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Srisai P, Lin HC, Liu CC, Zeng FJ, Yang YC, Chou WM. Thermostable ficin from jelly fig (Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang) latex: purification, identification and characterization. J Sci Food Agric 2023; 103:846-855. [PMID: 36071690 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The achenes/seeds of endemic jelly fig (Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang) fruit have been applied to prepare a traditional beverage in Taiwan. Upon fruit harvest, jelly fig latex exuded from stalks was discarded. Protease activity was monitored in its latex. Proteases capable of hydrolyzing proteins have many application aspects based on diverse characteristics. Commercial plant proteases are frequently from latex. RESULTS The latex protease of jelly fig, termed FaFicin, was purified to homogeneity with a molecular mass of ~32 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. According to liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analyses, the expected protein band of protease was matched to ficin A, ficin B or chymopapain from common fig or papaya. Iodoacetamide, an inhibitor of cysteine protease, inhibited its protease activity completely. Hence FaFicin was identified as a papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP), exhibiting more than 80% and 70% activity as assayed at pH 5-8 and 40-70 °C, respectively. It maintained ~89% of initial activity after 120 min at 55 °C and pH 7. Moreover, FaFicin could degrade the myosin and actin of meat, and clot milk. CONCLUSION The ficin FaFicin was obtained, purified and identified as a PLCP member from agricultural waste: jelly fig latex. It possessed activity under a wide range of pH values and temperature, and exhibited excellent thermostability. Based on its initial evaluation as a meat tenderizer and milk clotting reagent, the application of FaFicin was possible, which may extend utilization of jelly fig. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parawee Srisai
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hua-Chian Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Chen Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Feng-Jin Zeng
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Chang Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wing-Ming Chou
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
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Zheng W, Liu J, Yi D, Pan Y, Long Y, Zheng H. Ficin encapsulated in mesoporous metal-organic frameworks with enhanced peroxidase-like activity and colorimetric detection of glucose. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 233:118195. [PMID: 32135500 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ficin has been reported to possess peroxidase activity, but its applications in some respects have been limited because of its relatively low activity. Herein, a mesoporous metal-organic framework, PCN-333(Fe), was synthesized, which was selected to encapsulate ficin to form ficin@PCN-333(Fe). Compared with ficin, the peroxidase-like activity of ficin@PCN-333(Fe) toward 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation was about 3 times increase in the presence of H2O2, and followed classical Michaelis-Menten model. The kinetic parameters showed that stronger affinity and higher catalytic constant (Kcat) of ficin@PCN-333(Fe) to both TMB and H2O2 compared with ficin, and Kcat of ficin@PCN-333(Fe) was increased by 3.65 folds and 3.59 folds for TMB and H2O2, respectively. Taking advantages of higher catalytic property of ficin@PCN-333(Fe), we developed a colorimetric method with high sensitivity and selectivity to detect glucose, which displayed a good linear response toward glucose in the range of 0.5-180 μM with a limit of detection of 97 nM. Furthermore, ficin@PCN-333(Fe) has been proven to successfully detect glucose in human serum, implying its great potentialities and wide applications as peroxidase mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Danyang Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yadi Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yijuan Long
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Huzhi Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Lavrinenko IA, Holyavka MG, Chernov VE, Artyukhov VG. Second derivative analysis of synthesized spectra for resolution and identification of overlapped absorption bands of amino acid residues in proteins: Bromelain and ficin spectra in the 240-320 nm range. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 227:117722. [PMID: 31707026 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We establish the origin and formation of peaks in UV absorption spectra of proteins by applying the second derivative analysis to (i) spectra of the native protein, (ii) to its model spectra "synthesized" as a sum of partial free amino acid spectra and (iii) to absorption spectra of the free amino acids. We show that the bromelain peaks at 248.2, 253.2, 258.4 and 264.2 nm are due to phenylalanine maxima; the predictable peak at 279.6 nm (which is almost coincident with the extremum of the zero-order spectrum at 279.4 nm) is mainly due to tyrosine maximum, while the peaks at 274.6 and 290.6 nm are due to tryptophan maximum; 268.0 nm peak to the superposition of tyrosine and phenylalanine maxima, and 283.4 nm peak to the superposition of tyrosine and tryptophan maxima. Similar results are obtained for ficin: the peaks at 248.4, 253.0 and 258.8 nm are formed by the phenylalanine maxima, the predictable peak at 264.4 nm accords with the corresponding bromelain 264.2 nm peak; the 279.4 nm peak almost coincides with the zero order spectrum peak (279.6 nm), but it is expressed stronger than that of bromelain due to a different ratio of tyrosine to tryptophan side groups. The peaks at 273.4 and 290.6 nm are associated with tryptophan, the 268.0 nm peak being mainly due to tyrosine (and fractionally to phenylalanine); and the 283.8 nm peak belongs to tyrosine and, to a greater extent, to tryptophan. We demonstrate that the amino acid residues of tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine undergo correspondingly the largest, intermediate and the lowest positive (red) wavelength shift in the zero-order protein absorption spectrum with respect to the model (synthesized) spectrum. The difference appearing in the positions of the bromelain and ficin absorption band peaks is determined by superposition of relative contributions from amino acid residues. This superposition is resulted from (i) linear combination of amino acid residues spectra and (ii) their different (non-uniform) wavelength shifts as functions of microenvironment of these residues' chromophores. The proposed approach to the analysis of the protein absorption spectra with the help of "synthesized" spectra can be transferred to other objects studied in analytical and organic chemistry of high molecular compounds containing monomer units with various chromophores.
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Zheng W, Shen D, Pan Y, Yi D, Long Y, Zheng H. Enhancing the peroxidase-like activity of ficin by rational blocking thiol groups for colorimetric detection of biothiols. Talanta 2019; 204:833-839. [PMID: 31357372 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The peroxidase-like activity of ficin is relatively low, which limits its application. It was found that thiol groups of ficin could inhibit its peroxidase-like activity. So, two procedures, i.e., direct blocking with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), or using tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) to interrupt disulfide bonds then blocking thiol groups with NEM, were applied to block thiol groups of ficin, ficin-NEM (ficin-N) and ficin-TCEP-NEM (ficin-TN) were produced, respectively. The blocking of thiol groups accelerated the peroxidase activity dramatically. The peroxidase catalytic activity of ficin-N and ficin-TN toward the peroxidase substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation by H2O2 was about 2.5-fold and 5-fold increase compared with ficin, respectively, which accompanied a color change from colorless to blue and followed classic Michaelis-Menten model. The kinetic parameters indicated that higher affinity of ficin-N (Km = 0.31) and ficin-TN (Km = 0.39) to H2O2 compared with ficin (Km = 0.58), and ficin-TN had the highest Kcat which increased by 6.5 times and 4.5 times for TMB and H2O2, respectively. According to these findings, a colorimetric method with high sensitivity for the detection of biothiols was developed due to sulfhydryl compounds inhibited the peroxidase activity of ficin. Comparing with ficin and ficin-N, ficin-TN had the widest detection range (0.01-16 μM) and the lowest detection limit (3 nM). The practical applications of ficin-TN for biothiol determination in human serum samples have been demonstrated with satisfactory results. Ficin-N and ficin-TN are promising to apply to the bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Dongjun Shen
- Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yadi Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Danyang Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yijuan Long
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Huzhi Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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Shahidi S, Jamili S, Ghavam Mostafavi P, Rezaie S, Khorramizadeh M. Assessment of the Inhibitory Effects of Ficin-hydrolyzed Gelatin Derived from Squid (Uroteuthis duvauceli) on Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Animal Model. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 17:436-452. [PMID: 30518186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine novel natural products have been applied for cancer therapy. Enzyme-digested gelatin hydrolysates have proven to serve as promising sources of potent biologically active peptides. Potential anti-breast cancer properties of the extracted Ficin-digesterd gelatin hydrolysate from Indian squid (Uroteuthis duvauceli) was extensively characterized by cellular and animal models. Gelatin was extracted from squid skin, hydrolyzed by Ficin, and characterized by standard physico-chemical methods. Ficin-digested gelatin hydrolysate was used at various doses of 0-0.1 mg/mL for assessment of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells versus HUVEC normal cells. Cytotoxicity, phase-contrast morphological examination, apoptosis/necrosis, clonal-growth, cell-migration, Matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) zymography, and Western blotting were used for cellular assessments. For animal studies, breast tumor-induced BALB/c mice received hydrolyzed gelatin regimen, followed by tumor size/growth and immune-histochemical analyses. Significant inhibition of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 with no cytotoxicity on HUVEC cells were detected. Apoptosis was increased in cancer cells, as revealed by elevated ratio of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in both cancer cells were diminished. In mice, gelatin hydrolysate prevented weight loss, decreased tumor size, induced p53, and down-regulated Ki67 levels. These findings suggest that Ficin-digested gelatin hydrolysate could be a beneficial candidate for novel breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogol Shahidi
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Pang Y, Huang Z, Yang Y, Long Y, Zheng H. Colorimetric detection of glucose based on ficin with peroxidase-like activity. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 189:510-515. [PMID: 28846980 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a colorimetric biosensing system for glucose detection by coupling the peroxidase-like of ficin and the glucose oxidase (GOx). GOx can catalyze the oxidation of glucose to produce H2O2, then, ficin catalyzes the oxidation of peroxidase substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H2O2 to produce a blue color reaction. The present sensing system showed a linear response toward glucose detection over range of 2.0-100μM with a detection limit of 0.5μM. This system is simple, low cost, highly sensitive and selective for glucose detection, and was also applied to measuring glucose in human serum. Furthermore, in order to expand the application of ficin in biological sensing, we immobilized ficin onto the SiO2@Fe3O4 NPs, which exhibited the merits of recycling as well as allowing the repeated detection of glucose. Thus it may provide great potential applications in biomedicine, biotechnology and environmental chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Pang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zili Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yufang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yijuan Long
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Huzhi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Zare H, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Salami M, Sheibani N, Khajeh K, Habibi-Rezaei M. Autolysis control and structural changes of purified ficin from Iranian fig latex with synthetic inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 84:464-71. [PMID: 26718871 PMCID: PMC5223272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fig's ficin is a cysteine endoproteolytic enzyme, which plays fundamental roles in many plant physiological processes, and has many applications in different industries such as pharmaceutical and food. In this work, we report the inhibition and activation of autolysis and structural changes associated with reaction of ficin with iodoacetamide and tetrathionate using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra filtration membrane, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods. The ficin structural changes were also determined using UV-absorption, circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. These techniques demonstrated that iodoacetamide completely inhibited ficin autolysis, which was irreversible. However, tetrathionate partially and reversibility inhibited its autolysis. The ficin structural changes with two synthetic inhibitors were associated with secondary structural changes related to decreased alpha-helix and increased beta sheet and random coil conformations, contributing to its aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zare
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Estahban Fig Research Station, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A A Moosavi-Movahedi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Center of Excellence in Biothermodynamics (CEBiotherm), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - M Salami
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Food Science and Engineering, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - N Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K Khajeh
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Baeyens-Volant D, Matagne A, El Mahyaoui R, Wattiez R, Azarkan M. A novel form of ficin from Ficus carica latex: Purification and characterization. Phytochemistry 2015; 117:154-167. [PMID: 26083455 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel ficin form, named ficin E, was purified from fig tree latex by a combination of cation-exchange chromatography on SP-Sepharose Fast Flow, Thiopropyl Sepharose 4B and fplc-gel filtration chromatography. The new ficin appeared not to be sensitive to thiol derivatization by a polyethylene glycol derivative, allowing its purification. The protease is homogeneous according to PAGE, SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry, N-terminal micro-sequencing analyses and E-64 active site titration. N-terminal sequencing of the first ten residues has shown high identity with the other known ficin (iso)forms. The molecular weight was found to be (24,294±10)Da by mass spectrometry, a lower value than the apparent molecular weight observed on SDS-PAGE, around 27 kDa. Far-UV CD data revealed a secondary structure content of 22% α-helix and 26% β-sheet. The protein is not glycosylated as shown by carbohydrate analysis. pH and temperature measurements indicated maxima activity at pH 6.0 and 50 °C, respectively. Preliminary pH stability analyses have shown that the protease conserved its compact structure in slightly acidic, neutral and alkaline media but at acidic pH (<3), the formation of some relaxed or molten state was evidenced by 8-anilino-1-naphtalenesulfonic acid binding characteristics. Comparison with the known ficins A, B, C, D1 and D2 (iso)forms revealed that ficin E showed activity profile that looked like ficin A against two chromogenic substrates while it resembled ficins D1 and D2 against three fluorogenic substrates. Enzymatic activity of ficin E was not affected by Mg(2+), Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) at a concentration up to 10mM. However, the activity was completely suppressed by Zn(2+) at a concentration of 1mM. Inhibitory activity measurements clearly identified the enzyme as a cysteine protease, being unaffected by synthetic (Pefabloc SC, benzamidine) and by natural proteinaceous (aprotinin) serine proteases inhibitors, by aspartic proteases inhibitors (pepstatin A) and by metallo-proteases inhibitors (EDTA, EGTA). Surprisingly, it was well affected by the metallo-protease inhibitor o-phenanthroline. The enzymatic activity was however completely blocked by cysteine proteases inhibitors (E-64, iodoacetamide), by thiol-blocking compounds (HgCl2) and by cysteine/serine proteases inhibitors (TLCK and TPCK). This is a novel ficin form according to peptide mass fingerprint analysis, specific amidase activity, SDS-PAGE and PAGE electrophoretic mobility, N-terminal sequencing and unproneness to thiol pegylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Baeyens-Volant
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - André Matagne
- University of Liège, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Repliement des Protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rachida El Mahyaoui
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- University of Mons-Hainaut, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Proteomics and Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Center of Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), Mons, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Azarkan
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Azarkan M, Matagne A, Wattiez R, Bolle L, Vandenameele J, Baeyens-Volant D. Selective and reversible thiol-pegylation, an effective approach for purification and characterization of five fully active ficin (iso)forms from Ficus carica latex. Phytochemistry 2011; 72:1718-1731. [PMID: 21665232 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The latex of Ficus carica constitutes an important source of many proteolytic components known under the general term of ficin (EC 3.4.22.3) which belongs to the cysteine proteases of the papain family. So far, no data on the purification and characterization of individual forms of these proteases are available. An effective strategy was used to fractionate and purify to homogeneity five ficin forms, designated A, B, C, D1 and D2 according to their sequence of elution from a cation-exchange chromatographic support. Following rapid fractionation on a SP-Sepharose Fast Flow column, the different ficin forms were chemically modified by a specific and reversible monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) reagent. In comparison with their un-derivatized counterparts, the mPEG-protein derivatives behaved differently on the ion-exchanger, allowing us for the first time to obtain five highly purified ficin molecular species titrating 1mol of thiol group per mole of enzyme. The purified ficins were characterized by de novo peptide sequencing and peptide mass fingerprinting analyzes, using mass spectrometry. Circular dichroism measurements indicated that all five ficins were highly structured, both in term of secondary and tertiary structure. Furthermore, analysis of far-UV CD spectra allowed calculation of their secondary structural content. Both these data and the molecular masses determined by MS reinforce the view that the enzymes belong to the family of papain-like proteases. The five ficin forms also displayed different specific amidase activities against small synthetic substrates like dl-BAPNA and Boc-Ala-Ala-Gly-pNA, suggesting some differences in their active site organization. Enzymatic activity of the five ficin forms was completely inhibited by specific cysteine and cysteine/serine proteases inhibitors but was unaffected by specific serine, aspartic and metallo proteases inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Azarkan
- Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Etem ME, Laird-Fryer B, Holub MP, Hedl JJ, Symington DB, Figueroa D. Allogeneic adsorptions: a comparison of the traditional method with a modified PEG adsorption method. Immunohematology 2010; 26:104-108. [PMID: 21214296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the benefits of enhancing adsorptions with PEG. Allogeneic adsorptions were performed on 20 patient samples containing warm reactive autoantibodies with two volumes of adsorbing RBCs; results using unenhanced adsorptions were compared with those using PEG-enhanced adsorptions and with using untreated adsorbing RBCs and ficin-treated adsorbing RBCs. Two volumes of adsorbing RBCs, one volume of serum, and one volume of PEG were used. The number of adsorptions, average time saved, and presence or absence of underlying alloantibodies were compared for the two methods and types of adsorbing RBCs. Modified PEG-enhanced adsorptions resulted in a 69 percent decrease in adsorbing time. PEG adsorptions removed all autoantibodies and detected 18 of 19 underlying alloantibodies. The unenhanced method did not remove autoantibodies in two samples and identified only 15 of 19 underlying alloantibodies. As expected, reductions in the number of adsorptions and adsorbing time were observed. The modified-PEG adsorption is an improved method that may replace the current unenhanced method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Etem
- Blood Systems and Mayo Clinic Hospital Blood Bank, PO Box 874, Scottsdale, AZ 85252, USA
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Devaraj KB, Kumar PR, Prakash V. Purification, characterization, and solvent-induced thermal stabilization of ficin from Ficus carica. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:11417-11423. [PMID: 18991449 DOI: 10.1021/jf802205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ficin (EC 3.4.22.3), a cysteine proteinase isolated from the latex of a Ficus tree, is known to occur in multiple forms. Although crude ficin is of considerable commercial importance, ficin as such has not been fully characterized. A major ficin from the commercial crude proteinase mixture preparation of Ficus carica was purified and characterized. The purified enzyme was homogeneous in both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and gel-filtration chromatography and is a single polypeptide chain protein with a molecular mass of 23 100 +/- 300 Da as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). The enzyme was active in the pH range of 6.5-8.5, and maximum activity was observed at pH 7.0. The N-terminal core sequence of ficin has homology with N-terminal sequences of plant cysteine proteinases. The enzyme contains three disulfide bonds and a single free cysteine residue at the active site. The effect of co-solvents, such as sorbitol, trehalose, sucrose, and xylitol, on the thermal stability of ficin was determined by activity measurements, fluorescence, and thermal denaturation studies. The apparent thermal denaturation temperature (T(m)) of ficin was significantly increased from the control value of 72 +/- 1 degrees C in the presence of all co-solvents. However, the maximum stabilization effect was observed in terms of thermal stabilization by the co-solvent trehalose.
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Bonroy K, Frederix F, Reekmans G, Dewolf E, De Palma R, Borghs G, Declerck P, Goddeeris B. Comparison of random and oriented immobilisation of antibody fragments on mixed self-assembled monolayers. J Immunol Methods 2006; 312:167-81. [PMID: 16674973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of immunosensors is strongly dependent on the amount of immobilised antibodies and their remaining antigen binding properties. The use of smaller and well-oriented antibody fragments as bioreceptor molecules influences the final immunosensor signal. The aim of this study was to compare the immunosensor responses of different immobilised antibody fragments, such as F(ab')2 and Fab', with their parental IgG. In addition, we evaluated the oriented versus the random covalent immobilisation method of the Fab' fragments. First, an optimisation of cleavage protocol to generate these F(ab')2 and Fab' fragments was performed. Subsequently, we pursued a study with limited denaturation effects during immobilisation of the bioreceptor molecules and with reduced steric hindrance during antigen binding using mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of thiols as the chemical linking layer. The Surface Plasmon Resonance technique was used to evaluate the degree of immobilisation of the antibody fragments and their parental IgGs on the mixed SAMs and the binding signals of their specific antigens. In this study, we demonstrate that for a particular antibody/antigen system (anti-hIgG/hIgG), the optimised fragmentation protocol in combination with an oriented immobilisation of Fab' fragments on mixed SAMs leads to a >2-fold increase of the antigen binding signals compared to randomly covalent immobilised full-length antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Bonroy
- K.U.Leuven, Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytopharmacology, Van Evenstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Chiang CL, Chang YM, Chang CT, Sung HY. Characterization of a chitosanase isolated from a commercial ficin preparation. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:7579-85. [PMID: 16159189 DOI: 10.1021/jf040472n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A chitosanolytic enzyme was purified from a commercial ficin preparation by affinity chromatographic removal of cysteine protease on pHMB-Sepharose 4B and cystatin-Sepharose 4B and gel filtration on Superdex 75 HR. The purified enzyme exhibited both chitinase and chitosanase activities, as determined by SDS-PAGE and gel activity staining. The optimal pH for chitosan hydrolysis was 4.5, whereas the optimal temperature was 65 degrees C. The enzyme was thermostable, as it retained almost all of its activity after incubation at 70 degrees C for 30 min. A protein oxidizing agent, N-bromosuccinimide (0.25 mM), significantly inhibited the enzyme's activity. The molecular mass of the enzyme was 16.6 kDa, as estimated by gel filtration. The enzyme showed activity toward chitosan polymers exhibiting various degrees of deacetylation (22-94%), most effectively hydrolyzing chitosan polymers that were 52-70% deacetylated. The end products of the hydrolysis catalyzed by this enzyme were low molecular weight chitosan polymers and oligomers (11.2-0.7 kDa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui-Liang Chiang
- Department of Food Science, Chungtai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Reid JD, Hussain S, Sreedharan SK, Bailey TS, Pinitglang S, Thomas EW, Verma CS, Brocklehurst K. Variation in aspects of cysteine proteinase catalytic mechanism deduced by spectroscopic observation of dithioester intermediates, kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. Biochem J 2001; 357:343-52. [PMID: 11439083 PMCID: PMC1221960 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3570343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of a slow post-acylation conformational change during catalysis by cysteine proteinases was investigated by using a new chromogenic substrate, N-acetyl-Phe-Gly methyl thionoester, four natural variants (papain, caricain, actinidin and ficin), and stopped-flow spectral analysis to monitor the pre-steady state formation of the dithioacylenzyme intermediates and their steady state hydrolysis. The predicted reversibility of acylation was demonstrated kinetically for actinidin and ficin, but not for papain or caricain. This difference between actinidin and papain was investigated by modelling using QUANTA and CHARMM. The weaker binding of hydrophobic substrates, including the new thionoester, by actinidin than by papain may not be due to the well-known difference in their S2-subsites, whereby that of actinidin in the free enzyme is shorter due to the presence of Met211. Molecular dynamics simulation suggests that during substrate binding the sidechain of Met211 moves to allow full access of a Phe sidechain to the S2-subsite. The highly anionic surface of actinidin may contribute to the specificity difference between papain and actinidin. During subsequent molecular dynamics simulations the P1 product, methanol, diffuses rapidly (over<8 ps) out of papain and caricain but 'lingers' around the active centre of actinidin. Uniquely in actinidin, an Asp142-Lys145 salt bridge allows formation of a cavity which appears to constrain diffusion of the methanol away from the catalytic site. The cavity then undergoes large scale movements (over 4.8 A) in a highly correlated manner, thus controlling the motions of the methanol molecule. The changes in this cavity that release the methanol might be those deduced kinetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Reid
- Laboratory of Structural and Mechanistic Enzymology, School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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15
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Abstract
Fig tree latex (ficin) was immobilized on Celite by adsorption. The free and immobilized ficin were utilized in the production of teleme (a Turkish milk product). After immobilization, the optimal temperature of ficin was shifted from 60 to 80 degrees C. Both free and immobilized ficin exhibited higher milk clotting activity in the acidic pH range. Increase in solid content of milk affected milk clotting activity in opposite direction. When the amount of either free or immobilized enzymes doubled, clotting timereduced nearly 1.6 and 1.7 fold for free and immobilized enzyme, respectively. Use of immobilized enzyme in teleme production gave better results in terms of chemical and sensory properties compared with teleme made by free enzyme. Syneresis in teleme reduced from 70% to 60% depending on immobilization. Both acidity and bitter taste of teleme produced from free ficin was due to extensive protein hydrolysis by proteolytic fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fadýloğlu
- University of Gaziantep, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, TR-27310 Gaziantep, Turkey.
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16
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Pinitglang S, Patel M, Noble M, Sreedharan SK, Verma C, Thomas EW, Brocklehurst K. Effects of the quality of the P2-S2 hydrophobic contacts on the catalytic activities of papain, caricain and ficin and their generation by electrostatic switches. Biochem Soc Trans 1997; 25:88S. [PMID: 9056986 DOI: 10.1042/bst025088s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Pinitglang
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, UK
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Kojima S, Suzuki N, Shimura N, Kubodera A, Kubota K, Yamaguchi T, Takahashi T, Oyamada H. Comparative study of intact A7 MoAb and F(ab')2 fragments for radioimmunoimaging of human colon cancer in nude mice. Nucl Med Biol 1993; 20:243-8. [PMID: 8485482 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(93)90044-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Differences of pharmacokinetics and tumor imaging ability between intact monoclonal antibody A7 (A7 MoAb) and F(ab')2 fragments were studied in human colon cancer (LS-174T)-bearing nude mouse. First of all, we examined the yield and the immunoreactivity of F(ab')2 fragments after treatment with ficin as a function of time. The yield of F(ab')2 fragments reached about 50% after ficin treatment for 8 h, and the F(ab')2 retained about 80% of the immunoreactivity of the corresponding MoAb. Longer digestion with ficin produced smaller fragments (less than 92 kDa) with a lower yield and most of the immunoreactivity was lost. In pharmacokinetics studies, the F(ab')2 was preferentially taken up by the tumor, was cleared more rapidly from the blood circulation and seemed to have less non-specific tissue binding than intact A7 MoAb. In addition, the tumor image obtained at an early time using 131I-F(ab')2 was much superior in quality to that with intact 131I-A7 MoAb. The use of F(ab')2 fragments may be effective for tumor diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kojima
- Research Institute for Biosciences, Science University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
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Patel M, Kayani IS, Mellor GW, Sreedharan S, Templeton W, Thomas EW, Thomas M, Brocklehurst K. Variation in the P2-S2 stereochemical selectivity towards the enantiomeric N-acetylphenylalanylglycine 4-nitroanilides among the cysteine proteinases papain, ficin and actinidin. Biochem J 1992; 281 ( Pt 2):553-9. [PMID: 1736903 PMCID: PMC1130721 DOI: 10.1042/bj2810553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Values of the kinetic specificity constant, kcat./Km, for the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-phenylalanylglycine 4-nitroanilide (I) and of its D-enantiomer (II) catalysed by ficin (EC 3.4.22.3) and by actinidin (EC 3.4.22.14) at pH 6.0, I 0.1 mol/l, 8.3% (v/v) NN-dimethylformamide and 25 degrees C were determined by using initial-rate data with [S] much less than Km and weighted nonlinear regression analysis as: for ficin, (kcat./Km)L = 271 +/- 6 M-1.s-1, (kcat./Km)D = 2.9 +/- 0.1 M-1.s-1, and for actinidin (kcat./Km)L = 13.3 +/- 0.7 M-1.s-1, (kcat/Km)D = 0.34 +/- 0.01 M-1.s-1.2. These data and analogous values for the corresponding reactions catalysed by papain (EC 3.4.22.2), (kcat./Km)L = 2064 +/- 31 M-1.s-1, (kcat./Km)D = 5.5 +/- 0.1 M-1.s-1, demonstrate marked variation in stereochemical selectivity for substrates (I) and (II) among the three cysteine proteinases with the following values for the index of stereochemical selectivity Iss = (kcat./Km)L/(kcat./Km)D: for papain, 375; for ficin 93; for actinidin 39. 3. Model building suggests ways in which, for the papain-catalysed reactions, binding interactions involving the extended acyl groups of the substrates may need to change as the reaction proceeds from adsorptive complex (ES) to tetrahedral intermediate (THI) before its rate-determining, general acid-catalysed collapse to acylenzyme intermediate. In particular, satisfactory alignment in the catalytic site at the THI stage of the acylation process appears to demand rotation of the substrate moiety about its long axis. 4. The different consequences of this rotation for the L- and D-enantiomers suggest that for closely related systems the greater the extent of this rotational adjustment the greater would be the value of Iss.5. For the actinidin-substrate combinations, model building suggests that even at the ES complex stage of catalysis it is not possible to approach optimized P2-S2 contacts and the three hydrogen-bonding interactions deduced for papain-ligand complexes in the absence of significant movement of protein conformation. Possible binding modes in which some of the interactions deduced for papain are relaxed are discussed. Consideration of postulated binding modes in the various transition states is shown to account for the order of reactivity reflected in values kcat./Km for the four reactions involving papain (Pap) and actinidin (Act) with the L- and D-enantiomeric substrates: Pap-L much greater than Act-L greater than Pap-D much greater than Act-D.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London, U.K
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