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Abstract
Chromatin proteins are covalently modified by at least five different processes; in no case has the precise physiological function been established. One of these post-synthetic, covalent modifications is effected by the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, which uses the coenzyme NAD+ to ADP-ribosylate chromatin proteins. The modification consists largely of mono(ADP-ribose), but long, homopolymer chains of (ADP-ribose) are also present. Various physiological functions have been suggested for (ADP-ribose)n. Here we demonstrate that one function of (ADP-ribose)n is to participate in the cellular recovery from DNA damage. Specific inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase prevent rejoining of DNA strand breaks caused by dimethyl sulphate and cytotoxicity is enhanced thereby. The rejoining of strand breaks is prevented also by nutritionally depleting the cells of NAD.
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Katada T, Ui M. Direct modification of the membrane adenylate cyclase system by islet-activating protein due to ADP-ribosylation of a membrane protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:3129-33. [PMID: 6954463 PMCID: PMC346367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.10.3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
GTP and isoproterenol activation of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] in washed membranes prepared from C6 gliomas cells was enhanced by incubation with islet-activating protein, one of the pertussis toxins, if the incubation mixture was supplemented with NAD and ATP. The action of the protein was observed immediately after its addition and increased progressively in magnitude as the protein concentration or the incubation time increased. There was simultaneous incorporation of radioactivity from the ADP-ribose moiety of variously labeled NAD into the membrane protein with a molecular weight of 41,000. We conclude that islet-activating protein enhances receptor-mediated GTP-induced activation of membrane adenylate cyclase as a result of ADP-ribosylation of a membrane protein, probably one of the components of the receptor-adenylate cyclase system.
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Gill DM, Meren R. ADP-ribosylation of membrane proteins catalyzed by cholera toxin: basis of the activation of adenylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:3050-4. [PMID: 210449 PMCID: PMC392711 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.7.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of ATP and a cytosolic factor, cholera toxin fragment A1 catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD to a number of soluble and membrane-bound proteins of the pigeon erythrocyte. Evidence is presented that suggests that the most readily modified membrane protein (Mr 42,000) is the adenylate cyclase-associated GTP-binding protein. Its modification by toxin is stimulated by guanine nucleotides. Adenylate cyclase activity increases in parallel with the addition of ADP-ribose to this protein and decreases in parallel with the subsequent reversal of ADP-ribosylation by toxin and nicotinamide. The protein is only accessible to toxin A subunits if the erythrocytes are lysed. When adenylate cyclase activity reaches a maximum, the number of ADP-ribose residues bound to this protein (about 1500 per cell) is similar to the reported number of beta-adrenergic receptors.
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Review |
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Aktories K, Bärmann M, Ohishi I, Tsuyama S, Jakobs KH, Habermann E. Botulinum C2 toxin ADP-ribosylates actin. Nature 1986; 322:390-2. [PMID: 3736664 DOI: 10.1038/322390a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation of regulatory proteins is an important pathological mechanism by which various bacterial toxins affect eukaryotic cell functions. While diphtheria toxin catalyses the ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2, which results in inhibition of protein synthesis, cholera toxin and pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylate Ns and Ni, respectively, the GTP-binding regulatory components of the adenylate cyclase system, thereby modulating the bidirectional hormonal regulation of the adenylate cyclase. Botulinum C2 toxin is another toxin which has been reported to possess ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. This extremely toxic agent is produced by certain strains of Clostridium botulinum and induces hypotension, an increase in intestinal secretion, vascular permeability and haemorrhaging in the lungs. In contrast to botulinum neurotoxins, the botulinum C2 toxin apparently lacks any neurotoxic effects. Here we report that botulinum C2 toxin ADP-ribosylates a protein of relative molecular mass 43,000 (43K) in intact cells and in cell-free preparations. We present evidence that the 43K protein substrate is actin, which is apparently mono-ADP-ribosylated by the toxin. Botulinum C2 toxin also ADP-ribosylated purified liver G-actin, whereas liver F-actin was only poorly ADP-ribosylated and skeletal muscle actin was not ADP-ribosylated in either its G form or its F form. ADP-ribosylation of liver G-actin by botulinum C2 toxin resulted in a drastic reduction in viscosity of actin polymerized in vitro.
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Poirier GG, de Murcia G, Jongstra-Bilen J, Niedergang C, Mandel P. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of polynucleosomes causes relaxation of chromatin structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:3423-7. [PMID: 6808510 PMCID: PMC346432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.11.3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
When rat pancreatic polynucleosomes were poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated with purified calf thymus poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and examined by electron microscopy, a relaxation of their native zigzag structure was observed. At high ionic strengths control nucleosomes condensed into 250-A-thick fibers, but poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated polynucleosomes did not; they showed a close resemblance to chromatin depleted of histone H1. The relaxed state of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated polynucleosomes was also confirmed by sedimentation velocity analysis. Histone H1 was found to be the major histone acceptor of poly(ADP-ribose). Poly(ADP-ribose) linked to histone H1 did not seem to cause its dissociation from the chromatin, but it impaired significantly its effect on chromatin condensation.
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Stevenson G, Neal B, Liu D, Hobbs M, Packer NH, Batley M, Redmond JW, Lindquist L, Reeves P. Structure of the O antigen of Escherichia coli K-12 and the sequence of its rfb gene cluster. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:4144-56. [PMID: 7517391 PMCID: PMC205614 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.13.4144-4156.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli K-12 has long been known not to produce an O antigen. We recently identified two independent mutations in different lineages of K-12 which had led to loss of O antigen synthesis (D. Liu and P. R. Reeves, Microbiology 140:49-57, 1994) and constructed a strain with all rfb (O antigen) genes intact which synthesized a variant of O antigen O16, giving cross-reaction with anti-O17 antibody. We determined the structure of this O antigen to be -->2)-beta-D-Galf-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Glcp- (1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->, with an O-acetyl group on C-2 of the rhamnose and a side chain alpha-D-Glcp on C-6 of GlcNAc. O antigen synthesis is rfe dependent, and D-GlcpNAc is the first sugar of the biological repeat unit. We sequenced the rfb (O antigen) gene cluster and found 11 open reading frames. Four rhamnose pathway genes are identified by similarity to those of other strains, the rhamnose transferase gene is identified by assay of its product, and the identities of other genes are predicted with various degrees of confidence. We interpret earlier observations on interaction between the rfb region of Escherichia coli K-12 and those of E. coli O4 and E. coli Flexneri. All K-12 rfb genes were of low G+C content for E. coli. The rhamnose pathway genes were similar in sequence to those of (Shigella) Dysenteriae 1 and Flexneri, but the other genes showed distant or no similarity. We suggest that the K-12 gene cluster is a member of a family of rfb gene clusters, including those of Dysenteriae 1 and Flexneri, which evolved outside E. coli and was acquired by lateral gene transfer.
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Juarez-Salinas H, Sims JL, Jacobson MK. Poly(ADP-ribose) levels in carcinogen-treated cells. Nature 1979; 282:740-1. [PMID: 229416 DOI: 10.1038/282740a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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46 |
243 |
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Charnock SJ, Davies GJ. Structure of the nucleotide-diphospho-sugar transferase, SpsA from Bacillus subtilis, in native and nucleotide-complexed forms. Biochemistry 1999; 38:6380-5. [PMID: 10350455 DOI: 10.1021/bi990270y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic formation of glycosidic bonds may be catalyzed by the transfer of the glycosyl moiety from an activated nucleotide-diphospho-sugar donor to a specific acceptor. SpsA is a glycosyltransferase implicated in the synthesis of the spore coat of Bacillus subtilis, whose homologues include cellulose synthase and many lipopolysaccharide and bacterial O-antigen synthases. The three-dimensional crystal structure of SpsA has been determined by conventional MIR techniques at a resolution of 1.5 A. It is a two-domain protein with a nucleotide-binding domain together with an acceptor binding domain which features a disordered loop spanning the active site. The structures of SpsA in complex with both Mg-UDP and Mn-UDP have also been determined at 2.0 and 1.7 A, respectively. These complexes, together with the sequence conservation, begin to shed light on the mechanism of this ubiquitous family of inverting glycosyltransferases.
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242 |
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Zhang C, Griffith BR, Fu Q, Albermann C, Fu X, Lee IK, Li L, Thorson JS. Exploiting the reversibility of natural product glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions. Science 2006; 313:1291-4. [PMID: 16946071 DOI: 10.1126/science.1130028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs), an essential class of ubiquitous enzymes, are generally perceived as unidirectional catalysts. In contrast, we report that four glycosyltransferases from two distinct natural product biosynthetic pathways-calicheamicin and vancomycin-readily catalyze reversible reactions, allowing sugars and aglycons to be exchanged with ease. As proof of the broader applicability of these new reactions, more than 70 differentially glycosylated calicheamicin and vancomycin variants are reported. This study suggests the reversibility of GT-catalyzed reactions may be general and useful for generating exotic nucleotide sugars, establishing in vitro GT activity in complex systems, and enhancing natural product diversity.
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. |
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Seifert GJ. Nucleotide sugar interconversions and cell wall biosynthesis: how to bring the inside to the outside. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2004; 7:277-84. [PMID: 15134748 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess a sophisticated sugar biosynthetic machinery comprising families of nucleotide sugar interconversion enzymes. Literature published in the past two years has made a major contribution to our knowledge of the enzymes and genes involved in the interconversion of nucleotide sugars that are required for cell wall biosynthesis, including UDP-L-rhamnose, UDP-D-galactose, UDP-D-glucuronic acid, UDP-D-xylose, UDP-D-apiose, UDP-L-arabinose, GDP-L-fucose and GDP-L-galactose. Indirect evidence suggests that enzyme activity is crudely regulated at the transcriptional level in a cell-type and differentiation-dependent manner. However, feedback inhibition and NAD(+)/NADH redox control, as well as the formation of complexes between differentially encoded isoforms and glycosyltransferases, might fine-tune cell wall matrix biosynthesis. I hypothesise that the control of nucleotide sugar interconversion enzymes regulates glycosylation patterns in response to developmental, metabolic and stress-related stimuli, thereby linking signalling with primary metabolism and the dynamics of the extracellular matrix.
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Review |
21 |
217 |
12
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Hilz H, Stone P. Poly(ADP-ribose) and ADP-ribosylation of proteins. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 76:1-58, 177. [PMID: 185679 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0027686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Review |
49 |
211 |
13
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Review |
45 |
186 |
14
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Ribeiro-Neto FA, Mattera R, Hildebrandt JD, Codina J, Field JB, Birnbaumer L, Sekura RD. ADP-ribosylation of membrane components by pertussis and cholera toxin. Methods Enzymol 1985; 109:566-72. [PMID: 2859516 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(85)09115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Comparative Study |
40 |
172 |
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Alvarez-Gonzalez R, Althaus FR. Poly(ADP-ribose) catabolism in mammalian cells exposed to DNA-damaging agents. Mutat Res 1989; 218:67-74. [PMID: 2770765 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(89)90012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage inflicted by the alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, or by UV254nm, stimulated the catabolism of protein-bound poly(ADP-ribose) in the chromatin of cultured hepatocytes. The stimulation was highest at the largest doses of DNA-damaging treatment. As a consequence, the half-life of ADP-ribosyl polymers may drop to less than 41 s. This rapid turnover contrasts with the slow catabolism of a constitutive fraction of polymers exhibiting a half-life of 7.7 h. Our data suggest that post-incisional stimulation of poly(ADP-ribose) biosynthesis in DNA-excision repair is coupled with an adaptation of poly(ADP-ribose) catabolism in mammalian cells.
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159 |
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Katada T, Tamura M, Ui M. The A protomer of islet-activating protein, pertussis toxin, as an active peptide catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of a membrane protein. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 224:290-8. [PMID: 6683482 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Islet-activating protein (IAP), pertussis toxin, is an oligomeric protein composed of as A protomer and a B oligomer. IAP and its A protomer were equipotent, on a molar basis, in enhancing GTP-dependent adenylate cyclase activity and in causing ADP-ribosylation of the 41,000 Mr protein when directly added to the cell-free membrane preparation from rat C6 glioma cells. Similar actions of IAP observed upon its addition to intact C6 cells were not mimicked by its A protomer, indicating that the A protomer had to be associated with the B oligomer to become accessible to its site of action on the inner surface of the membrane of intact cells. The A protomer, but not IAP, exhibited NAD-glycohydrolase activity in the reaction mixture lacking cellular components but containing dithiothreitol. Their actions on membranes were not accelerated by dithiothreitol, but markedly suppressed by oxidized glutathione. Thus, C6 cell membranes may possess certain "processing" enzyme(s) responsible for releasing the A protomer from the IAP molecule and for reductive cleavage of an intrachain disulfide bond in the released protomer, thereby producing an active peptide which functions to cause ADP-ribosylation of one of the subunits of guanine nucleotide regulatory protein in the receptor-adenylate cyclase system.
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42 |
157 |
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Review |
43 |
149 |
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Pope MR, Murrell SA, Ludden PW. Covalent modification of the iron protein of nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum by adenosine diphosphoribosylation of a specific arginine residue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:3173-7. [PMID: 3923473 PMCID: PMC397737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.10.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogenase in Rhodospirillum rubrum is inactivated in vivo by the covalent modification of the Fe protein with a nucleotide. The preparation of two modified peptides derived from proteolytic digestion of the inactive Fe protein is described. The modifying group is shown to be adenosine diphosphoribose, linked through the terminal ribose to a guanidino nitrogen of arginine. The structural features were established by using proton and phosphorus NMR, positive- and negative-ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and fast atom bombardment/collisionally activated decomposition mass spectrometry. Spectral methods along with chromatographic analysis and sequential degradation established the sequence of the modification site of Fe protein as Gly-Arg(ADR-ribose)-Gly-Val-Ile-Thr. This corresponds to the sequence in the Fe protein from Azotobacter vinelandii for amino acid residues 99 to 104.
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40 |
145 |
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Behrens NH, Parodi AJ, Leloir LF. Glucose transfer from dolichol monophosphate glucose: the product formed with endogenous microsomal acceptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:2857-60. [PMID: 5288263 PMCID: PMC389542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.11.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The product formed by incubation of dolichol monophosphate glucose with liver microsomes was studied. It is insoluble in most solvents, but is soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture with a high content of water. Treatment with ammonia gave rise to the formation of a water soluble, negatively charged compound of molecular weight 3550. The negative charge could be removed by treatment with phosphatase. Acid hydrolysis of the original compound led to the liberation of an uncharged, water-soluble compound (molecular weight 3550). Acetolysis of the latter gave rise to the formation of a series of products, which appeared to be oligosaccharides when chromatographed on paper or silica plates. The original substance behaved like a polyprenol pyrophosphate when chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose. Molecular weight measurements of the deoxycholate inclusion compound gave a value of 14,300, while dolichol monophosphate glucose under the same conditions gave 11,300. It is tentatively suggested that the compound is dolichol joined through a phosphate or pyrophosphate bridge to an oligosaccharide containing about 20 monosaccharide residues.
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Edwards MJ, Taylor AM. Unusual levels of (ADP-ribose)n and DNA synthesis in ataxia telangiectasia cells following gamma-ray irradiation. Nature 1980; 287:745-7. [PMID: 7432491 DOI: 10.1038/287745a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase is a eukaryotic chromosomal enzyme which utilizes the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD to synthesize the nucleic acid homopolymer (ADP-ribose)n (ref. 1). The precise function of (ADP-ribose)n has not been fully established although it does covalently modify chromosomal proteins by ADP-ribosylation. Here we demonstrate that gamma-ray irradiation of lymphoblastoid cells from normal subjects results in depressed DNA synthesis and increased (ADP-ribose)n synthesis. Irradiation of lymphoblastoid cells from patients with the autosomal recessive disease ataxia telangiectasia (AT), however, failed to depress DNA synthesis and did not elevate (ADP-ribose)n levels. We have confirmed that (ADP-ribose)n is synthesized in response to DNA damage and we propose that this polymer may function in the recovery from DNA damage by suppressing DNA synthesis.
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135 |
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Sugimura T. Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose). PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 13:127-51. [PMID: 4349570 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Review |
52 |
133 |
22
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Reiter WD, Vanzin GF. Molecular genetics of nucleotide sugar interconversion pathways in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 47:95-113. [PMID: 11554483 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010671129803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugar interconversion pathways represent a series of enzymatic reactions by which plants synthesize activated monosaccharides for the incorporation into cell wall material. Although biochemical aspects of these metabolic pathways are reasonably well understood, the identification and characterization of genes encoding nucleotide sugar interconversion enzymes is still in its infancy. Arabidopsis mutants defective in the activation and interconversion of specific monosaccharides have recently become available, and several genes in these pathways have been cloned and characterized. The sequence determination of the entire Arabidopsis genome offers a unique opportunity to identify candidate genes encoding nucleotide sugar interconversion enzymes via sequence comparisons to bacterial homologues. An evaluation of the Arabidopsis databases suggests that the majority of these enzymes are encoded by small gene families, and that most of these coding regions are transcribed. Although most of the putative proteins are predicted to be soluble, others contain N-terminal extensions encompassing a transmembrane domain. This suggests that some nucleotide sugar interconversion enzymes are targeted to an endomembrane system, such as the Golgi apparatus, where they may co-localize with glycosyltransferases in cell wall synthesis. The functions of the predicted coding regions can most likely be established via reverse genetic approaches and the expression of proteins in heterologous systems. The genetic characterization of nucleotide sugar interconversion enzymes has the potential to understand the regulation of these complex metabolic pathways and to permit the modification of cell wall material by changing the availability of monosaccharide precursors.
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Review |
24 |
129 |
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Abeijon C, Orlean P, Robbins PW, Hirschberg CB. Topography of glycosylation in yeast: characterization of GDPmannose transport and lumenal guanosine diphosphatase activities in Golgi-like vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:6935-9. [PMID: 2476806 PMCID: PMC297965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.18.6935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
"Outer-chain" addition of mannose residues to yeast glycoproteins occurs in the Golgi compartment of the cell. Essential steps in this process are thought to include transport of GDPmannose from the cytoplasm into the lumen of Golgi vesicles, transfer of mannose to glycoprotein acceptors, hydrolysis of the resulting GDP to GMP, and return of GMP and inorganic phosphate to the cytoplasm. We report detection and characterization of a GDPmannose transport activity and a GDPase by yeast vesicles. The active transport of GDPmannose as well as the GDPase and another presumed Golgi enzyme, alpha 1,2-mannosyltransferase, are concentrated in a subcellular fraction that can be partially separated, by velocity sucrose gradient centrifugation, from a fraction enriched in an endoplasmic reticulum marker enzyme.
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128 |
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Capasso JM, Hirschberg CB. Mechanisms of glycosylation and sulfation in the Golgi apparatus: evidence for nucleotide sugar/nucleoside monophosphate and nucleotide sulfate/nucleoside monophosphate antiports in the Golgi apparatus membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:7051-5. [PMID: 6095266 PMCID: PMC392074 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.22.7051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of translocation in vitro of sugar nucleotides and adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) into the lumen of rat liver Golgi apparatus vesicles has been studied. It has been previously shown that the Golgi apparatus membrane has specific carrier proteins for PAPS and sugar nucleotides. We now report that translocation of the above nucleotide derivatives across Golgi membranes occurs via a coupled equimolar exchange with the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. An initial incubation of Golgi vesicles with GDP-fucose radiolabeled in the guanidine ring resulted in accumulation within the lumen of radiolabeled GMP. Exit of GMP from these vesicles was specifically dependent on the entry of (additional) GDP-fucose into the vesicles (GDP-mannose and other sugar nucleotides had no effect). GDP-fucose-stimulated exit of GMP was temperature dependent, was blocked by inhibitors of GDP-fucose transport, such as 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, and appeared to be equimolar with GDP-fucose entry. Preliminary evidence for specific, equimolar exchange of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid with CMP, PAPS with 3'-AMP, and UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine with UMP was also obtained. These results strongly suggest the existence of different antiport proteins within the Golgi membrane that mediate the 1:1 exchange of sugar nucleotides or PAPS with the corresponding nucleoside monophosphate. Such proteins may have a regulatory role in glycosylation and sulfation reactions within the Golgi apparatus.
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41 |
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Historical Article |
54 |
116 |