dugel PU, Kolahdouz-Isfahani A, Thach AB, Smith RE, Rao NA. Presumed multifocal cryptococcol choroidopathy prior to specific systemic manifestation. Int Ophthalmol 1997; 21:75-8. [PMID: 9405988 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005810624388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Disseminated cryptococcosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Early diagnosis and treatment greatly improves the outcome, so clinical clues that lead to prompt diagnosis are important. METHODS Three patients with AIDS in whom multifocal choroiditis and choroidal lesions were the initial signs of disseminated cryptococcosis were treated with systemic amphotericin B and flucytosine. All of the patients had a systemic work-up that included evaluation of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS All three patients who were seen with the choroidal lesions as the presenting sign were noted to have either positive titers for cryptococcus or cultures that grew cryptococcus in the CSF. The choroidal lesions are presumed to be due to cryptococcus as no histopathologic or microscopic studies were available for ocular tissues. The choroidal lesions started to resolve one to three months after systemic treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine. CONCLUSION Primary choroidal lesions in patients with AIDS may herald severe systemic disseminated disease. Funduscopic examination, however, may detect disseminated cryptococcal disease before other overt clinical manifestations, thereby allowing prompt institution of effective therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Rostomian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- R E Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sharma S, Dhaliwal R, Cruess AF. Septic cardioembolic choroidopathy. Can J Ophthalmol 1997; 32:42-5. [PMID: 9047033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Ocular tuberculosis has traditionally been considered uncommon or anecdotal. Imprecise and variable diagnostic criteria have contributed to the confusion surrounding this topic. The increase in extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis during the AIDS era established the need for a prospective study of ocular involvement in patients with all types of tuberculosis using well-defined criteria. During a 15-month period, 300 cases had culture-proven tuberculosis at our institution. We randomly selected 100 for systematic ophthalmologic evaluation. Our criteria for ocular tuberculosis were divided as follows: certainty (isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from ocular specimens), probability (patients with isolation of M. tuberculosis from extraocular samples, with ocular lesions not attributable to other causes that respond to anti-tuberculous treatment), and possibility (same as probability but follow-up impossible). Ocular tuberculosis was present in 18 patients (18%) of which 10 patients fulfilled probability and 8 patients fulfilled possibility criteria. Eleven of 18 patients had HIV infection. In 11 patients, ocular involvement was asymptomatic. Almost all patients (17/18) had choroiditis, and other ocular lesions included papillitis, retinitis, vitritis, vasculitis, dacryoadenitis, and scleritis. Multivariate analysis showed as risk factors independently predicting ocular involvement in patients with ocular tuberculosis the presence of miliary disease (odd ratio 43.92, p = 0.002), ocular symptoms (odds ratio 6.35, p = 0.0143), and decreased visual acuity (odds ratio 0.04, p = 0.012). We observed an unexpectedly high (18%) incidence of ocular involvement, frequently asymptomatic, in patients with tuberculosis. Miliary disease is a clear predisposing factor in both HIV-infected and noninfected populations. Ocular examination should be routinely considered in patients with proven or suspected tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bouza
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease, Hospital General Universitario Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Affiliation(s)
- S A Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus retinitis and cryptococcal choroiditis are opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. These infections are associated with a retinal vasculitis and vascular attenuation. METHODS We present a case of retinal vascular nonperfusion and retinal neovascularization in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. RESULTS Retinal vascular nonperfusion and retinal neovascularization were confirmed by fluorescein angiography. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reported case of retinal neovascularization in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, ocular cytomegalovirus retinitis, and cryptococcal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Saran
- Chester County Eye Care Associates, West Chester, PA 19380, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Samy CN, D'Amico DJ. Infectious choroiditis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1996; 36:187-96. [PMID: 8989610 DOI: 10.1097/00004397-199603630-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C N Samy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Leibowitz E, Aviel E. [Tuberculous choroiditis]. Harefuah 1995; 129:550-2, 615. [PMID: 8682354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a rare cause of choroiditis. In most cases there is only a presumptive diagnosis based on a history of TB, its clinical picture, and a positive skin test. A 79-year-o;d man complained of acute, right visual loss. On examination, choroiditis was found. During his 20s he had had pulmonary tuberculosis; his Mantoux test was positive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Leibowitz
- Ophthalmology Dept., Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Perez Blazquez E, Montero Rodriguez M, Mendez Ramos MJ. Tuberculous choroiditis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Ophthalmol 1994; 26:50-4. [PMID: 8010705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a common illness among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and therefore, choroidal tubercles are expected to be found in these patients. Nevertheless, this association (AIDS-induced choroidal tuberculosis) is infrequently reported in the literature. We report four cases of patients with AIDS and tuberculosis who did not have any visual complaints and in whom a routine funduscopic examination disclosed the presence of choroidal nodules. These lesions were not accompanied by vitritis, iridocyclitis, or any sign of uveitis as has been reported in cases of tuberculous choroiditis in patients with AIDS by others in the literature.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To report on a vitreous specimen in a 53-year-old patient with unilateral choroiditis and vitritis of unknown cause. METHODS Cytologic examination of a vitreous aspirate stained by the Papanicolaou method. RESULTS Intravitreal spirochetes consistent with Borrelia burgdorferi were found in this seronegative patient. CONCLUSION Vitreous specimens of patients with choroiditis and vitritis of unknown cause should be examined cytologically, particularly when serologic results do not corroborate the clinical findings of Lyme disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H D Schubert
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York, New York
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lalonde L, Allaire GS, Sebag M, Lamer L, Marcil G, Gervais A. Pneumocystis carinii choroidopathy and aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis in a patient with AIDS. Can J Ophthalmol 1993; 28:291-3. [PMID: 8299056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Lalonde
- Department of Ophthalmology, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, PQ
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
PURPOSE The purposes of this study are to determine the incidence of infectious opportunistic choroiditis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), to study the association of these choroidal infections with systemic dissemination, and to investigate the life expectancy and cause of death in patients with infectious opportunistic choroiditis. METHODS A total of 470 eyes of 235 consecutive autopsies of patients with AIDS were examined by histopathologic methods. The clinical charts and autopsy reports of these patients were subsequently reviewed for presence of systemic dissemination of various infectious agents. RESULTS Of the 235 patients, 18 were found to have infectious choroiditis. The etiologic agents found were: Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida, Aspergillus fumigatus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. In 15 of these 18 patients, the cause of death was considered to be due to systemic dissemination of the organism causing the choroiditis. Only 4 of the 18 cases of infectious choroiditis were diagnosed during life, and the survival time of these patients after diagnosis was only 25 days. Five of the 18 patients also were found to have cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the retina. CONCLUSION Multifocal choroiditis due to endogenous infectious emboli in patients with AIDS reflects systemic dissemination and localization of infectious agents predominantly in the choriocapillaris. Early diagnosis and treatment are imperative and may be life-saving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E N Morinelli
- A. Ray Irvine, Jr., MD, Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Viruses are one of the most common causes of infections involving the posterior segment of the eye. Such infections can occur either on a congenital or an acquired basis, and may affect primarily the retina or the choroid. Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) and rubella infections may result in retinitis. CMV retinitis is also the most common cause of acquired viral retinitis, primarily because of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Other types of viral retinitis, such as those caused by herpes simplex or herpes zoster, can occur in immunocompromised or immunocompetent individuals. Retinitis or choroiditis caused by viruses such as measles, influenza, Epstein-Barr virus, and Rift Valley fever virus, typically occurs subsequent to an acute viral systemic illness. The systemic and ocular manifestations, as well as the histopathology, laboratory tests, differential diagnoses, and treatment regimens for each of the individual viruses are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Yoser
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
|
50
|
Bodine SR, Marino J, Camisa TJ, Salvate AJ. Multifocal choroiditis with evidence of Lyme disease. Ann Ophthalmol 1992; 24:169-73. [PMID: 1637125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A 32-year-old man had multifocal choroiditis without vitreous involvement. The diagnosis of Lyme disease was suggested by serial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of his serum and a cerebrospinal fluid specimen. The ocular findings resembled those seen in patients with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE). The active lesions resolved after administration of a two-week course of intravenous ceftriaxone. This case suggests that some cases of APMPPE actually may be Lyme disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Bodine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|