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Lindvall O, Björklund A. The glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical method: a detailed account of the methodology for the visualization of central catecholamine neurons. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1974; 39:97-127. [PMID: 4847179 DOI: 10.1007/bf00492041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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433 |
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Garner CC, Tucker RP, Matus A. Selective localization of messenger RNA for cytoskeletal protein MAP2 in dendrites. Nature 1988; 336:674-7. [PMID: 3200318 DOI: 10.1038/336674a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
For nerve cells to develop their highly polarized form, appropriate structural molecules must be targeted to either axons or dendrites. This could be achieved by the synthesis of structural proteins in the cell body and their sorting to either axons or dendrites by specific transport mechanisms. For dendrites, an alternative possibility is that proteins could be synthesized locally in the dendritic cytoplasm. This is an attractive idea because it would allow regulation of the production of structural molecules in response to local demand during dendritic development. The feasibility of dendritic protein synthesis is suggested both by the existence of dendritic polyribosomes and by the recent demonstration that newly synthesized RNA is transported into the dendrites of neurons differentiating in culture. However, to date there has been no demonstration of the selective synthesis of an identified dendrite-specific protein in the dendritic cytoplasm. Here, we use in situ hybridization with specific complementary DNA probes to show that messenger RNA for the dendrite-specific microtubule-associated protein MAP2 (refs 3-5) is present in dendrites in the developing brain. By contrast the mRNA for tubulin, a protein present in both axons and dendrites is located exclusively in neuronal cell bodies.
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423 |
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Shapiro RE, Miselis RR. The central organization of the vagus nerve innervating the stomach of the rat. J Comp Neurol 1985; 238:473-88. [PMID: 3840183 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902380411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We employed the neural tracers cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase to examine the organization of the afferent and efferent connections of the stomach within the medulla oblongata of the rat. The major finding of this study is that gastric motoneurons of the dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) possess numerous dendrites penetrating discrete regions of the overlying nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). In particular, dendritic labelling was present in areas of NTS which also received terminals of gastric vagal afferent fibers such as the subnucleus gelatinosus, nucleus commissuralis, and medial nucleus of NTS. This codistribution of afferent and efferent elements of the gastric vagus may provide loci for monosynaptic vagovagal interactions. A small number of dendrites of DMN neurons penetrated the ependyma of the fourth ventricle and a few others entered the ventral aspect of the area postrema, thus making possible the direct contact of preganglionic neurons with humoral input from the cerebrospinal fluid and/or the peripheral plasma. Nucleus ambiguus neurons projecting to the stomach predominantly innervate the forestomach. The dendrites of these cells, when labelled, were generally short, and extended beyond the compact cluster of ambiguus neurons in a ventrolateral direction, parallel to the fascicles of vagal efferent fibers traversing the medulla.
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Westenbroek RE, Ahlijanian MK, Catterall WA. Clustering of L-type Ca2+ channels at the base of major dendrites in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Nature 1990; 347:281-4. [PMID: 2169591 DOI: 10.1038/347281a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Integration and processing of electrical signals in individual neurons depend critically on the spatial distribution of ion channels on the cell surface. In hippocampal pyramidal neurons, voltage-sensitive calcium channels have important roles in the control of Ca2(+)-dependent cellular processes such as action potential generation, neurotransmitter release, and epileptogenesis. Long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampal pyramidal cell, a form of neuronal plasticity that is thought to represent a cellular correlate of learning and memory, is dependent on Ca2+ entry mediated by synaptic activation of glutamate receptors that have a high affinity for NMDA (N-methyl(-D-aspartate) and are located in distal dendrites. Stimuli causing long-term potentiation at these distal synapses also cause a large local increase in cytosolic Ca2+ in the proximal regions of dendrites. This increase has been proposed to result from activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. At least four types of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, designated N, L. T and P, may be involved in these processes. Here we show that L-type Ca2+ channels, visualized using a monoclonal antibody, are located in the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells and are clustered in high density at the base of major dendrites. We suggest that these high densities of L-type Ca2+ channels may serve to mediate Ca2+ entry into the pyramidal cell body and proximal dendrites in response to summed excitatory inputs to the distal dendrites and to initiate intracellular regulatory events in the cell body in response to the same synaptic inputs that cause long-term potentiation at distal dendritic synapses.
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Matus A, Ackermann M, Pehling G, Byers HR, Fujiwara K. High actin concentrations in brain dendritic spines and postsynaptic densities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:7590-4. [PMID: 6760199 PMCID: PMC347386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against actin were used to corroborate the presence of actin as a major component protein of isolated brain postsynaptic densities. The same antibodies also were used as an immunohistochemical stain to study the distribution of actin in sections of intact brain tissue. This showed two major sites where actin is concentrated: smooth muscle cells around blood vessels and postsynaptic sites. In the postsynaptic area the highest concentration of actin occurs in postsynaptic densities and there also is intense staining in the surrounding cytoplasm, especially within dendritic spines. Antiactin staining was much weaker in other parts of neurons and in glial cells. The high concentration of actin in dendritic spines may be related to shape changes that these structures have been found to undergo in response to prolonged afferent stimulation.
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43 |
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Rauvala H. An 18-kd heparin-binding protein of developing brain that is distinct from fibroblast growth factors. EMBO J 1989; 8:2933-41. [PMID: 2583087 PMCID: PMC401361 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
An 18-kd heparin-binding protein (p18) was isolated from perinatal rat brain. Although the protein closely resembles the fibroblast growth factors in its strong binding to heparin and in its apparent molecular mass, it has a distinct structure. This was concluded from the amino-terminal sequence analysis that identified a unique structure containing a cluster of lysine residues. Antipeptide antibodies were raised in rabbits according to the sequence analysis and affinity purified using a synthetic peptide. The antibodies were shown to bind specifically to p18, which was immunochemically distinct from the basic fibroblast growth factor. The antipeptide antibodies detected p18 in brain but not in liver, kidney, heart or skeletal muscle. The content of the protein was shown to undergo a remarkable developmental change corresponding to the time period of rapid sprouting of axons and dendrites in brain. The content of p18 was rapidly increased at the time of birth until the postnatal age of approximately 1 week, after which it was decreased to values less than 10% in young adults as compared to the content found in perinatal rats. p18 also enhanced neurite outgrowth in brain neurons in vitro. The protein was stained in neurons in cells dispersed from perinatal brain. The properties of p18 suggest that it has a role in the growth and maturation of brain.
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Bloom FE, Hoffer BJ, Siggins GR. Studies on norepinephrine-containing afferents to Purkinje cells of art cerebellum. I. Localization of the fibers and their synapses. Brain Res 1971; 25:501-21. [PMID: 5544323 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Schachner M, Hedley-Whyte ET, Hsu DW, Schoonmaker G, Bignami A. Ultrastructural localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein in mouse cerebellum by immunoperoxidase labeling. J Cell Biol 1977; 75:67-73. [PMID: 334780 PMCID: PMC2111556 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.75.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein was localized at the electron microscope level in the cerebellum of adult mice by indirect immunoperoxidase histology. In confirmation of previous studies at the light microscope level, the antigen was detectable in astrocytes and their processes, but not in neurons or their processes, or in oligodendroglia. Astrocytic processes were stained in white matter, in the granular layet surrounding synaptic glomerular complexes, and in the molecular layer in the form of radially oriented fibers and of sheaths surrounding Purkinje cell dendrites. Astrocytic endfeet impinging on meninges and perivascular membranes were also antigen positive. In astrocytic perikarya and processes, the immunohistochemical reaction product appears both as a diffuse cytoplasmic label and as elongated strands, which by their distribution and frequency could be considered glial filaments.
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Abstract
Despite the great diversity of shapes exhibited by different classes of nerve cells, nearly all neurons share one feature in that they have a single axon and several dendrites. The two types of processes differ in their morphology, in their rate of growth, in the macromolecular composition of their cytoskeletons and surface membranes, and in their synaptic polarity. When hippocampal neurons are dissociated from the embryonic brain and cultured, they reproducibly establish this basic form with a single axon and several dendrites, despite the absence of any spatially organized environmental cues, and without the need for cell to cell contact. We have cut the axons of young hippocampal neurons within a day of their development: in some cases the initial axon regenerated, but more frequently one of the other processes, which if undisturbed would have become a dendrite, instead became the axon. Frequently the stump of the original axon persisted following the transection and subsequently became a dendrite. Evidently the neuronal processes that first develop in culture have the capacity to form either axons or dendrites. The acquisition of axonal characteristics by one neuronal process apparently inhibits the others from becoming axons, so they subsequently become dendrites.
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Friauf E, Ostwald J. Divergent projections of physiologically characterized rat ventral cochlear nucleus neurons as shown by intra-axonal injection of horseradish peroxidase. Exp Brain Res 1988; 73:263-84. [PMID: 3215304 DOI: 10.1007/bf00248219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An attempt was made to correlate electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of rat ventral cochlear nucleus neurons. Their axonal course and their soma morphology were investigated using the intra-axonal horseradish peroxidase method. Prior to labeling, neurons were characterized by recording their response patterns to acoustic stimulation with pure tones. Three types of cells were found: Category I (37 neurons) exhibited "primarylike" responses and a spontaneous firing rate below 10 spikes/s. Category II (21 neurons) showed "on" responses and little spontaneous activity. Category III (9 neurons) had "primarylike" responses like neurons in category I. However, the spontaneous activity rate of these neurons was significantly higher (mean: 95 spikes/s). Among the response categories, the morphological characteristics differed in some prominent aspects. Within each category, however, the morphological properties were rather similar. All neurons in category I were globular/bushy cells located in the area of the entrance of the cochlear nerve. The axon of each cell coursed along the ventral acoustic stria and consistently innervated the lateral superior olive ipsilaterally, and the nucleus of the trapezoid body and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus contralaterally. Some neurons also projected to periolivary nuclei ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Neurons in category II were located in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus and were presumably multipolar/stellate cells. Their axons coursed via the intermediate acoustic stria and innervated mainly contralateral periolivary regions as well as the contralateral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Ipsilaterally, the lateral superior olive and the superior periolivary nucleus were innervated by some of the category II neurons. Somata types of neurons in category III could not be identified morphologically, but somata were located in caudal parts of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus that correspond to the octopus cell area. Their axons coursed via the intermediate acoustic stria and innervated periolivary regions and the contralateral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Thus, their axonal distribution differed only slightly from neurons in category II. These data confirm and extend previous findings regarding the efferent connections of ventral cochlear neurons. They emphasize the complexity of the axonal projection patterns of single cochlear nucleus cells. Since two types of response patterns and three types of axonal projection patterns have been observed, there remains an ambiguous relation between response pattern and axonal projection site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Wood JG, Wallace RW, Whitaker JN, Cheung WY. Immunocytochemical localization of calmodulin and a heat-labile calmodulin-binding protein (CaM-BP80) in basal ganglia of mouse brain. J Cell Biol 1980; 84:66-76. [PMID: 6985613 PMCID: PMC2110531 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.84.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisera to calmodulin, a Ca2%-dependent modulator protein, and a heat-labile calmodulin-binding protein have been used to localize these proteins in mouse caudate-putamen. The two proteins appear to be located at identical sites in this brain area. At the light microscopic level, calmodulin and calmodulin-binding protein are found within the cytoplasm and processes of large cells. At the electron microscopic level the proteins are associated with neuronal elements only, primarily at postsynaptic sites within neuronal somata and dendrites. Within the dendrites the immunocytochemical label is associated predominantly with the postsynaptic density and dendritic microtubules. These results are in accord with recent biochemical and immunihistochemical studies of calmodulin in brain and in dividing cells. Thus, calmodulin and the heat-labile calmodulin-binding protein may play a role in the nervous system at the site of neurotransmitter action and at the level of microtubular function.
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45 |
200 |
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Riederer BM, Zagon IS, Goodman SR. Brain spectrin(240/235) and brain spectrin(240/235E): two distinct spectrin subtypes with different locations within mammalian neural cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1986; 102:2088-97. [PMID: 3519621 PMCID: PMC2114251 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.102.6.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult mouse brain contains at least two distinct spectrin subtypes, both consisting of 240-kD and 235-kD subunits. Brain spectrin(240/235) is found in neuronal axons, but not dendrites, when immunohistochemistry is performed with antibody raised against brain spectrin isolated from enriched synaptic/axonal membranes. A second spectrin subtype, brain spectrin(240/235E), is exclusively recognized by red blood cell spectrin antibody. Brain spectrin(240/235E) is confined to neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, and some glial cells, but is not present in axons or presynaptic terminals.
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190 |
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Amthor FR, Takahashi ES, Oyster CW. Morphologies of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with complex receptive fields. J Comp Neurol 1989; 280:97-121. [PMID: 2918098 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902800108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ganglion cells that had complex receptive field properties, namely, On-Off and On direction-selective cells, orientation-selective cells, local edge detectors, and uniformity detectors (suppressed by contrast cells) were recorded in an isolated superfused rabbit eyecup preparation. Cells were first classified by their characteristic extracellular responses to manually controlled stimuli similar to those which have been used in previous in vivo studies. Ganglion cells were then impaled, confirmed in identity by intracellular recording, and iontophoretically injected with horseradish peroxidase for staining. Twenty-two ganglion cells, which included members of all the major classes mentioned above, were recovered from the visual streak or near periphery. All recovered cells were drawn in camera lucida from flat-mounted retinas and entered into a computer as two-dimensional stick figures; nearly all were three-dimensionally reconstructed to determine the level and manner of dendritic ramification in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The location of ganglion cell dendrites in sublaminar regions of the IPL was found to be consistent with the hypothesis of a division of the IPL into excitatory On (proximal) and Off (distal) sublaminae, with some qualifications for particular classes. Each of the complex receptive field ganglion cell classes exhibited a distinctive three-dimensional dendritic arborization pattern uniquely associated with that physiological class.
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Persohn E, Schachner M. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of the neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM during postnatal development of the mouse cerebellum. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1987; 105:569-76. [PMID: 3301870 PMCID: PMC2114902 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.105.1.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular and subcellular localization of the neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM was studied by pre- and postembedding immunoelectron microscopic labeling procedures in the developing mouse cerebellar cortex. The salient features of the study are: L1 displays a previously unrecognized restricted expression by particular neuronal cell types (i.e., it is expressed by granule cells but not by stellate and basket cells) and by particular subcellular compartments (i.e., it is expressed on axons but not on dendrites or cell bodies of Purkinje cells). L1 is always expressed on fasciculating axons and on postmitotic, premigratory, and migrating granule cells at sites of neuron-neuron contact, but never at contact sites between neuron and glia, thus strengthening the view that L1 is not involved in granule cell migration as a neuron-glia adhesion molecule. While N-CAM antibodies reacting with the three major components of N-CAM (180, 140, and 120 kD) show a rather uniform labeling of all cell types, antibodies to the 180-kD component (N-CAM180) stain only the postmigratory granule cell bodies supporting the notion that N-CAM180, the N-CAM component with the longest cytoplasmic domain, is not expressed before stable cell contacts are formed. Furthermore, N-CAM180 is only transiently expressed on Purkinje cell dendrites. N-CAM is present in synapses on both pre- and post-synaptic membranes. L1 is expressed only preterminally and not in the subsynaptic membranes. These observations indicate an exquisite degree of fine tuning in adhesion molecule expression during neural development and suggest a rich combinatorial repertoire in the specification of cell surface contacts.
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Sofroniew MV, Glasmann W. Golgi-like immunoperoxidase staining of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons that contain vasopressin, oxytocin or neurophysin in the rat. Neuroscience 1981; 6:619-43. [PMID: 7017456 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(81)90147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
The intercalated cell groups, or massa intercalata, of the amygdala have been studied in rodent brains with Golgi methods. They also have been examined in gallocyanin-chromalum-, AChE-, and Timm-stained rat brains. The Golgi data indicate that the intercalated cells are not confined to a series of isolated cell clumps but form a neuronal net that covers the rostral half of the lateral-basolateral nuclear complex, stretches across a major portion of rostral amygdala, and continues rostrally beneath the anterior commissure. There are two general types of intercalated neuron--medium and large neurons. The medium intercalated neurons are more common. They have round to elongate somata, 9-18 microns in diameter, and round to bipolar dendritic trees, depending on their location. Most of the dendrites are spine-bearing, as are 20% of the somata. Their axons often have locally ramifying collaterals. The parent axons apparently terminate in either the lateral-basolateral or central nuclei and some of them appear to enter the external capsule. There is a unique medium intercalated neuron that has nearly spine-free, varicose dendrites and an axon that is typical of short axon (Golgi II) cells. There are two varieties of large intercalated neuron-spiny and aspiny. Most of them are aspiny, although they usually have a few spines scattered along their dendrites. Both varieties have elongate, sometimes round, somata that can be as much as 60 microns long. Their dendrites are long, thick, and have few branch points. Only the initial part of the large aspiny cell axon has been impregnated. The large spiny cell axons have several local collaterals; the destination of the parent axons is unknown. The intercalated cells occur along fiber bundles, which are probably afferent to them. The axons that travel among the intercalated cells give off short collaterals and boutons en passant. The sources of these fibers are not known. From the published experimental data, it is likely that they originate in the piriform and entorhinal cortices, the lateral preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, and ventral pallidum. Axon collaterals of basolateral nucleus pyramidal cells appear to terminate among the intercalated cells. It is suggested that the intercalated cells serve as sites for integration of the output of these various areas and, in turn, communicate it to the lateral-basolateral and central amygdaloid nuclei. The intercalated cells closely resemble neurons in the corpus striatum. Thus the question is raised and discussed of whether the intercalated cells are a ventral extension of the corpus striatum.
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Cambray-Deakin MA, Burgoyne RD. Posttranslational modifications of alpha-tubulin: acetylated and detyrosinated forms in axons of rat cerebellum. J Cell Biol 1987; 104:1569-74. [PMID: 3294857 PMCID: PMC2114518 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.104.6.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of acetylated alpha-tubulin in rat cerebellum was examined and compared with that of total alpha-tubulin and tyrosinated alpha-tubulin. From immunoperoxidase-stained vibratome sections of rat cerebellum it was found that acetylated alpha-tubulin, detectable with monoclonal 6-11B-1, was preferentially enriched in axons compared with dendrites. Parallel fiber axons, in particular, were labeled with 6-11B-1 yet unstained by an antibody recognizing tyrosinated alpha-tubulin, indicating that parallel fibers contain alpha-tubulin that is acetylated and detyrosinated. Axonal microtubules are known to be highly stable and the distribution of acetylated alpha-tubulin in other classes of stable microtubules suggests that acetylation and possibly detyrosination may play a role in the maintenance of stable populations of microtubules.
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Lin CT, Dedman JR, Brinkley BR, Means AR. Localization of calmodulin in rat cerebellum by immunoelectron microscopy. J Cell Biol 1980; 85:473-80. [PMID: 6989840 PMCID: PMC2110615 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.85.2.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin, a multifunctional Ca(++)-binding protein, is present in all eucaryotic cells. We have investigated the distribution of this protein in the rat cerebellum by immunoelectron microscopy using a Fab-peroxidase conjugate technique. In Purkinje and granular cell bodies, calmodulin reaction product was found localized both on free ribosomes and on those attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the nuclear envelope. No calmoduline was observed in the cisternae of RER or the Golgi apparactus. Calmodulin did not appear to be concentrated in the soluble fraction of the cell under the conditions used. Rather, peroxidase reaction product could be seen associated with membranes of the Golgi apparatus the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), and the plasma membrane of both cell bodies and neuronal processes. In the neuronal dendrites, calmodulin appeared to be concentrated on membranes of the SER, small vesicles, and mitochondria. Also, granular calmodulin was observed in the amorphous material. In the synaptic junction, a large amount of calmodulin was seen attached to the inner surface of the postsynaptic membrane, whereas very little was observed in the presynaptic membrane or vesicles. These observations suggest that calmodulin is synthesized on ribosomes and discharged into the cytosol, and that it then becomes associated with a variety of intracellular membranes. Calmodulin also seems to be transported via neuronal processes to the postsynaptic membrane. Calmodulin localization at the postsynaptic membrane suggests that this protein may mediate calcium effects at the synaptic junction and, thus, may play a role in the regulation of neurotransmission.
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Ellisman MH, Deerinck TJ, Ouyang Y, Beck CF, Tanksley SJ, Walton PD, Airey JA, Sutko JL. Identification and localization of ryanodine binding proteins in the avian central nervous system. Neuron 1990; 5:135-46. [PMID: 2200448 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ryanodine binding proteins of the CNS have been identified using monoclonal antibodies against avian skeletal muscle ryanodine binding proteins. These proteins were localized to intracellular membranes of the dendrites, perikarya, and axons of cerebellar Purkinje neurons using laser confocal microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Ryanodine binding proteins were not found in dendritic spines. Immunoprecipitation and [3H]epiryanodine binding experiments revealed that the cerebellar ryanodine binding proteins have a native molecular weight of approximately 2000 kd and are composed of two high molecular weight (approximately 500 kd) polypeptide subunits. A comparable protein having a single high molecular weight polypeptide subunit was observed in the remainder of the brain. If the ryanodine binding proteins in muscle and nerve are similar in function, then the neuronal proteins may participate in the release of calcium from intracellular stores that are mechanistically and spatially distinct from those gated by inositol trisphosphate receptors.
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Matus A, Bernhardt R, Bodmer R, Alaimo D. Microtubule-associated protein 2 and tubulin are differently distributed in the dendrites of developing neurons. Neuroscience 1986; 17:371-89. [PMID: 3517689 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(86)90253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have followed the appearance of two microtubule proteins, tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 2, in rat hippocampal neurons differentiating in cell culture. Double-label immunofluorescence staining showed that from day 1 in vitro onward tubulin appeared as filaments but that microtubule-associated protein 2 remained distributed throughout the cytoplasm. This difference persisted throughout development and was also detectable in cells that had reached morphological maturity. When cells were treated with the microtubule-depolymerizing agent nocodazole, the depolymerized tubulin became spread throughout the cytoplasm so that its distribution was then identical to microtubule associated protein 2. At the same time, multiple side branches began to emerge along the dendrites. When cells which had been exposed to nocodazole were allowed to recover before staining, the tubulin was again present as filaments but the microtubule-associated protein 2 remained distributed throughout the dendritic cytoplasm. Under these conditions the previously extended proximal side branches were resorbed into the main process. These results suggest that cellular microtubule-associated protein 2 is not necessarily exclusively associated with microtubules. Neuronal dendrites in particular appear to contain this protein at levels in excess of the capacity of microtubular microtubule-associated protein 2 binding sites. In view of the known effectiveness of microtubule-associated protein 2 as a promoter of tubulin polymerization, its abundance in dendrites suggests that it acts to ensure total polymerization of dendritic microtubules. In this way it would contribute both to the support of the growing process and the suppression of adventitious sidebranching.
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Amthor FR, Takahashi ES, Oyster CW. Morphologies of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with concentric receptive fields. J Comp Neurol 1989; 280:72-96. [PMID: 2918097 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit retinal ganglion cells with concentric receptive fields were intracellularly recorded and stained in the isolated superfused eyecup preparation to relate specific physiological response properties to dendritic morphology. Concentric ganglion cells, as traditionally defined, were those that had On or Off centers with antagonistic surrounds but lacked complex response properties such as direction or orientation selectivity. Concentric cells were classified into different groups by extracellular recordings of their On- or Off-center response sign, excitatory receptive field center size, linearity of spatial summation, and brisk vs. sluggish and transient vs. sustained responses to step changes in light intensity. The cells were then impaled, confirmed in identity during intracellular recording, and iontophoretically injected with horseradish peroxidase for histological analysis. Twenty-three concentric ganglion cells were recovered and morphometrically analyzed. Their physiological response properties were found to be related to a number of underlying two- and three-dimensional attributes of the cell's dendritic branching patterns. The dendrites of all 20 brisk concentric cells and two of the three sluggish cells were found to ramify narrowly in either the proximal or distal half of the inner plexiform layer, corresponding to whether they are On center or Off center, respectively. One of the sluggish concentric cells was found to have a more complex, partially bistratified ramification. Physiologically identified brisk-sustained-linear, brisk-transient-nonlinear, brisk-transient-linear, and at least two classes of sluggish concentric ganglion cells were stained. Each of these physiological classes appears to exhibit a distinct and identifiable dendritic branching pattern.
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Dahl D. Immunohistochemical differences between neurofilaments in perikarya, dendrites and axons. Immunofluorescence study with antisera raised to neurofilament polypeptides (200K, 150K, 70K) isolated by anion exchange chromatography. Exp Cell Res 1983; 149:397-408. [PMID: 6416876 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neurofilament (NF) proteins (70K, 150K and 200K D) were isolated from 2 M urea extracts of bovine spinal cord by anion exchange chromatography. Antisera to the individual NF polypeptides were produced in rabbits and affinity-purified on Sepharose columns prepared with their own antigen. The NF antisera were completely absorbed by their own antigen at protein concentrations that did not decrease the staining when the absorption was conducted with the heterologous NF antigens. Partial absorption (decrease in immunofluorescence titer) occurred at higher concentrations of the heterologous antigens. Cross-reactivity between the polypeptides of the NF triplet could not be detected by double immunodiffusion. The antisera formed immunoprecipitin lines only when reacted with their own antigen. Conversely, cross-reactivity was demonstrated by the immune blotting procedure. Anti-70K stained all three NF polypeptides. Anti-200K and anti-150K stained both 200K and 150K but not 70K, the main reaction being with their own antigen. The antisera were rendered monospecific by adsorption of the common antigenic determinants on Sepharose columns prepared with the heterologous NF antigens. The localization of the NF proteins was studied by immunofluorescence on cryostat sections of rat brain, cerebellum, spinal cord and posterior root ganglia. All NF antisera (anti-70K, anti-150K and anti-200K) stained axons including Purkinje cell baskets with identical pattern. Spinal cord motor neurons, posterior root ganglia neurons and pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex stained with anti-70K and anti-200K. No staining of neuronal perikarya and dendrites was observed with anti-150K. Aluminium-induced neurofibrillary tangles in rabbit spinal cord stained with anti-70K and anti-200K. The tangles were not decorated by anti-150K. It is concluded that a marked difference exists in the concentration of 150K depending on the location, i.e., cell body or axon; or, alternatively, that 150K undergoes modification of antigenic sites within the axon so that it may not be recognized immunologically as a component of the neurofilament within perikarya and dendrites.
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Pickel VM, Towle AC, Joh TH, Chan J. Gamma-aminobutyric acid in the medial rat nucleus accumbens: ultrastructural localization in neurons receiving monosynaptic input from catecholaminergic afferents. J Comp Neurol 1988; 272:1-14. [PMID: 2898489 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902720102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurons containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the medial portion of the adult rat nucleus accumbens were characterized with respect to their ultrastructure, sites of termination, and catecholaminergic input. Antisera against GABA-conjugates and the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), were localized within single sections by means of peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) and immunoautoradiographic labeling methods. Peroxidase reaction product indicating GABA-like immunoreactivity (GABA-LI) was seen in medium-size (15-20 microns) perikarya containing either round and unindented or invaginated nuclear membranes. The cells with invaginated nuclei were few in number and usually exhibited more intense peroxidase reaction product in sections collected at the same distance from the surface of the tissue. Reaction product for GABA was also detected in proximal (1.5-3.0 microns) dendrites, axons, and terminals. Terminals with GABA-LI formed symmetric junctions on perikarya, proximal dendrites, and dendritic spines of neurons that usually lacked detectable immunoreactivity. Many of the GABAergic terminals also were apposed directly to other unlabeled terminals and to terminals exhibiting either peroxidase labeling for GABA or immunoautoradiographic labeling for TH. Many of the unlabeled terminals associated with the GABAergic axons formed asymmetric junctions on dendritic spines. From 138 TH-labeled, principally dopaminergic terminals that were examined in the medial nucleus accumbens, 4% were associated with the somata of GABAergic neurons and another 14% formed symmetric junctions with proximal dendrite showing GABA-LI. The remaining TH-immuno-reactive terminals either lacked recognizable densities or formed symmetric synapses on unlabeled dendrites and spines. A few of the unlabeled dendrites, as well as those containing GABA-LI, received symmetric synapses from both catecholaminergic and GABAergic terminals. We conclude that in the medial portion of the rat nucleus accumbens, GABA is localized to two morphologically distinct types of neurons, one or both of which receive monosynaptic input from catecholaminergic afferents, and that GABAergic terminals form symmetric synapses on other principally non-GABAergic neurons. The results also support earlier physiological evidence showing that GABA may modulate the output of other GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons through presynaptic associations.
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Delacourte A, Flament S, Dibe EM, Hublau P, Sablonnière B, Hémon B, Shérrer V, Défossez A. Pathological proteins Tau 64 and 69 are specifically expressed in the somatodendritic domain of the degenerating cortical neurons during Alzheimer's disease. Demonstration with a panel of antibodies against Tau proteins. Acta Neuropathol 1990; 80:111-7. [PMID: 2117840 DOI: 10.1007/bf00308912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bundles of paired helical filaments (PHF) accumulate in the pyramidal neurons that degenerate during Alzheimer's disease. This neurofibrillary degeneration is highly correlated with clinical signs of dementia. During the degenerating process, Tau proteins, which are the major antigenic components of PHF, are abnormally phosphorylated and two pathological isoforms named Tau 64 and 69 are expressed. We have studied their immunoblot distribution in the cortical gray and white matter from different regions of normal and Alzheimer brains, to determine if the degenerating process preferentially affects the somatodendritic or the axonal domain. Two categories of antibodies were used. The first category consisted of anti-human native Tau, anti-Tau proteins from different vertebrates, anti-PHF, monoclonal antibody Alz-50 and an anti-C terminal repeated region of Tau. In control brains, these antibodies strongly detected normal Tau proteins in the gray matter while Tau immunodetection was weak in the white matter. In Alzheimer brain cortices, each antibody detected Tau 64 and 69 in gray matter extracts but not at all in white matter extracts. The second category of anti-Tau consisted of the anti-PHF saturated with normal brain protein extracts. This antiserum only probed the abnormally phosphorylated Tau proteins. It detected Tau 64 and 69 exclusively in the cortical gray matter of Alzheimer brains. Moreover, a 55-kDa Tau protein was also immunolabelled, which might be an intermediary form between normal Tau and Tau 64 and 69. Our results demonstrate that Tau proteins are normal and major components of the somatodendritic domain and that Tau pathology, reflected by the presence of Tau 64 and 69, affects preferentially this domain during Alzheimer's disease.
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Broadwell RD, Cataldo AM. The neuronal endoplasmic reticulum: its cytochemistry and contribution to the endomembrane system. I. Cell bodies and dendrites. J Histochem Cytochem 1983; 31:1077-88. [PMID: 6309951 DOI: 10.1177/31.9.6309951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its contribution to the endomembrane system (i.e., membranes of cell organelles) in the neuron have been investigated in brains of mice by applying electron microscopic enzyme cytochemistry for demonstration of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity. The phosphohydrolytic activity of G6Pase is a well-known cytochemical marker for the ER in numerous cell types. Of the different substrates employed, glucose-6-phosphate and mannose-6-phosphate were the only two with which G6Pase reaction product was seen in the neuronal ER and organelles related morphologically to the ER. G6Pase activity in cell bodies and dendrites was localized consistently within the lumen of the nuclear envelope, rough and smooth ER, lamellar bodies, hypolemmal and subsurface cisternae, and frequently in the cis saccules of the Golgi apparatus. The G6Pase reactive ER appeared as a network of saccules and tubules pervading the cell body and its dendrites. Possible membrane continuities were identified between the ER and the other reactive structures, including the cis half of the Golgi apparatus. Neither G6Pase activity nor reactive ER was associated with the trans Golgi saccules or GERL. G6Pase activity thus serves as a reliable marker for the perikaryal and dendritic ER and related structures. These observations support the theory that the ER is an integral component of the neuronal endomembrane system associated with the transfer of membrane or membrane molecules among intracellular compartments, the packaging and transport of exportable protein, and energy metabolism. G6Pase activity in the ER of axons and terminals is considered in detail in part two of this study.
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