Electro-oculographic findings after 360 degrees retinotomy and macular translocation for subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation in age-related macular degeneration

PURPOSE

To evaluate potential electro-oculographic changes after 360 degrees retinotomy and macular translocation for subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a randomised comparative (self-controlled) trial.

METHODS

A consecutive series of 30 patients suffering from subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age-related macular degeneration underwent 360 degrees retinotomy and macular translocation. The EOG served as the main parameter of the study and was recorded 1 day prior to the translocation surgery and no earlier than 21 days after the silicone oil removal.

RESULTS

Postoperatively, a statistically significant decrease in mean dark trough by 64% was found for treated eyes (P<0.001). The mean dark trough of the fellow eye remained stable after surgery (P=0.33). The postoperative difference between the treated und untreated eyes proved to be statistically significant (P<0.001). The Arden ratio remained stable in the treated and untreated eyes with mean values of 204% (P=0.81) and 213% (P=0.18), respectively. A significant correlation between the reduction of the dark trough and the visual acuity at the 1-year follow-up was found.

CONCLUSIONS

A persistent decrease in the corneofundal potential is associated with 360 degrees retinotomy and macular translocation for exudative AMD. This indicates a substantial postoperative malfunction of retinal pigment epithelial cells and an impaired photoreceptor regeneration. The impeded recovery of the RPE-photoreceptor complex can be interpreted as the result of the surgical trauma on the basis of prediseased RPE. A severe postoperative decrease in dark trough forecasts an incomplete recovery of visual acuity.

Reading ability after macular translocation surgery with 360-degree retinotomy

PURPOSE

To report reading ability using a standardized reading chart after macular translocation with 360-degree retinotomy in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or with myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV).

DESIGN

Interventional case series.

METHODS

In 34 eyes of 34 patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascular membrane (AMD, 23; mCNV, 11), macular translocation surgery with 360-degree retinotomy and simultaneous extraocular muscle surgery were performed. The average age was 67.4 +/- 7.9 years, and the average follow-up period was 7.6 +/- 3.3 months. The best-corrected far visual acuity (FVA) was measured with a standardized visual acuity chart using Landolt Cs, and the critical print size (CPS) was determined with the Japanese version of the Minnesota reading chart (MNREAD-J Chart) preoperatively and postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative change in the CPS was compared with the subjective visual improvement as assessed by a questionnaire.

RESULTS

The postoperative improvement of FVA was statistically significant in eyes with mCNV (P =.010) but not significant in eyes with AMD (P =.495). The postoperative improvement of CPS was statistically significant both in eyes with AMD (P =.027) and in eyes with mCNV (P =.004). The subjective visual improvement was significantly correlated with the change of CPS in patients after a second better eye surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

After macular translocation with 360-degree retinotomy, the improvement of reading ability was significant in eyes with both AMD and mCNV. We conclude that this surgical method is well suited to improve reading ability of patients with AMD or mCNV.

Effect of simultaneous oblique muscle surgery in foveal translocation by 360 degrees retinotomy

PURPOSE

To assess the effect of simultaneous oblique muscle surgery during foveal translocation surgery with 360 degrees retinotomy in patients with neovascular maculopathy.

METHODS

Foveal translocation with 360 degrees retinotomy was performed on 31 eyes of 31 patients with neovascular maculopathy (21 with age-related macular degeneration 9 with myopic neovascular maculopathy, and 1 with idiopathic neovascular maculopathy). All eyes had simultaneous torsional muscle surgery with recession of the superior oblique muscle and tucking of the inferior oblique muscle. Visual acuity, binocular vision, and degree of cyclotorsion were assessed pre- and postoperatively. The angles of retinal and global rotation, distance of foveal shift, and surgical complications were also investigated.

RESULTS

With a mean postoperative follow-up of 10.0 months, vision improved (>0.2 log MAR units) in 13 eyes, was unchanged in 9 eyes, and worsened (>0.2 log MAR units) in 9 eyes. Ten of 31 eyes (32%) had a final visual acuity of 20/50 or better. Eleven patients had binocular fusion, 13 patients showed suppression, and 7 patients developed diplopia that was managed by spectacles with prisms or by secondary muscle surgery. The mean retinal and global rotations were 30.3 degrees and 23.7 degrees, respectively. The average size of the choroidal neovascular membrane was 1.3 disc diameters (DD), while the average shift of the fovea was 1.5 DD. After the primary surgery, six eyes developed retinal detachment, two eyes macular hole, and three eyes proliferative vitreoretinopathy. These complications were successfully managed by additional surgery.

CONCLUSION

Foveal translocation with 360 degrees retinotomy is effective in restoring vision in 40% of patients with neovascular maculopathy. Simultaneous oblique muscle surgery was effective in rotating the globe by about 20 degrees, corresponding to to a foveal shift of 1.5 DD. While the development of torsional diplopia is generally prevented by simultaneous oblique muscle surgery, the relatively high incidence of surgical complications with this procedure should be taken into account.

Comparison of three techniques of foveal translocation in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization resulting from age-related macular degeneration

PURPOSE

To report the results of three methods of foveal translocation in the presence of subfoveal choroidal neovascular membrane resulting from age-related macular degeneration.

METHODS

We treated 51 eyes of 51 consecutive patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes resulting from age-related macular degeneration with one of three techniques of foveal translocation surgery: foveal translocation with partial retinotomy (n = 6), limited translocation (n = 9), and translocation with 360-degree retinotomy (n = 36). All patients were followed for at least 6 months postoperatively. The size of the choroidal neovascular membrane and the amount of foveal displacement, the best-corrected visual acuity, and complications were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively.

RESULTS

The mean distance of the foveal translocation was greater in the 360-degree retinotomy group (3340 microm) than in the partial retinotomy (1060 microm, P <.001) and the limited translocation groups (1120 microm, P <.001). A final visual acuity of 20/200 or better was achieved in two eyes (33%) in the partial retinotomy group, seven eyes (78%) in the limited translocation group, and 23 eyes (64%) in the 360-degree retinotomy group. The final visual acuity improved by 0.2 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) unit or more in one eye (17%), one eye (11%), and seven eyes (19%), respectively. The final visual acuity was maintained within 1 line in zero eyes, five eyes (56%), and 19 eyes (53%), respectively. A retinal detachment developed postoperatively in five eyes (83%), zero eyes (0%), and 15 eyes (42%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

A significant number of patients improved or maintained best-corrected visual acuity after translocation with 360-degree retinotomy, and limited translocation, whereas translocation with 360-degree retinotomy is suitable for larger choroidal neovascular membranes because it resulted in the greatest foveal displacement among the three translocation procedures.

Evaluation of the peripheral visual field after foveal translocation

PURPOSE

To evaluate the peripheral visual field after foveal translocation with scleral imbrication or 360-degree retinotomy.

METHODS

Retrospective, single-center, nonrandomized study. We calculated the rate of preservation of the peripheral visual field using Goldmann perimetry by dividing the width of the postoperative V-4 isopter by the preoperative width and expressing the result as a percentage.

RESULTS

In nine eyes that underwent scleral imbrication, the rate of preservation was 100.0% superiorly, 102.6% superotemporally, 99.9% temporally, 97.9% inferotemporally, 96.9% inferiorly, 82.3% inferonasally, 93.7% nasally, and 87.3% superonasally. In 33 eyes that underwent 360-degree retinotomy, it was 89.1%, 87.0%, 81.9%, 78.1%, 86.6%, 90.0%, 89.9%, and 86.8%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

After foveal translocation with scleral imbrication, the peripheral visual field was preserved except for slight narrowing nasally; 360-degree retinotomy resulted in preservation of the visual field, except for slight narrowing in all meridians.

Foveal translocation with scleral imbrication in patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy

PURPOSE

To report our surgical results of foveal translocation with scleral imbrication in patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy.

DESIGN

Noncomparative, interventional, consecutive case series.

METHODS

Ten eyes of 10 myopic patients with subfoveal neovascular membranes that had undergone foveal translocation with scleral imbrication were recruited for this retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were myopia 6.0 diopters or greater in refractive error (or axial length 26.5 mm or longer), subfoveal choroidal neovascularization, and preoperative best-corrected visual acuity of 20/100 or worse. None of these eyes had undergone prior laser photocoagulation or submacular surgery. The main outcome measures were surgical complications and postoperative visual function.

RESULTS

Postoperatively, visual acuity had improved more than 3 lines in the logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) measurement in all eyes. The mean preoperative, postoperative best, and final visual acuity were 0.12, 0.59, and 0.51, respectively. Of the 10 eyes, six achieved a postoperative final visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The mean postoperative foveal displacement was 0.78 disk diameter (range, 0.3--1.3 disk diameter). Two patients underwent a reoperation because of insufficient foveal displacement. Furthermore, one of these two patients required a third operation to reduce an excessive retinal fold involving the fovea induced by the second surgery. Of the 10 patients, two noted transient diplopia. This complaint, however, resolved over time as suppression developed. Although unintentional iatrogenic retinal tears formed intraoperatively in two eyes, these were successfully treated without serious complications. Postoperatively, mild retinal pigment epithelial changes were observed in all cases, but none led to significant deterioration of visual acuity during the follow-up period. All patients but one were followed for a minimum of 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS

In eyes with myopic neovascular maculopathy, foveal translocation with scleral imbrication may be useful in improving visual acuity. Further refinements in surgical technique and assessment of the long-term complications will be needed to make this procedure safer and more useful.

Topographic analysis of astigmatism induced by scleral shortening in pig eyes

BACKGROUND

Corneal astigmatism is a severe postoperative problem in foveal translocation surgery. We evaluated the corneal astigmatism induced by scleral shortening in pig eyes in vitro.

METHODS

We created three sizes of scleral shortening in pig eyes and examined the preoperative and postoperative corneal astigmatism. The three sizes of scleral shortening were; 6 mm x 12 mm, 9 mm x 12 mm, and 6 mm x 16 mm (radial x circumferential). The shortenings were created 11 mm from the limbus with 10 eyes in each group. Videokeratographic measurements were performed using the CAS System 2000, preoperatively and postoperatively, and the astigmatism caused by the scleral shortening was evaluated.

RESULTS

The surgically-induced astigmatism was 2.1 +/- 1.2 diopters (D) in the 6 mm x 12 mm group, 5.2+/-1.5 D in the 9 mm x 12 mm group, and 3.7+/-1.0 D in the 6 mm x 16 mm group. Corneal astigmatism caused by scleral shortening depended on both the radial and circumferential shortening. Pre- and postoperative topographic corneal maps showed an irregular astigmatism pattern (lazy bowtie pattern). Because the central zone of the cornea showed a relatively regular astigmatism, the corneal astigmatism induced by scleral shortening did not affect the predicted corneal acuity.

CONCLUSIONS

In foveal translocation surgery with scleral shortening, an excessive scleral resection in the radial direction can cause clinically intolerable regular and irregular astigmatism. Minimal scleral shortening that will satisfy the required translocated distance is recommended to reduce the risk/benefit ratio.

Correction of cyclovertical strabismus induced by limited macular translocation in a case of age-related macular degeneration

PURPOSE

To report a case of strabismus surgery performed to treat cyclovertical strabismus induced by limited macular translocation.

METHODS

Case report.

RESULTS

A 62-year-old man suffering with age-related macular degeneration and subfoveal choroidal neovascularization, RE, underwent limited macular translocation surgery. The fovea was rotated downward, and his visual acuity improved from 20/100 to 20/25 postoperatively. Cyclovertical diplopia persisted for 6 months after the operation. A Hess screen test revealed a pattern that simulated an underaction of the superior oblique muscle and inferior rectus muscle with an overaction of the ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle. To treat the diplopia, advancement of the superior oblique muscle tendon and resection of the ipsilateral inferior rectus muscle were performed. Binocular single vision with 140 seconds of arc for stereopsis was obtained.

CONCLUSION

Cyclovertical strabismus after limited macular translocation is corrective with conventional surgery on the treated eye.

Visual function after foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy and simultaneous torsional muscle surgery in patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy

PURPOSE

To assess functional and anatomical outcomes after foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy and simultaneous torsional muscle surgery in patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy.

METHODS

Foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy was performed in 11 eyes of 11 patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy. Ten eyes had simultaneous torsional muscle surgery with recession of the superior oblique muscle and tucking of the inferior oblique muscle. Silicone oil removal with or without intraocular lens implantation was performed 2 to 8 weeks after the primary procedure. Visual acuity, binocular function, and degree of cyclotorsion were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. Angles of retinal and globe rotation, distance of foveal shift, and surgical complications were also investigated.

RESULTS

With a mean postoperative follow-up of 6.2 months (range, 3 to 13 months), vision improved (greater than 0.2 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution [logMAR] units) in eight eyes, was unchanged in two eyes, and worsened (greater than 0.2 logMAR units) in 1 eye. Seven of 11 eyes (64%) had a final visual acuity of 20/50 or better. Five patients developed or maintained binocular fusion, four patients continued to have suppression, and two patients developed diplopia that was managed by spectacles with Fresnel prisms. Subjective cyclotorsion was less than 8 degrees in 10 eyes. Mean retinal and globe rotations were 23.4 degrees and 19.8 degrees, respectively. Average size of the choroidal neovascular membrane was 0.8 disk diameter, whereas the average distance of foveal shift was 1.5 disk diameter. After the primary procedure, three eyes developed retinal detachment, one eye macular hole, and one eye proliferative vitreoretinopathy. These complications were successfully managed by additional surgery.

CONCLUSION

Foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy is effective in restoring vision in some patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy. Although the development of torsional diplopia is generally obviated by simultaneous extraocular muscle surgery, a relatively high incidence of surgical complications should be taken into account with this procedure.

New soft-tipped instruments for foveal translocation surgery with 360 degrees retinotomy

Foveal translocation surgery with 360 degrees retinotomy involves several surgical procedures, including creation of a total retinal detachment, rotation of the retina, and complete reattachment of the retina. Some of these procedures, which are time-consuming and difficult to perform, may damage the retina when conventional surgical instruments are used. To make these procedures safer and easier, we have developed 3 soft instruments: an atraumatic forceps, a modified Chang double-barrel cannula with a silicone tip, and a light pipe with a silicone tip. The atraumatic forceps allows the surgeon to grasp and peel off the retina with less damage during the creation of retinal detachment. A bimanual technique using the other 2 instruments allows surgeons to rotate and reattach the detached retina easily and safely. We believe that these soft-tipped instruments make foveal translocation a less complicated surgery.

Comparison of visual function after foveal translocation with 360 degrees retinotomy and with scleral shortening in a patient with bilateral myopic neovascular maculopathy

PURPOSE

To compare the visual outcome after foveal translocation by scleral shortening and that after 360 degrees retinotomy with extraocular muscle surgery in a patient with bilateral myopic neovascular maculopathy.

METHODS

Case report.

RESULTS

A 52-year-old woman with bilateral myopic neovascular maculopathy underwent foveal translocation with scleral shortening in the left eye, and visual acuity improved from 20/70 to 20/30. However, choroidal neovascularization recurred, and the final visual acuity was 20/40 after excision of the choroidal neovascularization. Foveal translocation with 360 degrees retinotomy was performed on the right eye, and visual acuity improved from 20/150 to 20/30. The critical print size was better, and the retinal sensitive area was larger in the right eye.

CONCLUSION

The better reading ability shown by foveal translocation by a 360 degrees retinotomy compared with scleral shortening may stem from a larger retinal sensitive area obtained by this method.

Foveal relocation by redistribution of the neurosensory retina

AIM

To describe a new surgical technique for foveal relocation, and to report the outcome in nine patients treated with this procedure.

METHODS

Nine consecutive patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVMs) secondary to age related macular degeneration underwent foveal relocation surgery by redistribution of the neurosensory retina (RNR). The technique involved induction of a retinal detachment via a single retinotomy, relocation of the fovea by "sweeping" the retinal tissue with a retinal brush, and stabilisation of the retina in its new location using perfluorocarbon liquid peroperatively and silicone oil postoperatively.

RESULTS

In eight of nine eyes successful relocation of the fovea was achieved; in one eye the CNVM remained in a subfoveal location postoperatively. Visual acuity improved in two eyes, remained unchanged in three, and decreased in four eyes after a median follow up of 4 months (range 2.5-6 months). Complications included rupture of a foveal cyst with the development of a macular hole in one eye and epimacular membrane formation in another eye. In two eyes, macular retinal vessel closure occurred at the time of laser photocoagulation; one of these eyes later developed cystoid macular oedema and the other an epiretinal membrane. Recurrence of the CNVM was observed in one eye, but was controlled with further laser treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Foveal relocation by RNR appears to be feasible, obviating the need for extensive retinotomies or scleral shortening.

Anatomic and functional recovery of the fovea after foveal translocation surgery without large retinotomy and simultaneous excision of a neovascular membrane

PURPOSE

To document the anatomic and functional recovery of the fovea after foveal translocation surgery with scleral shortening and simultaneous excision of a neovascular membrane in a patient with age-related macular degeneration.

METHOD

Case report.

RESULTS

The visual acuity of a 54-year-old woman with age-related macular degeneration improved from 20/200 to 20/50 after excision of subretinal neovascular membrane and foveal translocation surgery in the right eye. Fixation shifted inferonasally 0.6 disk diameters, corresponding to the direction of foveal translocation, as shown by scanning laser ophthalmoscope microperimetry. Postoperative optical coherence tomography through fixation disclosed normal foveal concavity and intact retinal pigment epithelium.

CONCLUSION

Anatomic and functional recovery of the fovea was confirmed in a patient with age-related macular degeneration after foveal translocation surgery with scleral shortening and simultaneous excision of a neovascular membrane.

Visual function after foveal translocation with scleral shortening in patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy

PURPOSE

To document the visual outcome after successful foveal translocation with intentional retinal detachment and scleral shortening for the treatment of myopic neovascular maculopathy.

METHODS

Two severely myopic patients with subfoveal neovascular membranes underwent surgical translocation of the fovea to an area of healthy retinal pigment epithelium by means of scleral shortening and intentional retinal detachment. In the postoperative period, monocular and binocular visual function were studied.

RESULTS

In one patient, best-corrected visual acuity improved from 20/150 to 20/20 postoperatively. In the second patient, acuity initially improved from 20/70 to 20/30. In both patients, the fixation point shifted from the site of the neovascular membrane. Oblique astigmatism developed and was managed with hard contact lenses. Diplopia and subjective torsion occurred transiently. Micropsia occurred in one patient. Peripheral fusion assessed by Worth four-dot testing after resolution of diplopia disclosed suppression in the nondominant eye in both cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Foveal translocation with intentional retinal detachment and scleral shortening was useful in improving visual acuity in two patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy. Diplopia and aniseikonia occurred but resolved over time as suppression developed. This technique is promising for patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy.

Translocation of the retina for management of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization II: a preliminary report in humans

PURPOSE

To report a surgical method for translocation of the foveal retina in eyes with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization.

METHODS

In three eyes of three patients, a crescent-shaped, partial-thickness scleral resection was performed near the equator at either the superotemporal or the inferotemporal quadrant. A near-total retinal detachment was created; then the edges of the resected sclera were sutured, causing shortening of the sclera with subsequent reattachment of the retina, resulting in translocation of the fovea to an area overlying nonfoveal retinal pigment epithelium and choroid.

RESULTS

In three eyes of three patients, the fovea was surgically translocated to overlie retinal pigment epithelium that preoperatively was not underlying the fovea. In two patients, laser photocoagulation was applied to the choroidal neovascularization that, after translocation of the fovea, was no longer subfoveal, so that the photocoagulation was not associated with immediate visual loss. After a follow-up of 4 to 6 months, the visual acuity had improved in all patients (from 20/126 preoperatively to 20/70 in one patient, from 20/200 preoperatively to 20/70 in the second, and from 20/160 to 20/30 in the third). The patients noted distortion or tilting of the images, which improved over time.

CONCLUSIONS

Limited foveal translocation may offer a therapeutic modality to preserve or improve vision in cases of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. Additional follow-up is needed to assess the impact of potential complications associated with the surgical procedure, such as retinal detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and cataract, as well as the possibility of recurrent choroidal neovascularization.

Translocation of the retina for management of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization I: experimental studies in the rabbit eye

PURPOSE

To report a surgical method for retinal translocation as a potential treatment for eyes with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization.

METHODS

Thirty right eyes of 30 pigmented rabbits were used for this study. The first 15 were used to develop the technique. The complete surgical technique for retinal translocation was performed in the last consecutive 15 rabbits. Intravitreal injection of sulfur hexafluoride was performed to compress and liquefy the vitreous. Two weeks later, we used transscleral subretinal hydrodissection to create a retinal detachment. A scleral resection was then performed near the equator in the superotemporal quadrant. Fundus photographs were taken to record the retinal status before, immediately after, and 1, 3, and 7 days after surgery. Electroretinography was performed in three rabbits 3, 7, and 14 days after retinal translocation. Histologic studies were performed in one rabbit 7 days after retinal translocation.

RESULTS

Our results are based on experiments performed in the last consecutive 15 rabbits. One day after surgery, retinal reattachment was observed in 14 of the 15 animals. The remaining animal developed endophthalmitis. A predictable retinal translocation of about 1,000 microm was achieved. Retinal tears were noted on the retinal folds in four cases after 1 week. Electroretinographic studies showed transient reduction in retinal function. Mild morphologic damage to the outer retinal layers was seen histologically. Retinal detachment or proliferative vitreoretinopathy did not develop in any rabbit in the 14 days of follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

Limited retinal translocation with repositioning of the central retina was accomplished in rabbits.

Foveal translocation: a comparison of two techniques

Subfoveal choroidal neovascular membrane is a leading cause of legal blindness. Photocoagulation has been effective, but photocoagulation of the fovea causes a decrease in vision immediately after treatment. Surgical removal of the choroidal neovascular membrane is effective for choroidal neovascular membrane in some cases, but it restores useful vision for reading (20/40 or better) in a small number of cases of choroidal neovascular membrane not due to presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. A new treatment for subfoveal choroidal neovascular membrane, foveal translocation, is an innovative procedure in which the fovea is translocated onto healthier retinal pigment epithelium. Three techniques have been developed to relocate the retina, 2 of which (retinotomy and scleral shortening) we performed in 5 cases each. Preliminary results in these 10 cases indicate that foveal translocation provides improvement of visual acuity in 40% of eyes and final visual acuities useful for reading (better than 20/40) in 20% of eyes undergoing translocation with either technique. Further study is essential to refine the amount of translocation needed and to decrease complications of the 2 techniques, including retinal detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, macular pucker, corneal astigmatism, and constricted visual field.

Retinotomy and foveal translocation for surgical management of subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes

PURPOSE

To report a surgical procedure for excising subfoveal neovascular membranes and translocating the fovea in an attempt to maintain the function of the sensory retina to preserve central vision, based on the technique of macular relocation.

METHODS

Three patients with subfoveal neovascular membranes underwent surgery for the creation of a nearly 180-degree retinal flap, removal of neovascular tissue, and reattachment and rotation the retina with translocation of the fovea over functional pigment epithelium.

RESULTS

In one patient with age-related macular degeneration, best-corrected visual acuity improved from 20/200 preoperatively to 20/20 postoperatively. A second patient, also with age-related macular degeneration, experienced a worsening of best-corrected visual acuity from 20/700 to 20/ 2,000. In the third patient, with myopic degeneration, best-corrected visual acuity improved from 20/700 to 20/70. Complications included the development of epimacular proliferation in two eyes and retinal detachment and neovascular glaucoma in one eye.

CONCLUSION

The technique of foveal translocation has the potential for restoring central visual function in certain patients with subfoveal neovascular membranes.