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Abstract
CONTEXT We report hereditary pituitary hyperplasia. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to describe the results of the clinical and laboratory analysis of this rare instance of hereditary pituitary hyperplasia. DESIGN The study is a retrospective analysis of three cases from one family. SETTING The study was conducted at the National Institutes of Health, a tertiary referral center. PATIENTS A mother and both her sons had very early-onset gigantism associated with high levels of serum GH and prolactin. INTERVENTIONS The condition was treated by total hypophysectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We performed clinical, pathological, and molecular evaluations, including evaluation basal and provocative endocrine testing, neuroradiological assessment, and assessment of the pituitary tissue by microscopic evaluation, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. RESULTS All three family members had very early onset of gigantism associated with abnormally high serum levels of GH and prolactin. Serum GHRH levels were not elevated in either of the boys. The clinical, radiographic, surgical, and histological findings indicated mammosomatotroph hyperplasia. The pituitary gland of both boys revealed diffuse mammosomatotroph hyperplasia of the entire pituitary gland without evidence of adenoma. Prolactin and GH were secreted by the same cells within the same secretory granules. Western blot and immunohistochemistry demonstrated expression of GHRH in clusters of cells distributed throughout the hyperplastic pituitary of both boys. CONCLUSIONS This hereditary condition seems to be a result of embryonic pituitary maldevelopment with retention and expansion of the mammosomatotrophs. The findings suggest that it is caused by paracrine or autocrine pituitary GHRH secretion during pituitary development.
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Macrodystrophia lipomatosa with syndactyly. Saudi Med J 2008; 29:1194-1196. [PMID: 18690319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL) is a rare form of congenital localized gigantism characterized by hypertrophy of all mesenchymal tissues of the affected digits, with particular overgrowth of fat. Syndactyly is a rare association. We report a case of MDL associated with syndactyly affecting the hand. We describe the characteristic radiographic and MRI findings that distinguish the abnormality from other causes of localized gigantism.
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MR imaging of macrodystrophia lipomatosa. THE ULSTER MEDICAL JOURNAL 2005; 74:47-50. [PMID: 16022133 PMCID: PMC2475480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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4
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Macrodystrophia lipomatosa. Indian Pediatr 2003; 40:363-4. [PMID: 12736413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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5
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[Cerebral gigantism]. RYOIKIBETSU SHOKOGUN SHIRIZU 2001:350-3. [PMID: 11462471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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6
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Abstract
Radiographs and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of three patients with macrodystrophia lipomatosa are presented. Radiographs of involved extremities and digits demonstrated prominent soft tissues and bony hypertrophy. MR images showed hypertrophy of fatty tissue, cortical bone thickening and fatty infiltration of muscle.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine language and behavior in children with Sotos syndrome, an overgrowth syndrome involving advanced bone age, characteristic facies, and developmental disability. METHOD Twenty-seven children with Sotos syndrome were compared with 20 children with overgrowth, intellectual disability, and facies not characteristic of Sotos syndrome. Ages ranged from 5 to 16 years. Direct assessment was undertaken with standardized measures of intelligence and language abilities. Behavior was examined by parent and teacher report. RESULTS Children with Sotos syndrome had levels of intelligence in the severely disabled to average range, with the majority falling in the borderline range. Mean level of intelligence was significantly higher than that observed for children in the comparison group. Language abilities were developed to a level consistent with overall level of intelligence. Rates of parent- and teacher-reported behavior problems were significantly higher than normal, but, with the exception of temper tantrums, did not differ from those observed in children in the comparison group. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was observed in 38% of children with Sotos syndrome. They were more irritable and had more stereotypic behavior and inappropriate speech than is expected in children with intellectual disabilities, and they were more withdrawn and had more stereotypic behavior than children in the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of language abilities revealed no specific language impairment. High rates of behavior problems were observed, but these were not higher than those observed for other large, delayed, dysmorphic children.
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Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis in Sotos and Marfan syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 51:55-60. [PMID: 8030671 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320510113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Sotos and Marfan syndrome have unusually long metacarpals and phalanges which may make the differential diagnosis difficult in younger children. Using Q-scores, we compared metacarpophalangeal pattern profile (MCPP) analysis in these two syndromes and identified distinct and different pattern profiles. This illustrates that the MCPPs are specific in these syndromes, even at an early age, and not related solely to the unusually long metacarpals and phalanges. For this study we used data from 50 Sotos patients (34 from the United Kingdom and 16 from the Netherlands, with a total of 95 hand films) and 36 Marfan patients (from the Netherlands, with 98 hand films). Of all patients over age 3 years the bone length (including the epiphysis) was determined. The patients under 7 1/2 years (29 Sotos and 12 Marfan) were also measured without inclusion of the epiphysis. The patients measured without epiphysis had a relative short metacarpal 1 (MC1) and long distal phalanx 1 (DPh1) in Sotos syndrome, and a relative long MC1 and short DPh1 in Marfan syndrome. Between age 3 and 7 1/2 years more than 90% of the films could be classified correctly using these two variables. Of the roentgenograms measured with epiphyses, about 80% were classified correctly.
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Ocular manifestations of Sotos syndrome. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OPTOMETRIC ASSOCIATION 1994; 65:339-46. [PMID: 8071505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism) is a congenital syndrome characterized by large body size for patient age, advanced bone age, and unusual facial characteristics with varying levels of cognitive, developmental and perceptual deficits. While more than 150 cases have been reported, only a single case report has been published in the ophthalmic literature. This study briefly reviews the pertinent aspects of this syndrome and reports on the medical, physical, developmental and ocular manifestations of 32 subjects. METHODS Our patient population was obtained from several schools and colleges of optometry and private offices and clinics of optometrists and ophthalmologists. The Sotos Syndrome Support Association assisted in obtaining patients for this study as well. All children had been previously diagnosed as having SS. Commonly accepted methods for evaluating young, non-verbal, and/or handicapped children were used. RESULTS Our findings indicate that moderate to high refractive error (hyperopia), nystagmus, and strabismus (esotropia) are commonly associated conditions of this syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Since many of our subjects exhibited these amblyogenic precursors, a routine optometric vision evaluation should be an essential part of the individual educational and habilitation plan for all children with Sotos syndrome.
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Congenital gigantism due to growth hormone-releasing hormone excess and pituitary hyperplasia with adenomatous transformation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76:216-22. [PMID: 8421089 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.76.1.8421089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cause of gigantism in most patients is a GH-secreting pituitary tumor. In this report, a case of congenital gigantism due to probable central hypersection of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) is described. Normal at birth (4.4 kg; 53 cm), our 7-yr-old male patient grew progressively thereafter to attain a height of 182 cm and a weight of 99.4 kg at the time of our evaluation. The markedly increased baseline plasma levels of GH (730 micrograms/L) did not suppress during a standard 3-h oral glucose tolerance test, but did increase 54% after iv infusion of GHRH. Baseline plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I, PRL, and immunoreactive GHRH were also markedly increased. Computed imaging of the head showed a large, partially cystic sellar and suprasellar mass. Extensive imaging studies did not localize a potential source of GHRH. Preoperative treatment with octreotide and bromocriptine for 4 months resulted in a 25% reduction of suprasellar tissue mass. The pituitary tissue removed at transsphenoidal and transfrontal operations showed massive somatotroph, lactotroph, and mammosomatotroph hyperplasia. Areas of GH- and PRL-secreting cell adenomatous transformation were also evident. No histological or immunohistochemical evidence of a pituitary source of GHRH was found. The peripheral plasma immunoreactive GHRH concentration remained unaffected by pharmacological and surgical interventions. We suspect that a congenital hypothalamic regulatory defect may be responsible for the GHRH excess in this case.
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11
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Congenital hemihypertrophy and Wilms' tumor. Indian Pediatr 1992; 29:1160-2. [PMID: 1333447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Abstract
23 cases of macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL) are reported showing a wide spectrum of radiographic findings. Typical findings were hypertrophy of all the mesodermal tissues of the affected digits with dramatic overgrowth of fat. Phalanges were enlarged both in length and transverse diameter, but the trabecular pattern was maintained. In one patient, the phalanges and metatarsals were elongated but thinned. In another case, all the phalanges and metatarsals of the great toe were small. The little toe was also involved in two cases. Articular surfaces were slanting. There was a high incidence of palmar and plantar involvement. In a few cases the forearm and leg were also involved. Other uncommon features observed were early maturation of epiphyseal centres of ossification of phalanges and metatarsals, syndactyly, polydactyly, brachydactyly and symphalangism. Angiography was uncharacteristic.
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13
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[Congenital hemihypertrophy]. CHIRURGIA NARZADOW RUCHU I ORTOPEDIA POLSKA 1991; 56:62-3. [PMID: 1369888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
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14
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A new operative technique for congenital gigantism of the toes. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 1990; 43:120-1. [PMID: 2310893 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1226(90)90056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A technique for reducing congenital gigantism of the toes which has been used successfully in four patients is described.
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Abstract
Benign familial macrocephaly is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with a large absolute circumference of the head. In this disorder serial growth demonstrates a proportional rather than an excessive rate of growth. To date, we are not aware of any published case reports that confirm the diagnosis prenatally. We report a case of benign familial macrocephaly diagnosed in utero by ultrasonographic evaluation. This case report points out the necessity of combining appropriate family history and physical examination in cases of prenatally detected anomalies.
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Adrenocortical carcinoma in a child with congenital hemihypertrophy. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDERCHIRURGIE : ORGAN DER DEUTSCHEN, DER SCHWEIZERISCHEN UND DER OSTERREICHISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT FUR KINDERCHIRURGIE = SURGERY IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 1989; 44:166-8. [PMID: 2750343 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1043227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a very rare case of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) presenting with Cushing's virilising syndrome in a female child with congenital hemihypertrophy (CHh). CHh was of more value for early detection of ACC than Cushing's virilisation.
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Abstract
Isolated congenital macrodactyly, termed macrodystrophia lipomatosa, is a rare entity. It may be confused with plexiform neurofibroma, hemangioma, or lymphangioma. Computed tomography provides an ideal methodology to verify the fatty proliferation of soft tissue that accompanies bone overgrowth and distinguishes this lesion from the others in the differential list.
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Perlman syndrome: familial renal dysplasia with Wilms tumor, fetal gigantism, and multiple congenital anomalies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1986; 25:793-5. [PMID: 3024486 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320250418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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Abstract
A 26-year follow-up of a case of localized congenital gigantism is presented. This is the longest known follow-up reported. After initial digital amputation, the lesion recurred twice, requiring further surgery. Histology does not show evidence of underlying neurofibromatosis.
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Abstract
A case of cerebral gigantism with hydronephrosis in a 20-month-old boy is described. Hydronephrosis is believed to be an additional association of the syndrome not hitherto reported.
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Cerebral gigantism (Sotos syndrome). Compiled data of 22 cases. Analysis of clinical features, growth and plasma somatomedin. Eur J Pediatr 1985; 144:131-40. [PMID: 4043122 DOI: 10.1007/bf00451898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An in depth study on growth, bone age, cranial CT scans and plasma somatomedin activity (SM-act) was made of 22 children with Sotos syndrome. In addition to the known characteristics of the syndrome, thin and brittle nails were found in three adolescent patients. The mean body stature, expressed as standard deviation score, increased from 2.2-2.8 in the 1st year of life, followed by a fall to 2.0 in the 2nd year. Thereafter the SDS increased slowly to values of 3.0 at 10 years of age. At least two subjects have reached an exceptionally tall final stature. After the age of 2 years, delta SDS/year remained very stable (-0.1-0.2), concurring with growth velocities in the upper normal range. Bone age was advanced in all patients. Cranial CT scans showed ventricular widening, mid-line cava and Sylvian anomalies in nine, six, and three patients respectively. SM-act dropped from high or normal values in the 1st year, to below normal from 1-5 years, and returned thereafter to the lower half of normal or below the normal range.
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[A case of neurofibromatosis with idiopathic congenital hemipertrophy]. Minerva Pediatr 1985; 37:343-8. [PMID: 3929055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Hemifacial microsomia associated with congenital partial gigantism. Dev Med Child Neurol 1983; 25:798-800. [PMID: 6653913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1983.tb13849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The 14-year-old son of consanguineous parents is reported, who had hemifacial microsomia and partial gigantism. The association of these anomalies suggests that both are congenital segmental defects, and that this association represents a new syndrome.
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24
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[Vascular changes in congenital partial gigantism of the upper limbs in children]. VESTNIK KHIRURGII IMENI I. I. GREKOVA 1983; 131:105-10. [PMID: 6649300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Congenital partial gigantism of the upper extremity in children is accompanied by disorders in division and formation of the forearm and hand arteries, underdevelopment of profound veins of the shoulder and forearm.
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25
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[Gigantism of the lower limbs]. ORTOPEDIIA TRAVMATOLOGIIA I PROTEZIROVANIE 1981:53-5. [PMID: 7290642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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26
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Abstract
Two children are described in whom congenital primary hypothyroidism was associated with excessive growth during early childhood and who had typical morphological features of cerebral gigantism. One child was completely athyreotic. This association has been described previously in only one other child.
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[Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome or EMG syndrome (Exomphalos-macroglossia-gigantism syndrome)]. MEDECINE ET HYGIENE 1979; 37:1088-93. [PMID: 286875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Two cases of congenital localized gigantism are described. They illustrate a form of segmental limb disproportion, characterized pathologically by an excessive linear growth of the skeletal structures and by soft tissue lipomatosis. The gigantism was confined to bones of the right great toe and adjacent metatarsus in one case; it affected the long bones of a lower extremity in the second case. Case 2, followed for over 7 years, developed a fibrovascular hamartomatous neoplasm of rapid growth and some cytological atypia in infancy--but this was well controlled by conservative surgery. This type of gigantism of the limb appears to be compatible with a normal life expectancy, and it is conceptually useful to distinguish it from hemihypertrophy. The number of cases reported is insufficient to support a significant association of gigantism with malignant tumors or with other life-jeopardizing anomalies.
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The effects on growth of cerebral dysfunction. NURSING TIMES 1976; 72:1676-8. [PMID: 980873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Clinical profile in three patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Indian Pediatr 1975; 12:509-13. [PMID: 1184150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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[Exomphalos-macroglossia-gigantism syndrome from the surgical viewpoint (EMG-syndrome)]. Zentralbl Chir 1974; 99:668-72. [PMID: 4848705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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[Congenital giantism. Clinical and radiographic findings in hand and arm in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (author's transl)]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ORTHOPADIE UND IHRE GRENZGEBIETE 1974; 112:243-52. [PMID: 4276734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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[Asymptomatic chemical diabetes in pregnant women]. JOURNAL DE MEDECINE DE LYON 1971; 52:1561-90. [PMID: 5167647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Congenital partial gigantism: case report and review of literature. Surgery 1969; 65:683-8. [PMID: 5774442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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36
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Hemifacial hypertrophy. Report of three cases. Indian J Pediatr 1969; 36:126-9. [PMID: 5354919 DOI: 10.1007/bf02749135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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37
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[Apropos of a clinical case of Radulescu's syndrome (congenital partial gigantism associated with a naevus flammeus)]. ANNALES DE CHIRURGIE INFANTILE 1968; 9:257-9. [PMID: 5710505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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39
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[Congenital unilateral gigantism]. DEUTSCHE SCHWESTERNZEITUNG 1968; 21:82-4. [PMID: 5184285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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40
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Cerebral gigantism: endocrinological and clinical observations of six patients including a congenital giant, concordant monozygotic twins, and a child who acheived adult gigantic size. J Pediatr 1967; 70:900-14. [PMID: 4290694 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(67)80263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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[Congenital circumscribed gigantism of the hand and foot. Differential diagnosis, case history, operative therapy]. ARCHIV FUR ORTHOPADISCHE UND UNFALL-CHIRURGIE 1967; 61:151-83. [PMID: 4969759 DOI: 10.1007/bf00418813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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[Contribution on congenital gigantism]. ARZTLICHE FORSCHUNG 1965; 19:370-6. [PMID: 5897974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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