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Niu X, Zhao X, Ling KS, Levi A, Sun Y, Fan M. The FonSIX6 gene acts as an avirulence effector in the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum - watermelon pathosystem. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28146. [PMID: 27320044 PMCID: PMC4913299 DOI: 10.1038/srep28146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
When infecting a host plant, the fungus Fusarium oxysporum secretes several effector proteins into the xylem tissue to promote virulence. However, in a host plant with an innate immune system involving analogous resistance proteins, the fungus effector proteins may trigger resistance, rather than promoting virulence. Identity of the effector genes of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) races that affect watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) are currently unknown. In this study, the SIX6 (secreted in xylem protein 6) gene was identified in Fon races 0 and 1 but not in the more virulent Fon race 2. Disrupting the FonSIX6 gene in Fon race 1 did not affect the sporulation or growth rate of the fungus but significantly enhanced Fon virulence in watermelon, suggesting that the mutant ΔFon1SIX6 protein allowed evasion of R protein-mediated host resistance. Complementation of the wild-type race 2 (which lacks FonSIX6) with FonSIX6 reduced its virulence. These results provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that FonSIX6 is an avirulence gene. The identification of FonSix6 as an avirulence factor may be a first step in understanding the mechanisms of Fon virulence and resistance in watermelon and further elucidating the role of Six6 in Fusarium-plant interactions.
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Sun Y, Zhang H, Fan M, He Y, Guo P. Genome-wide identification of long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs reveal their ceRNA networks in response to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infection in watermelon. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1177-1190. [PMID: 32232674 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) play vital roles in plant defense responses against viral infections. However, there is no systematic understanding of lncRNAs and circRNAs and their competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks in watermelon under cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) stress. Here, we present the characterization and expression profiles of lncRNAs and circRNAs in watermelon leaves 48-h post-inoculation (48 hpi) with CGMMV, with mock inoculation as a control. Deep sequencing analysis revealed 2373 lncRNAs and 606 circRNAs in the two libraries. Among them, 67 lncRNAs (40 upregulated and 27 downregulated) and 548 circRNAs (277 upregulated and 271 downregulated) were differentially expressed (DE) in the 48 hpi library compared with the control library. Furthermore, 263 cis-acting matched lncRNA-mRNA pairs were detected for 49 of the DE-lncRNAs. KEGG pathway analysis of the cis target genes of the DE-lncRNAs revealed significant associations with phenylalanine metabolism, the citrate cycle (TCA cycle), and endocytosis. Additionally, 30 DE-lncRNAs were identified as putative target mimics of 33 microRNAs (miRNAs), and 153 DE-circRNAs were identified as putative target mimics of 88 miRNAs. Furthermore, ceRNA networks of lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA in response to CGMMV infection are described, with 12 DE-lncRNAs and 65 DE-circRNAs combining with 22 miRNAs and competing for the miRNA binding sites on 29 mRNAs. The qRT-PCR validation of selected lncRNAs and circRNAs showed a general correlation with the high-throughput sequencing results. This study provides a valuable resource of lncRNAs and circRNAs involved in the response to CGMMV infection in watermelon.
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Ren L, Huo H, Zhang F, Hao W, Xiao L, Dong C, Xu G. The components of rice and watermelon root exudates and their effects on pathogenic fungus and watermelon defense. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1187357. [PMID: 27217091 PMCID: PMC4977455 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1187357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is susceptible to wilt disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp niveum (FON). Intercropping management of watermelon/aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) alleviates watermelon wilt disease, because some unidentified component(s) in rice root exudates suppress FON sporulation and spore germination. Here, we show that the phenolic acid p-coumaric acid is present in rice root exudates only, and it inhibits FON spore germination and sporulation. We found that exogenously applied p-coumaric acid up-regulated the expression of ClPR3 in roots, as well as increased chitinase activity in leaves. Furthermore, exogenously applied p-coumaric acid increased β-1,3-glucanase activity in watermelon roots. By contrast, we found that ferulic acid was secreted by watermelon roots, but not by rice roots, and that it stimulated spore germination and sporulation of FON. Exogenous application of ferulic acid down-regulated ClPR3 expression and inhibited chitinase activity in watermelon leaves. Salicylic acid was detected in both watermelon and rice root exudates, which stimulated FON spore germination at low concentrations and suppressed spore germination at high concentrations. Exogenously applied salicylic acid did not alter ClPR3 expression, but did increase chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities in watermelon leaves. Together, our results show that the root exudates of phenolic acids were different between rice and watermelon, which lead to their special ecological roles on pathogenic fungus and watermelon defense.
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Mahmud I, Kousik C, Hassell R, Chowdhury K, Boroujerdi AF. NMR Spectroscopy Identifies Metabolites Translocated from Powdery Mildew Resistant Rootstocks to Susceptible Watermelon Scions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8083-91. [PMID: 26302171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) disease causes significant loss in watermelon. Due to the unavailability of a commercial watermelon variety that is resistant to PM, grafting susceptible cultivars on wild resistant rootstocks is being explored as a short-term management strategy to combat this disease. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolic profiles of susceptible and resistant rootstocks of watermelon and their corresponding susceptible scions (Mickey Lee) were compared to screen for potential metabolites related to PM resistance using multivariate principal component analysis. Significant score plot differences between the susceptible and resistant groups were revealed through Mahalanobis distance analysis. Significantly different spectral buckets and their corresponding metabolites (including choline, fumarate, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate, and melatonin) have been identified quantitatively using multivariate loading plots and verified by volcano plot analyses. The data suggest that these metabolites were translocated from the powdery mildew resistant rootstocks to their corresponding powdery mildew susceptible scions and can be related to PM disease resistance.
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
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Yu TA, Chiang CH, Wu HW, Li CM, Yang CF, Chen JH, Chen YW, Yeh SD. Generation of transgenic watermelon resistant to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus and Papaya ringspot virus type W. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:359-371. [PMID: 21079966 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Papaya ringspot virus type W (PRSV W) are major limiting factors for production of watermelon worldwide. For the effective control of these two viruses by transgenic resistance, an untranslatable chimeric construct containing truncated ZYMV coat protein (CP) and PRSV W CP genes was transferred to commercial watermelon cultivars by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Using our protocol, a total of 27 putative transgenic lines were obtained from three cultivars of 'Feeling' (23 lines), 'China baby' (3 lines), and 'Quality' (1 line). PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed that the chimeric construct was incorporated into the genomic DNA of the transformants. Greenhouse evaluation of the selected ten transgenic lines of 'Feeling' cultivar revealed that two immune lines conferred complete resistance to ZYMV and PRSV W, from which virus accumulation were not detected by Western blotting 4 weeks after inoculation. The transgenic transcript was not detected, but small interfering RNA (siRNA) was readily detected from the two immune lines and T(1) progeny of line ZW 10 before inoculation, indicating that RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is the underlying mechanism for the double-virus resistance. The segregation ratio of T(1) progeny of the immune line ZW10 indicated that the single inserted transgene is nuclearly inherited and associated with the phenotype of double-virus resistance as a dominant trait. The transgenic lines derived from the commercial watermelon cultivars have great potential for control of the two important viruses and can be implemented directly without further breeding.
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Li J, Fokkens L, Rep M. A single gene in Fusarium oxysporum limits host range. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:108-116. [PMID: 33146465 PMCID: PMC7749751 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysoporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum (Forc) is able to cause disease in cucumber, melon, and watermelon, while F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis (Fom) can only infect melon plants. Earlier research showed that mobile chromosomes in Forc and Fom determine the difference in host range between Forc and Fom. By closely comparing these pathogenicity chromosomes combined with RNA-sequencing data, we selected 11 candidate genes that we tested for involvement in the difference in host range between Forc and Fom. One of these candidates is a putative effector gene on the Fom pathogenicity chromosome that has nonidentical homologs on the Forc pathogenicity chromosome. Four independent Forc transformants with this gene from Fom showed strongly reduced or no pathogenicity towards cucumber, while retaining pathogenicity towards melon and watermelon. This suggests that the protein encoded by this gene is recognized by an immune receptor in cucumber plants. This is the first time that a single gene has been demonstrated to determine a difference in host specificity between formae speciales of F. oxysporum.
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Tang L, Nie S, Li W, Fan C, Wang S, Wu F, Pan K. Wheat straw increases the defense response and resistance of watermelon monoculture to Fusarium wilt. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:551. [PMID: 31829140 PMCID: PMC6907359 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat straw is a rich resource worldwide. Straw return is an effective strategy to alleviate soil-borne diseases on monoculture watermelon. Previous studies focus on soil structure, physical and chemical properties; however, little is known about the molecular responses on host plant. RESULTS No significant difference on the population of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum race 1(Fon1) in rhizosphere soil was found between control (no addition of wheat straw) and the treated groups (addition of 1% (T1) or 2% (T2) wheat straw). RNA-Seq analysis showed that 3419 differentially expressed genes were clustered into 8 profiles. KEGG analysis revealed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction were involved in wheat straw induced response in monoculture watermelon. Genes in lignin biosynthesis were found to be upregulated, and the lignin and auxin contents were higher in T1 and T2 compared to the control. Lignin was also enriched and the Fon1 population decreased in watermelon roots treated with wheat straw. The enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase were increased. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the addition of wheat straw enhances the defense response to Fon1 infection in watermelon through increasing lignin and auxin biosynthesis.
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Ben-Naim Y, Cohen Y. Inheritance of Resistance to Powdery Mildew Race 1W in Watermelon. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1446-1457. [PMID: 26267543 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-15-0048-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii is a major disease of watermelon in Israel. In this study, 291 accessions of Citrullus spp. were evaluated for resistance against P. xanthii race 1W. Only eight accessions exhibited high level of resistance. Inheritance of resistance against P. xanthii race 1W was studied by crossing three resistant accession of Citrullus lanatus var. citroides BIU 119, PI 189225, or PI 482312 with the susceptible cultivar 'Malali' or 'Sugar Baby'. Parents, F1, F2, and back cross progenies were evaluated for resistance in growth chambers at the cotyledon stage and the 4-leaf stage and in the field, at the 15-leaf stage. Resistance at the cotyledon stage was controlled by a single, partially dominant gene, whereas at the 4-leaf stage or the 15-leaf stage resistance was controlled by three complimentary, partially dominant genes. Crosses made among these resistant accessions revealed that BIU 119 and PI 189225 carry the same genes for resistance, whereas PI 482312 shares two out of three genes with both BIU 119 and PI 189225. A breeding line with high resistance level and good fruit qualities was developed from BIU 119 × HA5500.
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Vlaicu PC, Rusu LC, Ledesma A, Vicente M, Cuevas M, Zamorano M, Antolín-Amérigo D, Alvarez E, De La Hoz B. Cucumber anaphylaxis in a latex-sensitized patient. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2011; 21:236-239. [PMID: 21548453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 76-year-old woman who experienced dizziness, vomiting, dyspnea, thoracic erythema, and vaginal itching within 5 minutes of eating cucumber. She had been diagnosed 3 months earlier with papaya urticaria and latex sensitization. The results of skin prick tests were positive for cucumber, watermelon, papaya, and latex and negative for melon and profilin extracts. ImmunoCAP for latex-specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E was positive. Cucumber-specific serum IgE was negative. Immunoblot analysis using patient serum revealed a 30- to 32-kDa protein band in the cucumber (peel) and papaya extracts. Immunoblot inhibition with latex extract demonstrated inhibition of the band in both extracts. Immunoblot inhibition with cucumber-papaya and papaya-cucumber revealed inhibition of the same band in the cucumber and papaya extracts, respectively. We present a case of IgE-mediated allergy to cucumber and papaya. Our results strongly suggest that the allergen(s) implicated are associated with latex sensitization. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cucumber-latex and cucumber-papaya cross-reactivity.
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Lou J, Xiong X, Wang J, Guo M, Gao Y, Li D, Song F. Fusarium oxysporum NAD + hydrolase FonNADase1 is essential for pathogenicity and inhibits plant immune responses. Microbiol Res 2025; 294:128088. [PMID: 39955986 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2025.128088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2025] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 02/18/2025]
Abstract
Plants use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a key signaling molecule to activate immune responses. However, whether pathogens secrete specific NAD+ hydrolases (NADases) to affect plant NAD+ levels for infection remains unclear. Here, we report the function and possible mechanism of fungal NADases in watermelon Fusarium wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) pathogenicity. Fon secretes two NADases, FonNADase1 and FonNADase2, both of which harbor a secretory signal peptide and an NADase-active tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) domain. FonNADase1 and FonNADase2 are not involved in the growth, development, or stress responses of Fon. Moreover, only FonNADase1 is essential for Fon pathogenicity, and FonNADase1 deletion results in decreased invasive growth and spread within watermelon plants. FonNADase1 and FonNADase2 are functional NADases capable of decreasing plant NAD+ levels and FonNADase1 inhibits INF1- and BAX-induced cell death and chitin-triggered immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves in an NADase activity-dependent manner. Furthermore, FonNADase1 inhibited INF1- and BAX-induced expression of defense genes, such as NbPR1a, NbPR2, NbLOX, NbERF1, NbHIN1, and NbHSR203J, in N. benthamiana leaves and affected the expression of a set of immunity-associated genes in watermelon plants. These findings suggest that FonNADase1 plays a key role in Fon pathogenicity by affecting fungal invasive growth and spread within plants as well as modulating host immune responses, thus highlighting the critical role of fungal NADases in pathogenicity.
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Swiader M, Prończuk M, Niemirowicz-Szczyt K. Resistance of Polish lines and hybrids of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum et Nakai] to Fusarium oxysporum at the seedling stage. J Appl Genet 2002; 43:161-70. [PMID: 12080172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Watermelon is a species cultivated in the hot climate or in the greenhouse. Since recently it has also started to be grown in the open in the Polish climate. This species is frequently at risk of Fusarium oxysporum infection. Between 1996 and 1997 ten inbred lines and nine hybrids of Polish origin were tested for resistance to this pathogen. The test was conducted with the use of four isolates of F. oxysporum: three from Polish infected plants (formae speciales not determined), while the fourth from U.K. (F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum). In the three series of tests the control plants were Pannonia F(1) and Sugar Baby. No inbred line or hybrid was found to be highly resistant to the pathogen. However, it was possible to identify four lines and five hybrids showing a higher level of resistance as compared with the control. The level of hybrid resistance was determined by comparison with the parental genotypes.
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