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Snyder PJ, Jacobs LS, Rabello MM, Sterling FH, Shore RN, Utiger RD, Daughaday WH. Diagnostic value of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in pituitary and hypothalamic diseases. Assessment of thyrotrophin and prolactin secretion in 100 patients. Ann Intern Med 1974; 81:751-7. [PMID: 4372919 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-81-6-751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Engeland WC, Gann DS. Splanchnic nerve stimulation modulates steroid secretion in hypophysectomized dogs. Neuroendocrinology 1989; 50:124-31. [PMID: 2550834 DOI: 10.1159/000125211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To test whether or not splanchnic neural input to the adrenal gland affects secretion of steroids from the adrenal cortex, the thoracic splanchnic nerve was electrically stimulated in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs after hypophysectomy and replacement with physiological concentrations of ACTH. An adrenal vein cannula was placed to permit measurement of cortisol, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion rates and adrenal blood flow. Plasma ACTH was measured and the presentation rate of ACTH was calculated as the product of plasma ACTH concentration and adrenal plasma flow. Dogs were infused initially with ACTH for 60 min at 2 ng/min followed by infusion for 60 min at 10 ng/min. Within each infusion period, the distal end of the nerve was stimulated (20 V; 0.5-ms pulse duration) at 4 and at 20 Hz for 10 min each. Nerve stimulation resulted in a frequency-dependent increase in mean arterial pressure, in epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion and in adrenal blood flow. Arterial ACTH remained constant during nerve stimulation; however, increased adrenal blood flow resulted in increased presentation rate of ACTH to the adrenal. Cortisol secretion increased in response to nerve stimulation at 4 and 20 Hz during infusion of 2 and 10 ng/min ACTH and occurred prior to changes in presentation rate of ACTH. Corticosterone secretion also increased after stimulation at both frequencies, but the response was observed only during infusion of 10 ng/min ACTH. In contrast, 11-deoxycortisol decreased after nerve stimulation at 4 Hz but showed no response after stimulation at 20 Hz during infusion of 2 and 10 ng/min ACTH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Brown JJ, Fraser R, Love DR, Ferriss JB, Lever AF, Robertson JI, Wilson A. Apparently isolated excess deoxycorticosterone in hypertension. A variant of the mineralocorticoid-excess syndrome. Lancet 1972; 2:243-7. [PMID: 4114505 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)91685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Elliott AL, Mills JN, Minors DS, Waterhouse JM. The effect of real and simulated time-zone shifts upon the circadian rhythms of body temperature, plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, and renal excretion in human subjects. J Physiol 1972; 221:227-57. [PMID: 5016984 PMCID: PMC1331331 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Observations were made upon five subjects who flew through 4(1/2)-6 time zones, four of them returning later to their starting point, and upon twenty-three subjects experiencing simulated 6 or 8 hr time zones shifts in either direction in an isolation unit.2. Measurements were made of plasma concentration of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, of body temperature, and of urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride. Their rhythm was defined, where possible, by fitting a sine curve of period 24 hr to each separate 24-hr stretch of data and computing the acrophase, or maximum predicted by the sine curve.3. The adaptation of the plasma steroid rhythm was assessed by the presence of a sharp fall in concentration after the sample collected around 08.00 hr. The time course of adaptation varied widely between individuals; it was usually largely complete by the fourth day after westward, and rather later after eastward, flights. After time shift the pattern often corresponded neither to an adapted nor to an unadapted one, and in a subject followed for many months after a real flight a normal amplitude only appeared 2-3 months after flight.4. Temperature rhythm adapted by a movement of the acrophase, without change in amplitude, although on some days no rhythm could be observed. This movement was always substantial even on the first day, and was usually nearly complete by the fifth.5. High nocturnal excretion of electrolyte was often seen in the early days after time shift, more notably after simulated westward flights. Adaptation of urinary electrolyte rhythms usually proceeded as with temperature, but the movement of the acrophase was slower, more variable between individuals, more erratic, and sometimes reversed after partial adaptation. On a few days there were two maxima corresponding to those expected on real and on experimental time.6. Sodium excretion was much less regular than that of potassium, but adapted more rapidly to time shift, so that the two often became completely dissociated. Chloride behaved much as sodium.7. The time course of adaptation of the plasma steroid and urinary potassium rhythms were sufficiently similar to suggest a causal connexion. The time course of adaptation of the temperature rhythm did not coincide with that of any other component considered here.
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Demura R, Demura H, Nunokawa T, Baba H, Miura K. Responses of plasma ACTH, GH, LH and 11-hydroxycorticosteroids to various stimuli in patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1972; 34:852-9. [PMID: 4335044 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-34-5-852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Burton JL, Libman LJ, Cunliffe WJ, Wilkinson R, Hall R, Shuster S. Sebum excretion in acromegaly. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1972; 1:406-8. [PMID: 4333483 PMCID: PMC1787365 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5797.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The sebum excretion rate (S.E.R.) was measured in 20 patients with acromegaly. Eleven were untreated at the time of the measurement and nine had previously undergone surgical hypophysectomy or had received pituitary irradiation by yttrium-90 or radiotherapy. In five patients the S.E.R. was measured before and after such treatment. The mean S.E.R. in the untreated acromegalics was much greater than in a normal population and decreased significantly after successful pituitary ablation. No significant decrease in mean S.E.R. occurred in the group of patients with a poor clinical response to ablation. The correlations between S.E.R. and log serum growth hormone, plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid levels, and heel-pad thickness were significant, but there was no significant correlation between S.E.R. and serum protein-bound iodine levels. This suggests that the changes in S.E.R. were due to pituitary ablation but could not necessarily be attributed solely to changes in growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, or adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The association between the clinical state of the acromegaly and the S.E.R. was better than the association between acromegaly and serum growth hormone. We conclude that the S.E.R. is a useful addition to the clinical and endocrinological data used in assessing acromegaly.
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Rats were undernourished during the foetal and suckling periods by limiting maternal food intake. Animals were weaned to an unrestricted diet at 25 days of age. Before weaning, the mean plasma corticosteroid concentration in undernourished animals was 39 μg/100 ml compared with 21 μg/100 ml in well-fed controls. At 15–17 weeks of age previously undernourished and control animals did not differ in basal plasma corticosteroid concentration. After stressful stimulation, however, levels were lower in animals subjected to early undernutrition than in controls. It is suggested that nutritional deprivation in infancy resulting in increased plasma corticosteroid levels at that time, permanently modifies the adrenocortical response to stress.
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Weisbart M, Dickhoff WW, Gorbman A, Idler DR. The presence of steroids in the sera of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, and the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1980; 41:506-19. [PMID: 6250941 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(80)90055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Davies AG, Dingle HR. Observations on cardiovascular and neuroendocrine disturbance in the Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1972; 35:176-9. [PMID: 4113954 PMCID: PMC494032 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.35.2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disturbances were found to be a common feature of patients with the Guillian-Barré syndrome who were severely paralysed, requiring assisted ventilation. Glycosuria was noted in association with these disturbances, and in five patients investigated we found impaired glucose tolerance tests at the height of the paralysis. Catecholamine and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid urinary excretions were found to be high in four patients investigated when the neuropathy was most severe, and in one patient plasma cortisol levels were high with loss of diurnal variation. With recovery from paralysis cardiovascular disturbances became less marked, catecholamine and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid urinary excretions reverted to normal, glucose tolerance improved but remained abnormal in three patients during the period of observation. It is suggested that increased levels of catecholamines and cortisol contributed to the development of impaired glucose tolerance and cardiovascular disturbances.
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Oberfield SE, Mayes DM, Levine LS. Adrenal steroidogenic function in a black and Hispanic population with precocious pubarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70:76-82. [PMID: 2152934 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-70-1-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal steroidogenic function was evaluated in 34 children with precocious pubarche (PP; onset of pubic hair, less than 8 yr in girls and less than 9 yr in boys). The adrenal steroid response to an iv bolus of ACTH-(1-24) in the patients (aged 9 months to 9 7/12 yr) was compared to that in 16 normal controls (prepubertal, n = 9; Tanner stage II pubic hair, n = 7). The patient population consisted of 20 Hispanics (17 from the Dominican Republic), 13 black Americans, and 1 black Haitian. All patients had normal stimulated levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), 11-deoxycortisol (compound S), and desoxycorticosterone, thereby ruling out 21-hydroxylase deficiency and 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency, respectively. To evaluate for the presence of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) deficiency, the patients were classified on the basis of their 60-min delta 5-17-hydroxypregnenolone/17-OHP (delta 5-17P/17-OHP) ratio [PP1 (n = 13), less than or equal to 2 SD of Tanner I controls; PP2 (n = 17), greater than 2 SD above Tanner I controls and less than or equal to 2 SD Tanner II controls; and PP3 (n = 4), greater than 2 SD above Tanner II controls; 2.1 +/- 1.0, 6.1 +/- 1.7, and 16.1 +/- 3.3 for PP1, PP2, and PP3, respectively. delta 5-17P/17-OHP for PP1 vs. PP2, PP2 vs. PP3, and PP1 vs. PP3 were significantly different (P less than 0.05) by analysis of variance and multiple comparison testing using the Student-Newman-Keuls procedure. The four patients in PP3 were considered to have a possible nonclassical 3 beta-HSD deficiency. This diagnosis was supported by the fact that these patients had the greatest increment in delta 5-17P and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels as well as the highest stimulated delta 5-17P/cortisol (delta 5-17P/F) ratio among the patient groups. In contrast to the ACTH-stimulated androgens there were no differences in the baseline delta 5-17P/170HP or androgens among the patient groups. Additionally, the 60-min delta 5-17P/17-OHP within the patient groups was highly correlated with the 60 min-values for delta 5-17P, DHEA, DHEA/delta 4-androstendione, and delta 5-17P/F. In the children with PP the mean bone age/chronological age (BA/CA) was 1.27 +/- .27, the mean BA/height age (BA/HA) was 1.09 +/- 0.25, and the mean HA/CA was 1.18 +/- 0.17. No differences were noted between the patient population groups in mean BA/CA, mean BA/HA, or mean HA/CA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Brownsey B, Cameron EH, Griffiths K, Gleave EN, Forrest AP, Campbell H. Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in patients with benign and malignant breast disease. Eur J Cancer 1972; 8:131-7. [PMID: 4259250 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(72)90094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kornel L, Miyabo S, Saito Z, Cha R-W, Wu F-T. Corticosteroids in human blood. VIII. Cortisol metabolites in plasma of normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975; 40:949-58. [PMID: 1133161 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-40-6-949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Results of our previous studies revealed a derangement in the peripheral metabolism of adrenal steroids in patients with essential hypertension. To investigate further this finding, all indIVidual free and conjugated metabolites of cortisol were isolated, identified and quantitated in plasma of 14 normotensive subjects and 13 patients with benign, uncomplicated essential hypertension, following iv administration of a tracer dose of [4-14-C] cortisol. In addition, plasma levels of endogenous cortisol were determined at 8 AM and 4 PM in all the subjects examined. The results obtained revealed the following statistically significant differences between normotensives and hypertensives: 1) Mean plasma concentrations of cortisol metabolites reduced in ring-A with nonreduced 20-ketone, tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, and their 5alpha-epimers, were 30% lower in the hypertensives; since these steroids constitute the bulk of the major group of cortisol metabolites--the glucuronide conjugates, plasma levels of this group of conjugates measured in toto were also found to be significantly lower in the hypertensives. 2) Concentrations of cortisol metabolites with non-reduced ring-A (delta-4-3-keto configuration preserved) but with reduced 20-ketone and/or hydroxylated at C-6, 20alpha- and 20beta- dihydrocortisol, 6alpha- and 6beta-hydroxycortisol, and 6-hydroxy-20-dihydrocortisol (all 4 isomers), were 73%, 48% and 68% respectively, higher in the hypertensives; since these steroids constitute the bulk of the sulfate-conjugated and nucleoside-complexed metabolites of cortisol, plasma levels of these groups of metabolites, measured in toto, were also found to be higher in the hypertensives. No significant difference was found between normotensives and hypertensives in the AM and PM plasma levels of cortisol. These findings, in conjunction with the results of our studies on urinary corticosteroid metabolites, which yielded identical findings, provide evidence for a decreased activity of hepatic cortisol-delta-4-hydrogenase enzyme system and increased activities (presumably compensatorily) of cortisol-20-reductase and 6-hydroxylase enzyme systems in patients with essential hypertension. The interrelation of these findings with those of other investigators studying steroid metabolites in hypertension, points to the corticosteroid metabolizing enzymes may be an etiological factor in essential hypertension.
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Shearman RP, Jools ND, Smith ID. Maternal and fetal venous plasma steroids in relation to parturition. A study of oestriol, pregnanediol and 11-hydroxysteroids. THE JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY OF THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH 1972; 79:212-5. [PMID: 5016318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1972.tb15785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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von Werder K, Hane S, Forsham PH. Suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and growth hormone release with dexamethasone. Horm Metab Res 1971; 3:171-4. [PMID: 5123992 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1094170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bańka K, Teresiński G, Buszewicz G, Mądro R. Glucocorticosteroids as markers of death from hypothermia. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 229:60-5. [PMID: 23683909 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the course of hypothermia, biochemical changes occur that are associated with stimulation of protective thermogenic mechanisms as well as mobilization of internal energy resources mediated by the hormone system. The objective of the investigation was the assessment of validity of determinations of cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone as hypothermia markers in cases of fatal hypothermia combined with concomitant insobriety of the victims. The experimental group consisted of blood samples collected in the course of medico-legal autopsies of 23 hypothermia victims. The controls included blood samples originating from 34 victims of violent sudden deaths (deaths by hanging and traffic road accidents at the scene) and from ten individuals deceased after prolonged agony in consequence of post-traumatic subdural hematomas. In both groups, three subgroups were distinguished that included cases with ethanol levels within the following ranges: 0.0-0.99, 1.0-2.99 and ≥3.0‰. The comparison of determination results showed that irrespectively of blood ethanol concentration, cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone levels seen in hypothermia victims were significantly higher as compared to the controls (P<0.001).
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Validation Study |
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Grekin RJ, Dale SL, Gaunt R, Melby JC. Steroid secretion by the enucleated rat adrenal: measurements during salt retention and the development of hypertension. Endocrinology 1972; 91:1166-71. [PMID: 5072798 DOI: 10.1210/endo-91-5-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Foy H, Kondi A, Verjee ZH. Relation of riboflavin deficiency to corticosteroid metabolism and red cell hypoplasia in baboons. J Nutr 1972; 102:571-82. [PMID: 4622279 DOI: 10.1093/jn/102.4.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Case Reports |
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Westerhof L, Van Ditmars MJ, Der Kinderen PJ, Thijssen JH, Schwarz F. Recovery of adrenocortical function during long-term treatment with corticosteroids. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1972; 2:195-7. [PMID: 4336764 PMCID: PMC1787928 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5807.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of adrenocortical function during long-term corticosteroid treatment in a group of patients with asthmatic bronchitis was compared with that in a group of patients with sarcoidosis. At corresponding dosages of prednisone basal adrenocortical function as well as adrenocortical response to tetracosactrin stimulation was higher in the asthma patients than in those with sarcoidosis.The rate of recovery of adrenocortical function seems mainly to be determined by the dosage of corticosteroids during the initial stages of treatment rather than by the nature of the disease.
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Okuno A, Nishimura Y, Kawarazaki T. Changes in plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids after ACTH, insulin and dexamethasone in neonatal infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1972; 34:516-20. [PMID: 4334768 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-34-3-516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Shapiro BH, Péron FG. Corticosteroid levels in adrenal cell suspensions and plasma from normal and adrenal regenerating rats. Endocrinology 1973; 92:174-88. [PMID: 4344359 DOI: 10.1210/endo-92-1-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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