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Mukundan G, Badhulika S. Composite of a Stabilizer-Free Trimetallic Prussian Blue Analogue (PBA) and Polyaniline (PANI) on 3D Porous Nickel Foam for the Detection of Nitrofurantoin in Biological Fluids. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2024; 7:2924-2935. [PMID: 38637912 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a facile and highly effective nonenzymatic electrochemical sensing system is designed for the detection of the antibacterial drug nitrofurantoin (NFT). This electrocatalyst is a combination of a trimetallic Prussian blue analogue and conductive polyaniline coated onto a three-dimensional porous nickel foam substrate. A comprehensive set of physicochemical analyses have verified the successful synthesis. The fabricated electrochemical sensor exhibits an impressively low limit of detection (0.096 nM) and quantification (0.338 nM, S/N = 3.3), coupled with a wide linear range spanning from 0.1 nM to 5 mM and a sensitivity of 13.9 μA nM-1 cm-2. This excellent performance is attributed to the collaborative effects of conducting properties of polyaniline (PANI) and the remarkable redox behavior of the Prussian blue analogue (PBA). When both are integrated into the nickel foam, they create a significantly enlarged surface area with numerous catalytic active sites, enhancing the sensor's efficiency. The sensor demonstrates a high degree of specificity for NFT, while effectively minimizing responses to potential interferences such as flutamide, ascorbic acid, glucose, dopamine, uric acid, and nitrophenol, even when present in 2-3-fold higher concentrations. Moreover, to validate its practical utility, the sensor underwent real sample analysis using synthetic urine, achieving outstanding recovery rates of 118 and 101%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Mukundan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 502285, India
| | - Sushmee Badhulika
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 502285, India
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2
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Kokulnathan T, Chen SM. Robust and selective electrochemical detection of antibiotic residues: The case of integrated lutetium vanadate/graphene sheets architectures. J Hazard Mater 2020; 384:121304. [PMID: 31581009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lutetium vanadate (LuVO4) is a promising material for electrochemical application owing to its good conductivity and electrocatalytic activity. Herein, we demonstrate a facile technique for the synthesis of a LuVO4/ graphene sheet (GRS) nanocomposite where LuVO4 is encapsulated with an ultrathin GRS to form a hierarchical structure (LuVO4/GRS). The resulting hierarchical LuVO4/GRS architecture was characterized by several analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The resultant electrocatalyst shows superior electrochemical sensing for nitrofurantoin (NFT) with a low detection limit (0.001 μM), wide linear range (0.008-256.0 μM) and excellent sensitivity (1.709 μA μM-1 cm-2). It has been demonstrated that the enhanced electrocatalytic performance of LuVO4/GRS nanocomposite is due to their excellent electrical conductivity, suitable surface area, high redox reaction and large number of electron transport. In addition, the LuVO4/GRS nanocomposite exhibited excellent response towards NFT detection with adequate reproducibility, good repeatability, long-term stability and excellent selectivity over its structural analogs and common interferents. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the proposed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for determination of NFT in environmental samples with satisfactory results. The LuVO4/GRS nanocomposite presented here can serve as a favorable candidate for developing electrochemical sensor and plays an important role in widespread fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavelu Kokulnathan
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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3
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Tolić K, Mutavdžić Pavlović D, Židanić D, Runje M. Nitrofurantoin in sediments and soils: Sorption, isotherms and kinetics. Sci Total Environ 2019; 681:9-17. [PMID: 31102820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrofurantoin is nitrofuran antibacterial drug that is most used as a veterinary pharmaceutic compound. This compound, as well as other pharmaceuticals can greatly affect the environment, the soil and organisms in it and pollute aquatic ecosystems. Since it has been used for only a few decades, knowledge of their fate and behaviour in the environment is still limited. Because of that, the aim of this study was to experimentally determine the Kd values of nitrofurantoin in seven different natural soil and seven different sediment samples with different physico-chemical properties. Sorption phenomena were described with Linear, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich sorption isotherms. Obtained sorption coefficients (Kd) ranged from 3.967 to 5.121 mLg-1 for sediment samples and 3.634-43.06 mL g-1 for soil samples. The influence of ionic strength and pH of the nitrofurantoin solution and kinetics of the sorption and desorption process were also investigated. Results show that an increase in ionic strength and pH reduces the values of sorption coefficient while the mechanism of nitrofurantoin sorption is the best described with the kinetic model of pseudo-second order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tolić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dolores Židanić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mislav Runje
- Pliva Croatia TAPI R&D, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Balasubramanian P, Annalakshmi M, Chen SM, Sathesh T, Balamurugan TST. Ultrasonic energy-assisted preparation of β-cyclodextrin-carbon nanofiber composite: Application for electrochemical sensing of nitrofurantoin. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 52:391-400. [PMID: 30591361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple ultrasonic energy assisted synthesis of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) supported carbon nanofiber composite (CNF) and its potential application in electrochemical sensing of antibiotic nitrofurantoin (NFT) is reported. The elemental composition and surface morphology of the β-CD/CNF composite was validated through Field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The uniform enfolding of hydrophilic β-CD over CNF enhance the aqueous dispersion and offer abundant active surface to the β-CD/CNF composite. Further, the electrocatalytic efficacy of the β-CD/CNF composite is utilized to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for the high sensitive quantitative detection of NFT. Under optimized analytical conditions, the sensor displays a broad working range of 0.004-308 µM and calculated detection limit of 1.8 nM, respectively. In addition, the sensor showcased a good selectivity, storage, and working stability, with amiable reproducibility. The point-of-care applicability of the sensor was demonstrated with NFT spiked human blood serum and urine sample with reliable analytical performance. The simple, cost-effective NFT sensor based on β-CD/CNF offered outstanding analytical performance in real-world samples with higher reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasivam Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Muthaiah Annalakshmi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Tamilarasan Sathesh
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - T S T Balamurugan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Abstract
Nitrofurantoin is a urinary tract antibacterial agent whose clinical effectiveness depends on the high urinary drug levels encountered during therapeutic drug dosage. Under these conditions, only low blood drug concentrations are usually found. On the basis of urinary nitrofurantoin excretion determined after oral and intravenous drug administration, orally administered nitrofurantoin in a suitable dosage form is well absorbed. In vitro testing does not accurately reflect nitrofurantoin bioavailability, which is affected by formulation differences, drug particle size, and dosage form. Nitrofurantoin is readily absorbed and quickly distributed into most body fluids. It is rapidly excreted in large amounts in bile and urine. With the exception of the active drug secretion in the kidney tubule and biliary drug transport, nitrofurantoin transfer across body membranes occurs by diffusion. Nitrofurantoin has a short elimination half-life in whole blood or plasma. In conjunction with its rapid excretion by the primary routes, there is little evidence for any prolonged binding of nitrofurantoin to either plasma proteins or tissues. The first-order kinetics involved in nitrofurantoin absorption and elimination is most appropriately described by a one-compartment open model. Biliary and urinary excretion of unchanged nitrofurantoin and enzymatic degradation are the primary means of elimination.
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Kang XS, Hou DB, Zhang GX, Chen XA, Yue FH, Huang PJ, Zhou ZK. [Spectral analysis of nitrofurantoin in the terahertz frequency range]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2012; 32:1744-1747. [PMID: 23016316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present article measured the absorption coefficient spectra and refractive index spectra of nitrofurantoin original drug, which is one kind of nitrofuran drugs, in the terahertz frequency range from 0.2 to 1.8 THz using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The results showed that there exist a number of characteristic absorption peaks of nitrofurantoin with different intensity in the range and the absorption coefficient spectra can be used to identify nitrofurantoin. The article also simulated absorption coefficient spectra of nitrofurantoin molecule within 0.2 - 1.8 THz using density functional theory by Gaussian software, and vibrational modes of some peaks in the experimental absorption coefficient spectra were analyzed and identified. The results show that the experimental absorption peaks at 1.25 and 1.60 THz correspond with the theoretical peaks at 1.30 and 1.67 THz, and these experimental peaks were caused by intramolecular vibrational modes of nitrofurantoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Sheng Kang
- Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Liu W, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Lu S, Liu J, Xi R. Preparation of polyclonal antibodies to a derivative of 1-aminohydantoin (AHD) and development of an indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of nitrofurantoin residue in water. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:6829-34. [PMID: 17645341 DOI: 10.1021/jf070620k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrofurans are used widely to treat animal diseases and were identified as the major compounds in many worldwide drug residue violations. To develop a rapid and convenient detection method to measure the residue of nitrofurantoin, we designed an immunogen and prepared a polyclonal antibody to develop an immunoassay in this study. The antibodies obtained were characterized by an indirect cELISA method and showed excellent specificity and sensitivity with IC50 of 3.2 ppb and no cross-reaction with most related species and compounds. Considering that nitrofurans often are used illegally to feed animals through drinking water, we measured the residue of nitrofurantoin in water spiked by the drug. The recovery rates are in the ranges of 88-103% for interassay and 90-103% for intra-assay. The CVs are in the ranges of 3.1-11.4% for interassay and 2.7-6.2% for intra-assay. The detection limit was determined to be 0.2 ppb. The immunoassay developed in this study is suitable to be used as a screening method to detect residues of nitrofurantoin in drinking water for animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- The School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
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8
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Abstract
Nitrofuran antibiotics have been banned for use in food-producing animals in many countries, including the European Union, owing to the threat they pose to human health. Research continues into the accumulation of these drugs in animal tissues and into the appropriate methods for their detection. In this study, an LC-MS/MS method is presented for the detection of the parent compounds, furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, furaltadone and nitrofurazone, in eggs. The parent compounds are first extracted into ethyl acetate, fats are removed by partition between acetonitrile and hexane, and the concentrated sample is analysed by LC-MS/MS. Decision limits (CCalpha) for the parents were < or =1 microg kg-1 for all four compounds. Within-day and between-day CVs are well within the limits stated in Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The method provides an alternative to the testing of side-chain metabolites in eggs, which is particularly important in the case of nitrofurazone, where semicarbazide contamination of food has been attributed to sources other than nitrofurazone use. This method was used together with a method for the detection of the side-chain metabolite compounds, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (AMOZ), 1-amino-hydantoin (AHD) and semicarbazide (SEM), to study the accumulation and distribution of nitrofurans in eggs. Eggs were collected from four groups of hens that had been treated with one of the nitrofurans at a feed concentration of 300 mg kg-1 for 1 week. Parent compounds and metabolites were found in the yolk, albumen and shell. Albumen/yolk ratios for the parent compounds were 0.7, 0.82, 0.83 and 0.31 for furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone, respectively. Ratios for the side-chain metabolites were 1.02, 1.06, 0.83 and 0.55 for AOZ, AMOZ, AHD and SEM, respectively. However, 50% of the total SEM residues were found in eggshell. This may be significant if eggshell products reach the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J McCracken
- Chemical Surveillance Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, AFBI, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT4 3SD, UK
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Aaltonen J, Heinänen P, Peltonen L, Kortejärvi H, Tanninen VP, Christiansen L, Hirvonen J, Yliruusi J, Rantanen J. In Situ Measurement of Solvent-Mediated Phase Transformations During Dissolution Testing. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:2730-7. [PMID: 16892206 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, solvent-mediated phase transformations of theophylline (TP) and nitrofurantoin (NF) were measured in a channel flow intrinsic dissolution test system. The test set-up comprised simultaneous measurement of drug concentration in the dissolution medium (with UV-Vis spectrophotometry) and measurement of the solid-state form of the dissolving solid (in situ with Raman spectroscopy). The solid phase transformations were also investigated off-line with scanning electron microscopy. TP anhydrate underwent a transformation to TP monohydrate, and NF anhydrate (form beta) to NF monohydrate (form II). Transformation of TP anhydrate to TP monohydrate resulted in a clear decrease in the dissolution rate, while the transformation of NF anhydrate (form beta) to NF monohydrate (form II) could not be linked as clearly to changes in the dissolution rate. The transformation of TP was an order of magnitude faster than that of NF. The presence of a water absorbing excipient, microcrystalline cellulose, was found to delay the onset of the transformation of TP anhydrate. Combining the measurement of drug concentration in the dissolution medium with the solid phase measurement offers a deeper understanding of the solvent-mediated phase transformation phenomena during dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Aaltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, P.O. Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Barbosa J, Moura S, Barbosa R, Ramos F, da Silveira MIN. Determination of nitrofurans in animal feeds by liquid chromatography-UV photodiode array detection and liquid chromatography-ionspray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 586:359-65. [PMID: 17386735 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Within the EU, the use of nitrofurans is prohibited in food production animals. For this reason detection of these compounds in feedingstuffs, at whatever limit, constitutes an offence under EU legislation. This detection generally involves the use of analytical methods with limits of quantification lowers than 1 mg kg(-1). These procedures are unsuitable for the detection and confirmation of trace amounts of nitrofurans in feedingstuffs due to contamination. It is well known that very low concentrations of these compounds can be the source of residues of nitrofuran metabolites in meat and other edible products obtained from animals consuming the contaminated feed. The present multi-compound method was capable of measuring very low concentrations of nitrofurantoin (NFT), nitrofurazone (NFZ), furazolidone (FZD) and furaltadone (FTD) in animal feed using nifuroxazide (NXZ) as internal standard. Following ethyl acetate extraction at mild alkaline conditions and purification on NH2 column, the nitrofurans are determined using liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection (LC-DAD). It was observed a CCalpha ranged from 50 to 100 microg kg(-1). The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) procedure was used to confirm the identity of the suspected presence of any of the nitrofuran compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Barbosa
- LNIV, Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária, Estrada de Benfica, 701, 1549-011 Lisboa, Portugal
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Cooper KM, Mulder PPJ, van Rhijn JA, Kovacsics L, McCracken RJ, Young PB, Kennedy DG. Depletion of four nitrofuran antibiotics and their tissue-bound metabolites in porcine tissues and determination using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:406-14. [PMID: 16019811 DOI: 10.1080/02652030512331385218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of the nitrofuran antibiotics furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone and their tissue-bound metabolites AOZ, AMOZ, AHD and SEM from pig muscle, liver and kidney tissues is described. Groups of pigs were given feed medicated with one of the nitrofuran drugs at a therapeutic concentration (400?mg?kg(-1)) for ten days. Animals were slaughtered at intervals and tissue samples collected for analysis for six weeks following withdrawal of medicated feed. These samples were analysed both for parent nitrofurans (using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV), and for tissue-bound metabolites (using LC-MS/MS). The parent drugs were detectable only sporadically and only in pigs subjected to no withdrawal period whatsoever. This confirms the instability of the four major nitrofuran antibiotics in edible tissues. In contrast, the metabolites accumulated to high concentrations in tissues (ppm levels) and had depletion half lives of between 5.5 and 15.5 days. The metabolites of all four drugs were still readily detectable in tissues six weeks after cessation of treatment. This emphasizes the benefits of monitoring for the stable metabolites of the nitrofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Cooper
- Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Abstract
Nitrofuran antibiotics were previously used in animal healthcare but are now prohibited. Semicarbazide is a breakdown product of 5-nitrofurazone and protein-bound semicarbazide is used as a marker residue for the illegal use of 5-nitrofurazone. However, the presence of the prohibited semicarbazide has been reported in some food items of animal origin. A novel observation is reported that semicarbazide can be detected in Finnish crayfish samples, i.e. crustacea, never medicated with nitrofurazone. The origin of the semicarbazide is presently unknown. Positive identification was undertaken by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection. The level of semicarbazide was determined as the protein-bound form as well as the total amount of semicarbazide in the sample. The average levels of total semicarbazide and the protein-bound form were 4.2 and 0.5 ng g(-1) fresh crayfish meat, respectively. All the tested samples (n = 18) contained traces of semicarbazide, the highest amount being 12 ng g(-1) fresh crayfish meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Saari
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, PL 45, FIN-00581 Helsinki, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- S Effkemann
- Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, LAVES-Veterinärinstitut für Fische und Fischwaren, Schleusenstrasse 1, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany.
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Mahedero MC, Galeano Díaz T, Galán Pascual S. Resolution of ternary mixtures of nitrofurantoin, furaltadone and furazolidone by partial least-square analysis to the spectrophotometric signals after photo-decomposition. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 29:477-85. [PMID: 12062648 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An UV spectroscopic method is proposed to analyze mixtures of the nitrofuran derivatives, nitrofurantoin, furaltadone and furazolidone, used in veterinary. The change of absorption spectra due to photo-decomposition is used. A 20% dimethylformamide/water, basic medium of pH 9.4 (ammonium chloride/ammonia) and a time of irradiation of 15 s are selected. Calibration graphs are established, with the percentage of decrease of absorbance as analytical signal, in the range 2-10 microg ml(-1). To analyze mixtures of the three compounds the partial least-squares (PLS) multivariate analysis method is used with the spectra obtained by subtracting the spectra after irradiation to the original spectra. Good results have been obtained in the analysis of synthetic samples and a formulation containing all these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Mahedero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
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15
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Niu CG, Yang X, Lin WQ, Shen GL, Yu RQ. N-allyl-4-(N-2'-hydroxyethyl)amino-1,8-naphthalimide as a fluorophore for optical chemosensing of nitrofurantoin. Analyst 2002; 127:512-7. [PMID: 12022651 DOI: 10.1039/b109126n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Allyl-4-(N-2'-hydroxyethyl)amino-1,8-naphthalimide (AHEAN), a naphthalimide derivative, was synthesized as a new fluorophore for optical chemical sensor preparation. To prevent leakage of the fluorophore, AHEAN was photo-copolymerized with 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate on a glass surface treated with a silanizing agent. An optical chemical sensor based on AHEAN can be utilized for nitrofurantoin assay based on fluorescence quenching. The sensor shows sufficient repeatability, selectivity and a fast response of less than 30 s. Nitrofurantoin can be determined in the range between 1.00 x 10(-6) and 1.00 x 10(-3) mol l(-1) with a detection limit of 4.8 x 10(-7) mol l(-1). Most commonly co-existing drug substances and ions do not interfere with the nitrofurantoin assay. The sensor was applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gang Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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16
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Galeano Díaz T, Guiberteau Cabanillas A, Acedo Valenzuela MI, Correa CA, Salinas F. Determination of nitrofurantoin, furazolidone and furaltadone in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 1997; 764:243-8. [PMID: 9098999 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A HPLC method with coulometric detection has been established to carry out the separation of the three nitrofuran derivatives, nitrofurantoin, furazolidone and furaltadone. A Nova-Pak C18 column (150 x 3.9 mm) and a Coulochem II detector from ESA have been used. After obtaining the hydrodynamic curves of the three compounds in the porous graphite electrode a potential of -600 mV was selected as the working potential. The influence of other variables such as mobile phase composition and flow-rate were studied. The mobile phase considered as an optimum was acetonitrile-0.1 M aqueous solution of sodium perchlorate (28:72), with 0.5% glacial acetic acid. The oxygen of the mobile phase was removed with a vacuum system on-line and a nitrogen stream was used to remove the oxygen of the samples. The calibration graphs and the detection limits were established. The method proposed was used, with good results, for the determination of the three compounds in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Galeano Díaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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Muth P, Metz R, Siems B, Bolten WW, Vergin H. Sensitive determination of nitrofurantoin in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1996; 729:251-8. [PMID: 9004947 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of nitrofurantoin in human plasma and urine. The method involves the liquid-liquid extraction of drug and internal standard from plasma with ethyl acetate followed by evaporation and reconstitution in mobile phase. Urine samples were simply diluted with purified water. UV detection was done at 370 nm. The limit of quantification for nitrofurantoin in plasma was 0.010 micrograms/ml. In urine nitrofurantoin could be quantified down to 0.380 microgram/ml. Linearity was proven over the whole calibration range in plasma (2.48-0.0100 microgram/ml) as well as in urine (187 micrograms/ml-0.380 microgram/ml). The method was validated according to Good Laboratory Practice guidelines and its suitability was demonstrated by analysis of samples from a pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Muth
- Medical-Biological Development Heumann Pharma, Nürnberg, Germany
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Rupp HS, Munns RK, Long AR, Plakas SM. Simultaneous determination of nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin, and furazolidone in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle tissue by liquid chromatography. J AOAC Int 1994; 77:344-50. [PMID: 8199469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of nitrofurazone (NFZ), nitrofurantoin (NFT), and furazolidone (FZD) in catfish muscle tissue. The drugs were extracted from the tissue with acetonitrile, and the lipids were removed from the extract with hexane. The acetonitrile extract was evaporated by rotary evaporation, and the resultant drug residues were dissolved with LC mobile phase. The mixture was sonicated, centrifuged, and filtered. The drugs were determined by using LC with a C18 reversed-phase (ODS Hypersil) column, a mobile phase of acetonitrile-1% aqueous acetic acid (25 + 75), and a photodiode array ultraviolet detector at 375 nm. NFZ, NFT, and FZD were each determined in catfish tissue at 5 fortification levels (80, 40, 20, 10, and 5 ng drug/g tissue). Average recoveries of each of the 3 drugs at each level ranged from 70.7 to 101.5%, and relative standard deviations ranged from 2.2 to 18.6%. The limit of detection of each drug was approximately 1 ng drug/g tissue, and the limit of quantitation was 5 ng drug/g tissue. In the second part of the study, the method was used to determine nitrofuran residues incurred in catfish tissue. Live channel catfish were intravascularly doses (10 mg/kg body wt) with NFZ to generate drug-incurred fish muscle tissue. Incurred NFZ levels exceeded 400 ng drug/g tissue at 2 h after dosing but decreased rapidly to approximately 1 ng drug/g tissue by 8 h after dosing, as determined by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Rupp
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Animal Drugs Research Center, Denver, CO 80225-0087
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Delgado A, Gallardo V, Parera A, González-Caballero F. A study of the electrokinetic and stability properties of nitrofurantoin suspensions. II: Flocculation and redispersion properties as compared with theoretical interaction energy curves. J Pharm Sci 1990; 79:709-15. [PMID: 2231334 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600790812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The stability and redispersion properties of nitrofurantoin dispersions are experimentally studied using simple but reproducible techniques. Solutions of different electrolyte concentrations and pH values are employed as dispersing media. The pH appears to be a determinant factor in the properties studied. Thus, with all the electrolytes considered (NaCl, CaCl2, and AlCl3, almost optimum redispersion was achieved when the pH was maintained close to neutrality. However, the important effect of AlCl3 as compared with the other electrolytes is also clearly demonstrated. Especially interesting are the results obtained when 0.1% Carbopol is added to the suspensions. The important effect of this polymer on the surface charge of nitrofurantoin, mainly at pH 7, manifests in excellent redispersion of the suspensions with either of the electrolytes employed. Using simple expressions that approximate the equations proposed in the DLVO theory of interaction between colloidal particles, the variation of the total interaction energy between nitrofurantoin particles is calculated as a function of interparticle distance. The results are compared with the experimental determinations of the sedimentation and redispersion properties of nitrofurantoin. Although some discrepancies between theory and experiments are found, the results indicate a reasonable agreement between the general features of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delgado
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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Gallardo V, Ruiz MA, Parera A, Delgado AV. A DSC study of the chemical stability of nitrofurantoin in pharmaceutical suspensions. Pharmazie 1990; 45:633-4. [PMID: 2080218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Gallardo
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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Fogg AG, Ghawji AB. Reductive amperometric determination of nitrofurantoin and acetazolamide at a sessile mercury drop electrode using flow injection analysis. Analyst 1988; 113:727-30. [PMID: 3414963 DOI: 10.1039/an9881300727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Hashim F, Sakr FM, el Din EZ. In vitro release and in vivo absorption of nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid from ethylcellulose microcapsules. Pharmazie 1987; 42:315-7. [PMID: 3671441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethylcellulose was used as an efficient retarding material to prepare nitrofurantoin or nalidixic acid microcapsules. The dissolution rates of the different preparations have found to increase in alkaline rather than in acidic media. Considerable retardation in the rate and extent of release from 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 drug-polymer ratios were observed as compared with those of the plain drugs. Absorption study in man proved that formulations containing 2:1 ratios have delayed urinary excretion rates by 2 h, however, the total cumulative amounts excreted from all samples remained almost constant. Man volunteers administered the 2:1 drug-polymer microcapsules did not suffer gastric irritation, usually produced after three consecutive d from taking the plain drugs. Experiments in male albino rats showed that the coated drugs did not produce gastric hemorrhage seen with the same doses of the uncoated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hashim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics Department, Mansoura University, A. R. E
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Akade MA, Agrawal DK, Lauwo JA. Influence of polyethylene glycol 6000 and mannitol on the in-vitro dissolution properties of nitrofurantoin by the dispersion technique. Pharmazie 1986; 41:849-51. [PMID: 3106994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Employing the dispersion technique the influence of mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 on the in-vitro dissolution of nitrofurantoin was investigated. Dispersions of the drug with PEG 6000 showed faster dissolution rates when compared with dispersions of the drug in mannitol. Tablet formulation of the drug--PEG 6000 dispersion exhibited better drug releasing properties as compared to tablets prepared from the drug's PEG 6000 physical mixture, or the drug's formulation with Avicel PH 101.
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Juenge EC, Kreienbaum MA, Gurka DF. Assay of nitrofurantoin oral suspensions contaminated with 3-(5-nitrofurfurylideneamino)hydantoic acid. J Pharm Sci 1985; 74:100-2. [PMID: 3981405 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600740128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of oral suspensions for nitrofurantoin (1) and 3-(5-nitrofurfurylideneamino)hydantoic acid (2), an impurity derived from 1, is presented. The concentration of the impurity ranged from 20 to 300 micrograms/mL in several lots of commercial oral suspensions. Conversion of 1 to 2 with citrate buffer, an excipient in the oral suspension, was achieved; selective hydantoin ring cleavage was accomplished in preference to the generally observed cleavage at the azomethine linkage. The hydantoic acid 2 was synthesized and identified by NMR, IR, TLC, and elemental analysis.
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Faith L, Straková A. [Contribution to the polarographic determination of nitrofurantoin]. Cesk Farm 1983; 32:19-22. [PMID: 6839369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
A fluorescence method is presented for the determination of nitrofurantoin based on conversion of the drug to a fluorescent substance. The method requires 0.1-0.5 ml of plasma or diluted urine and is 10 times more sensitive than the commonly used colorimetric method.
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Vree TB, Hekster YA, Baars AM, Damsma JE, van der Kleijn E, Bron J. Determination of nitrofurantoin (Furadantine) and hydroxymethylnitrofurantoin (Urfadyn) in plasma and urine of man by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1979; 162:110-6. [PMID: 762206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Voigt R, Terborg D. [The granulometric determination of changes in the dispersivity of drugs in polyethylene glycol suspension ointments]. Pharmazie 1978; 33:814-6. [PMID: 746067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Aufrère MB, Hoener B, Vore ME. High-performance liquid-chromatographic assay for nitrofurantoin in plasma and urine. Clin Chem 1977; 23:2207-12. [PMID: 923072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The high-performance liquid-chromatographic method described here for the quantitative analysis for nitrofurantoin in urine and plasma involves direct analysis of urine samples and analysis of plasma samples after protein precipitation by methanol. The assay, which requires only 0.2 ml of biological fluid and shows a linear relationship in the range 0.02 to 200 mg/liter, can be performed in 9 min and is reproducible (CV less than 2%). Results for nitrofurantoin so obtained correlate well with those obtained by the Hyamine 10-X spectrophotometric method (CV = 2%), but the present method is more sensitive. With no modification, the present procedure can also be used for nitrofurazone. The sensitivity, accuracy, and convenience of the method make it suitable for clinical monitoring and pharmacokinetic/bioavailability studies with 5-nitrofuran derivatives.
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Abstract
Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of urea and creatinine on the solubility of nitrofurantoin in water at different temperature and pH conditions. The addition of urea to aqueous media increased nitrofurantoin solubility up to a maximum concentration level and then decreased solubility at higher urea concentrations. The amount of urea needed to bring about maximum nitrofurantoin solubility was dependent on temperature and ranged between 1.75 and 2.50%. Spectral studies suggest a possible interaction between urea and nitrofurantoin molecules. Nitrofurantoin solubility increased with an increasing creatinine concentration ranging from 0.05 to 1.6%. Spectral studies indicate a strong interaction between creatinine and nitrofurantoin molecules in solution. The combined effect of urea and creatinine of the solubility of nitrofurantoin could account for the absence of crystalluria with this drug, even though unusually high concentrations in urine have been reported.
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Stoll RG, Bates TR, Swarbrick J. In vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption of nitrofurantoin from deoxycholic acid coprecipitates. J Pharm Sci 1973; 62:65-8. [PMID: 4682935 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600620111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kurinna NV. [Spectrophotometric determination of pharmacological agents of 5-nitrofurane derivatives. II. Quantitative determination of furadonin and furagin]. Farm Zh 1971; 26:15-9. [PMID: 5150534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
1. After the intravenous administration of nitrofurantoin sodium to dogs at nitrofurantoin doses of 1.5-24.0 mg/kg, a substantial amount of nitrofurantoin is excreted in bile. The bile to blood drug ratios were about 200. A marked hydrocholeretic effect which correlated directly with the amount of nitrofurantoin administered was also observed.2. The excretion of nitrofurantoin in bile and the hydrocholeretic effect were linear with the dose of drug over the range 1.5-12.0 mg/kg. Maximum increases in hepatic bile flows were usually from 5-10 ml/0.5 h, while average control bile flow was 1.6 ml +/- S.D. 0.6/0.5 hours. The lowest dose at which the hydrocholeretic effect was still detectable was 0.09 mg/kg.3. Apparent saturation of the biliary excretion system for nitrofurantoin and the hydrocholeretic mechanism occurred after a dose of 24.0 mg/kg. Saturation of the urinary system for nitrofurantoin excretion was noted after a dose of 6.0 mg/kg.4. Biliary nitrofurantoin recoveries ranged from 16.5% +/- S.D. 4.2 to 22.6% +/- S.D. 4.7 for the 6 h period after doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/kg. Urinary nitrofurantoin recoveries for the same interval ranged from 24.1% +/- S.D. 6.6 to 36.2% +/- S.D. 8.3.5. In comparison to values obtained in normal dogs, only about one-tenth of the drug excretion in bile and about one-fifth of the hydrocholeretic effect were obtained after intravenous drug administration to dogs with hepatic impairment induced by CCl(4).
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Menzi P. [Furadantin calculi in an ureterocele]. Helv Chir Acta 1970; 37:538-40. [PMID: 5518403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Umar MT, Mitchard M, Gorrod JW. Quantitative method for determining aminofurantoin. J Pharm Pharmacol 1968; 20:845-9. [PMID: 4387491 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A quantitative colorimetric procedure for the estimation of aminofurantoin is described. The red colour of the Schiff base produced by the reaction of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde with aminofurantoin, is stable after a period of 40 min for a further 20 min and can be measured at 582 mμ. Maximal colour is developed at room temperature (20°) under acid conditions (pH 2·0). This technique was found suitable for the determination of aminofurantoin in tissue homogenates. The formation of aminofurantoin as a probable metabolite of nitrofurantoin was investigated but its production was not confirmed.
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Fussek H. [Clinical experience with nitrofurantoin preparations]. Wien Med Wochenschr 1968; 118:668-71. [PMID: 5680494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Hosbach RH, Foster RB. Absence of nitrofurantoin from human milk. JAMA 1967; 202:1057. [PMID: 6072610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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