Balancing the curriculum: promoting aesthetic knowledge in nursing

The view of nursing as both art and science is widely held within the profession; however, this belief is not reflected in nurse education where the artistic aspects of nursing practice continue to be overshadowed by the emphasis on the scientific, the technical and the objective. It is suggested that nursing knowledge can be considered within four fundamental types or patterns of knowledge: empirical, aesthetic, personal and moral, each interrelated and interlinked, with aesthetic knowledge argued to encompass the art of nursing. Nursing's dual identity as an art and science arguably requires a balance within the curriculum, therefore the promotion and acquisition of aesthetic knowledge seems a desirable aim. The development of strategies specifically designed to develop and incorporate such knowledge across the curriculum and to make it explicit presents a challenge for all nurse educators. This paper will examine aesthetic knowledge as essential to the art of nursing, and will consider the application of literature as a method through which this knowledge may be attained. The use of literature is suggested as facilitating an awareness of human predicaments universal to all, thus enabling the nurse to develop qualities of caring, empathy and compassion, indicated to be components of nursing's art form.

Maintaining standards of aesthetic practice in trainees subject to NHS restrictions

The Specialist Advisory Committee (SAC) in plastic surgery within the United Kingdom (UK) recommends a modular training programme to include aesthetic surgery. The intercollegiate board examinations test candidates on all aspects of aesthetic practice yet there is no formal, national aesthetic training in the UK. Closure of National Health Service (NHS) private patient facilities has reduced training opportunity [Nicolle FV. Sir Harold Gillies Memorial Lecture; Aesthetic plastic surgery and the future plastic surgeon. Br J Plast Surg 1998;51:419-24.] Calmanisation [Hospital doctors: training for the future. The Report of the Working Group on Specialist Medical Training (The Calman Report). London: HMSO; 1993.], the European Working Time Directive (EWTD) [; Phillips H, Fleet Z, Bowman K. The European Working time Directive-interim report and guidance from The Royal College of Surgeons of England working party chaired by Mr Hugh Phillips; 2003 []; Chesser S, Bowman K, Phillips H. The European Working Time Directive and the training of surgeons. BMJ Careers Focus 2002;s69-7.], and more importantly the implementation of "local" aesthetic guidelines have placed further pressures on training. Reductions of NHS case mix will ultimately lead to a reduction in trainee experience. With increasing regulatory pressure from the Commission for Healthcare Improvement, standards of aesthetic practice can only be maintained by increasing private/independent sector involvement. At present a disparity exists between the demand and provision of aesthetic surgery training in the UK. Aesthetic surgery forms part of the training curriculum for plastic surgery and as such remains a training issue. A review of aesthetic surgery training is needed in the UK through consultation with trainers and trainee representatives.

The aesthetics of city-scale preservation policy in Beijing

Chinese cities today represent a historically important case of the relation between city-scale preservation policy and urban design, and the role they play in the rapid transformation of urban environments. This article reviews Beijing's preservation and urban design policies as they existed in 1990, and as they evolved and responded over the following fifteen years of radical change. Beijing's master plan in the 1990s ambitiously attempted to define the preservation-worthy image of the entire old city, but did so in narrowly picturesque terms. The practice of 'protecting' designated historic structures by clearing the space around them, and the dependence on a totalizing view-from-on-high to define Beijing's overall characteristic form (as opposed to an experience of the city from its myriad public and private spaces), produced a city-wide preservation policy that was particularly handicapped in its ability to accommodate change.

"A different kind of beauty": scientific and architectural style in I.M. Pei's Mesa Laboratory and Louis Kahn's Salk Institute

I.M. Pei's Mesa Laboratory for the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, and Louis Kahn's Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, are rare examples of laboratories as celebrated for their architecture as for their scientific contributions. Completed in the mid-1960s, these signature buildings still express the scientific style of their founding directors, Walter Roberts and Jonas Salk. yet in commissioning their laboratories, Roberts and Salk had to work with architects as strong-willed as themselves. A close reading of the two laboratories reveals the ongoing negotiations and tensions in collaborations between visionary scientist and visionary architect. Moreover, Roberts and Salk also had to become architects of atmospheric and biomedical sciences. For laboratory architecture, however flexible in theory, necessarily stabilizes scientific practice, since a philosophy of research is embedded in the very structure of the building and persists far longer than the initial vision and mission that gave it life. Roberts and Salk's experiences suggest that even the most carefully designed laboratories must successfully adapt to new disciplinary configurations, funding opportunities, and research priorities, or risk becoming mere architectural icons.

The "nuts & bolts" of becoming an aesthetic provider: part 3-maximizing your aesthetic practice and client outcomes

The final installment of this 3-part series of articles on becoming an aesthetic provider centers on the steps necessary to maximize an aesthetic medical practice and tips for optimal client outcomes. We discuss the importance of education for the aesthetic provider, the staff, and the client, as well as how to create client loyalty. On the basis of years of experience, "pearls and pitfalls" are discussed, so the novice, intermediate, and advanced aesthetic providers can minimize mistakes and maximize their success in this exciting and growing profession.

A new experience: the course of ethics in engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada

A course in professional ethics for civil engineers was taught for the first time in Spain during the academic year 2007/08. In this paper a survey on the satisfaction and expectation of the course is presented. Surprisingly the students sought moral and ethical principles for their own ordinary lives as well as for their profession. Students were concerned about the law, but in their actions they were more concerned with their conscience, aware that it can be separate from the law.

Planning ideology and geographic thought in the early twentieth century: Charles Whitnall's progressive era park designs for socialist Milwaukee

As Milwaukee’s chief park planner in the early to mid-twentieth century, Charles Whitnall responded to the various underlying ideologies of the period within which he worked. His preference for parks was a political and physical response to and remedy for the industrialized and heavily congested city he called home. By examining the Progressive Era discourse associated with planning, this article situates Whitnall’s work within the political, aesthetic, and environmental contexts of geographic thought that influenced his plans for Milwaukee. In promoting a physical awareness associated with the natural features of the region and responding to the sociopolitical framework of contemporaries such as Ebenezer Howard, Whitnall incorporated a sense of compassion within his planning. He responded to the preexisting beer gardens of Pabst and Schlitz, as well as Olmsted-designed park spaces, by advocating for decentralization as part of a broader socialist agenda that had swept through Milwaukee during the early 1900s.

Anatomy of observation: from the Académie Royale de la Chirurgie to the salons of Dénis Diderot

This article excavates new ways of observing that developed with surgery’s rise as a profession in an effort to counter what has traditionally been characterized as the Enlightenment bias toward vision. From the 1740’s to the early 1780’s eighteenth century surgical science was a discipline in transition. No longer an artisan craft, but not yet what the medical historian Toby Gelfand has called the “new science” that would be the bedrock of the post-revolutionary medical university, surgery became an Enlightenment discipline par excellence. Surgery was at once an aesthetics and a science. A particular focus is given to the distinctive epistemology of observation that was germane to surgery of the 1760s and 1770s in France and the diffusion of that epistemology in the art criticism of Denis Diderot. The goal of the study is to demonstrate eighteenth-century surgery’s exceptional status: its rejection of the priority accorded to vision in cognition as well as its renunciation of the strictly ocular metaphors and fictions in the representation of rationality in Enlightenment discourse.

Modern sport, modernism and the cultural manifesto: de Coubertin's Revue Olympique

This article studies the Modern Olympic Movement within the cultural framework of early twentieth-century aesthetics. By examining the first 13 years of the Revue Olympique, the bond between sport and ideals of beauty emerges as a powerful indicator of a broader socio-cultural discourse. Discourse analysis exposes the Revue Olympique as homogeneous and coherent device of praxis that located the Olympic Movement and the genre of sport festival it promoted among the dominant ideas about beauty, art and culture of this era. It functioned as a type of cultural manifesto for Pierre de Coubertin's international Olympic Movement.

Methodology for teaching facial filling with hyaluronic acid

OBJECTIVE

This paper shows the importance of the methodization in teaching facial dermal filling on the training of physicians who intend to work or are already working in the area of facial aesthetics.

METHODS

The methodology is based on the procedures performed in Iz Clinic of Plastic Surgery from 2007 to 2010, where the results of the use of dermal filling products were observed.

RESULTS

We chose the hyaluronic acid for the methodization of education. Even being a safe procedure, the dermal filling needs to be done by trained professionals because some complications may occur. The theoretical discussion of facial anatomy, physiology and classification of aging, rheological characteristics of products and application techniques underpin the practical part, in which the live demo or supervision of the procedure is performed. The idealization of classes, both theoretical and practical, proposed in this work proved to be of great value in teaching physicians.

CONCLUSIONS

The success of this method can be seen from the results achieved by students and by observing the drop in reports of adverse effects. After learning the techniques of facial dermal filling with products based on hyaluronic acid, a doctor may perform this therapy with other fillers, with harmonious results.