Herpes simplex virus type 1 shows multiple interactions with sulfonated compounds at binding, penetration, and cell-to-cell passage

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) uses multicomponent mechanisms for binding, penetration, and cell-to-cell passage. These processes are affected by polysulfonated compounds. In this paper we have addressed the question of whether the same or different interactions of HSV-1 with polysulfonated compounds are involved in binding, penetration, and passage. For this, we have compared the inhibitory dose-response for a series of polysulfonated and cationic compounds known to block HSV-1 infections. These comparisons were done at the level of binding, penetration, and cell-to-cell passage. Variations in the parameters of the dose-response curves - IC(50) and Hill coefficients (n (H)) - are consistent with HSV-1 having multiple interactions with sulfonated cellular components in all these processes. Some of the interactions seem to be common to the three processes, while others are particular for each one.

Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for the determination of the active metabolite M-1 of suplatast tosilate in human plasma

A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESIMS) method for the determination of 4-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxypropoxy) acrylanilide (M-1), the active metabolite of suplatast tosilate, in human plasma was established. Plasma samples were extracted with diethyl ether, separated on a C(18) column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-10 mm ammonium acetate solution containing 0.1% formic acid (28:72, v/v) and detected by ESIMS. The method was linear over the concentration range 0.15-60.0 ng/mL. The lowest limit of quantification was 0.15 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-run relative standard deviations obtained from three validation runs were all less than 8.6%, and the intra- and inter-run relative errors were all less than 3.1%. The method was successfully applied for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic profiles of M-1 in healthy volunteers.

MIA-QSAR modelling of anti-HIV-1 activities of some 2-amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitriles and their thio and sulfinyl congeners

A QSAR method based on MIA (multivariate image analysis) descriptors is applied to a series of 2-amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitriles and their thio and sulfinyl congeners, compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity. Two models were built in order to appraise the modelling capability when different drawing programs are used to create the set of molecules. Both models showed good predictive ability, with cross-validated Q2 of 0.712 and 0.624, and Q2 for an external validation set of 0.823 and 0.747. An ADME evaluation, by calculating the topological polar surface area (TPSA) and parameters derived from the rule of five, was also performed to proposed compounds in order to suggest absorption profiles for potential new drugs.

Metabolism of acrylate to beta-hydroxypropionate and its role in dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase induction by a salt marsh sediment bacterium, Alcaligenes faecalis M3A

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is degraded to dimethylsulfide (DMS) and acrylate by the enzyme DMSP lyase. DMS or acrylate can serve as a carbon source for both free-living and endophytic bacteria in the marine environment. In this study, we report on the mechanism of DMSP-acrylate metabolism by Alcaligenes faecalis M3A. Suspensions of citrate-grown cells expressed a low level of DMSP lyase activity that could be induced to much higher levels in the presence of DMSP, acrylate, and its metabolic product, beta-hydroxypropionate. DMSP was degraded outside the cell, resulting in an extracellular accumulation of acrylate, which in suspensions of citrate-grown cells was then metabolized at a low endogenous rate. The inducible nature of acrylate metabolism was evidenced by both an increase in the rate of its degradation over time and the ability of acrylate-grown cells to metabolize this molecule at about an eight times higher rate than citrate-grown cells. Therefore, acrylate induces both its production (from DMSP) and its degradation by an acrylase enzyme. (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance analyses were used to identify the products resulting from [1-(13)C]acrylate metabolism. The results indicated that A. faecalis first metabolized acrylate to beta-hydroxypropionate outside the cell, which was followed by its intracellular accumulation and subsequent induction of DMSP lyase activity. In summary, the mechanism of DMSP degradation to acrylate and the subsequent degradation of acrylate to beta-hydroxypropionate in the aerobic beta-Proteobacterium A. faecalis has been described.

Cardioselective ammonium, phosphonium, and sulfonium analogues of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid that inhibit in vitro and ex vivo lipid peroxidation and scavenge superoxide radicals

Analogues of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid with permanently cationic substituents, i.e., phosphonium (8, 9), sulfonium (11), acylhydrazinium (13, 14), and ammonium (1, 16, 21), were synthesized, and the 2R and 2S enantiomers of the alpha-tocopherol analogues 1, 8, 11, and 13 were separated. The compounds were found to scavenge lipoperoxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro and accumulate in heart tissue (cardioselectivity) as demonstrated by measurement of ex vivo inhibition of lipid peroxidation in mouse heart homogenates and confirmed by HPLC determination of drug concentrations for 1 and 11. The 2R and 2S enantiomers of 1 inhibited ex vivo lipid peroxidation to an equal extent. Thus the in vivo uptake into myocytes (cardioselectivity) is independent of the geometry at the chiral center and common to permanently cationic compounds.

Suppressive effects of IPD-1151T (suplatast-tosilate) on induction of mast cells from normal mouse splenocytes

The influence of IPD-1151T (suplatast-tosilate) on murine mast cell induction was examined by in vitro cell culture. Splenocytes from BALB/c mice suspended in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with interleukin-3 were cultured in the presence or absence of IPD-1151T. Half of the total volume of the medium was changed every 4-5 days. The number of mast cells increased with culture time and reached a peak on the 16th day when the cells were cultured without IPD-1151T. However, the growth of mast cells from the splenocyte culture was dose dependently inhibited by IPD-1151T. Furthermore, IPD-1151T inhibited the proliferation of mast cell progenitor cells, IC-2, but not that of splenocytes or mature mast cells.