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Fatal septic shock and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by serovar B Capnocytophaga canimorsus in an immunocompetent patient. Case report and review. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2023; 36:92-96. [PMID: 36424730 PMCID: PMC9910678 DOI: 10.37201/req/060.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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A unique fatal case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by Proteus mirabilis in an immunocompetent subject: Case report and literature analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16664. [PMID: 31441842 PMCID: PMC6716737 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (WFS), also known as purpura fulminans, is a potentially lethal condition described as acute hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal glands. It is often caused by infection. Classically, Neisseriae meningitidis represents the main microorganism related to WFS, although, infrequently, also other infectious agents are reported as a possible etiologic agent. The authors report the first case of death due to Proteus mirabilis infection, with postmortem evidence of WFS. PATIENT CONCERNS After a facial trauma that provoked a wound on the nose, the subject, a healthy 40-years old man, was conducted to the local hospital (in Sicily, Italy) after the primary care he was discharged. Subsequently, after 2 days of general malaise, he returned to the hospital due to the worsening of the clinical condition. During the hospitalization, hypotension, and neurological impairment appeared; the laboratory analysis showed leukocytosis and the alteration of renal, hepatic and coagulative parameters. Microbiological blood analysis resulted positive for a P mirabilis infection. DIAGNOSIS Multiorgan failure (MOF) with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) due to sepsis was diagnosed. INTERVENTIONS The practitioners administered intensive support, antibiotic therapy, antithrombin III, vitamin K, and plasma. OUTCOMES After 3 days the subject died. The autopsy and the microscopic investigation were performed revealing, also, the adrenal diffuse micronodular hyperplasia associated with a cortico-medullary hemorrhagic apoplexy. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first case of MOF with WFS due to P mirabilis infection. This case report suggests that P mirabilis should be added to the list of unusual bacteria causing WFS. Furthermore, it supports the theory that any bacterium which causes DIC may cause adrenal hemorrhage and should suggest to clinicians the importance to consider a potential adrenal involvement in every patient with sepsis and DIC.
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A rare case of Waterhouse- Friderichsen syndrome during primary Varicella zoster infection. Neth J Med 2017; 75:351-353. [PMID: 29219830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary Varicella zoster virus infection in adults is associated with a higher risk of complications when compared with the benign disease course of primary infection during childhood. We present a rare complication of adult primary Varicella zoster in the form of acute, irreversible adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral adrenal haemorrhage, which is also known as the WaterhouseFriderichsensyndrome.
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A rare case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by Capnocytophaga canimorsus in an immunocompetent patient. Infection 2015; 43:599-602. [PMID: 25676131 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A 53-year-old Caucasian male with hypertension and active tobacco abuse presented to a community hospital with a 2-day history of vague abdominal pain, myalgia and increased lethargy after being bitten on his right hand by the family dog while camping just 3 days prior to symptom onset. He expired within 90 min upon arrival to our intensive care unit. Pre-mortem blood cultures grew a fastidious Gram-negative aerobic rod that was identified as Capnocytophaga canimorsus. Autopsy findings showed multi-organ disseminated intravascular coagulopathy with microthrombi along with bilateral adrenal hemorrhage and necrosis of the adrenal glands consistent with Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. This case contributes to the medical literature as a rare presentation of Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection in an otherwise immunocompetent patient and stresses the importance of a thorough history taking and physical examination by clinicians along with prompt administration of appropriate antibiotics.
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Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome caused by invasive haemophilus influenzae type B infection in a previously healthy young man. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38:214-215. [PMID: 20191807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Syndrome de Waterhouse-Friderichsen au cours d'une péritonite à Morganella morganii et Enterococcus faecium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 26:869-72. [PMID: 17766079 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2007.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
About fifty to sixty percent of patients with septic shock acquire acute adrenal insufficiency. This insufficiency is most often relative, but can sometimes be absolute. Bilateral adrenal haemorrhage is a rare aetiology of absolute acute adrenal insufficiency. It is classically described in patients with severe meningococcemia (purpura fulminans), who commonly present many of the risk factors associated with bilateral adrenal haemorrhage (shock, coagulation disorders, sepsis). We report a case of bilateral adrenal haemorrhage during a peritonitis complicated by a septic shock, with no coagulation disorder. This observation shows up that this bilateral adrenal haemorrhage can complicate severe sepsis of various origins, and not only severe meningococcemia. It can be suspected in face of a septic shock with an unfavourable evolution despite adequate treatment.
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Abstract
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome can cause acute death in the baboon without specific signs. Furthermore, this syndrome could result from stress-related intestinal permeability changes that allow macromolecules and/or microbiological entities to enter the systemic circulation. The resulting sepsis could cause adrenocortical insufficiency, hypotension and shock leading to death.
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Resistant shock in a haemodialysed patient--why? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:418-9. [PMID: 11158427 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/16.2.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Reminder--necrotizing fasciitis complicated by Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 37:217-8. [PMID: 10454031 DOI: 10.1054/bjom.1998.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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[A fatal case of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection syndrome developing 10 years after splenectomy]. NIHON RINSHO MEN'EKI GAKKAI KAISHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 20:184-90. [PMID: 9256611 DOI: 10.2177/jsci.20.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Splenectomized patients are likely to suffer from severe infections, such as sepsis and meningitis. This syndrome is called overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) in Europe and America. The course is rapid, the clinical symptoms are serious, and the prognosis is very poor. We treated one adult patient with OPSI syndrome that developed 10 years after splenectomy. CASE A 26-year-old man had undergone a splenectomy following a traffic accident 10 years previously. On January 7, 1996, he had diarrhea and nausea. On January 10, he became drowsy and presented at our hospital with multiple organ failure. He underwent hemodialysis and plasmapheresis because of acute renal failure and also received immune globulin, antibiotics and prednisolone. However, these medications were not effective. He died 7 hours later. We identified diplococcus on a blood smear, IgG 3 deficiency and a low titer of specific pneumococcal IgG 2 antibody. The autopsy findings included bilateral acute hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal glands (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome).
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[Edelmann's syndrome]. LIKARS'KA SPRAVA 1996:163-5. [PMID: 9035860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Fulminant pneumococcal sepsis is a rare but life-threatening illness usually occurring in patients with known splenic absence (postsplenectomy) or dysfunction (sickle cell anemia). Several medical illnesses, not typically recognized as being associated with abnormal spleen function, may be complicated by fulminant pneumococcal sepsis. We report a case of fatal pneumococcal sepsis in a patient diagnosed with mixed connective tissue disease who likely had systemic lupus erythematosus and unsuspected splenic fibrosis. Medical illnesses associated with functional asplenia, hematological findings suggesting splenic dysfunction, and confirmatory tests of hyposplenism are discussed.
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Abstract
We herein report a case of fulminant lethal Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in an elderly female patient seven years after posttraumatic splenectomy. In contrast to various reports, this patient had not been vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, or Haemophilus influenzae, respectively, although infections with these microorganisms are known to cause the main lethal diseases in asplenic patients. Again, we recommend obligatory vaccinations against the mentioned bacteria for it is known that this decreases the risk of fatal septic events in these patients. To optimize prevention, it is imperative to vaccinate patients undergoing splenectomy before discharge from hospital.
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Invasive Hemophilus influenzae type B disease. J Forensic Sci 1993; 38:1018-9. [PMID: 8228872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Fatal pneumococcal bacteremia with disseminated intravascular coagulation and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in a vaccinated splenectomized adult. Case report. ACTA CHIRURGICA SCANDINAVICA 1990; 156:487-8. [PMID: 2368552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fatal pneumococcal bacteremia, disseminated intravascular coagulation and Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome in a vaccinated, splenectomized adult were caused by serotype 22F (Danish classification), which was not included in the vaccine. Revaccination with a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine and antibiotic prophylaxis are advocated for patients who have undergone splenectomy.
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in an immunocompetent young adult. South Med J 1989; 82:1571-3. [PMID: 2595428 DOI: 10.1097/00007611-198912000-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A previously healthy 19-year-old woman had a febrile illness with hypotension, progressive cyanosis, and an evolving petechial rash. Despite aggressive therapy in the face of shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation, the patient suffered a cardiac arrest and could not be resuscitated. Haemophilus influenzae type b was cultured from the blood and echovirus 30 from the cerebrospinal fluid post mortem. Fulminant H influenzae type b infection in an immunocompetent adult is rare but should be recognized as a possible cause of the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
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[Haemophilus influenzae B meningitis and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in a 5-month-old infant]. REVISTA CHILENA DE PEDIATRIA 1989; 60:294-6. [PMID: 2485526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A five months old infant with Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome related to Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis is reported. In spite of treatment with IV fluids, antibiotics and dopamine, he died eight hours after admission. Necropsy findings included bilateral adrenal bleeding compatible with the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. This is the younger infant reported with this diagnosis in association with Haemophilus influenzae in Chile.
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Abstract
A previously fit 56 year old female presented with a rapidly progressive and fatal pneumococcal septicaemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Post-mortem studies confirmed a Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome and revealed an anatomically normal spleen; intracellular diplococci were seen within splenic macrophages providing evidence of normal splenic function. This appears to be only the second case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome due to pneumococcal septicaemia in a patient with a normal spleen.
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21
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[A case of successful treatment of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]. KLINICHESKAIA MEDITSINA 1986; 64:145-6. [PMID: 3747430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Overwhelming post-splenectomy infection with Plesiomonas shigelloides in a patient cured of Hodgkin's disease. A case report. Am J Clin Pathol 1985; 83:522-4. [PMID: 3984949 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/83.4.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune deficiencies of Hodgkin's disease persist to some degree even after the patients are clinically cured; these may be amplified by loss of splenic immunologic functions after staging laparotomy and splenectomy. The authors submit a case report wherein a bacterium of relatively low virulence, Plesiomonas shigelloides, was associated with a rapidly fulminant septicemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, and death in a splenectomized patient free of Hodgkin's disease for approximately five years. This emphasizes the need for prolonged observation, rapid diagnosis, and aggressive intervention in immunocompromised patients, especially those supposedly cured of previous hematologic malignancy.
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Abstract
A second recorded case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, without purpura, due to Haemophilus influenzae is described. It is suggested that the absence of purpura should not preclude the diagnosis of the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome due to this organism.
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24
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[Role of the adrenals in the pathogenesis of endotoxin shock]. PATOLOGICHESKAIA FIZIOLOGIIA I EKSPERIMENTAL'NAIA TERAPIIA 1985:67-72. [PMID: 3885146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Postsplenectomy sepsis. ALABAMA MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA 1984; 53:6-8. [PMID: 6731212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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IgM deficiency. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1984; 11:112-6. [PMID: 50091 PMCID: PMC8334761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary isolated IgM deficiency accounted for 0.1% of hospital admissions; secondary IgM deficiency for 2.0%. Although 19% were asymptomatic the rest of 89 subjects (4M:1F) suffered infection (60%), septicemia (36%), atopy (22%), splenomegaly (11%), neoplasia(7%) and autoimmune disorders (3%) with a mortality of 10%. Serious early treatment is needed to avert death from unopposed spread of organisms throughout the blood. Qualitative IgM deficiency (absence of isohemagglutinins) and delayed maturation of IgM can result in similar symptomatology.
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Apparent meningococcemia: clinical features of disease due to Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis. Pediatrics 1983; 72:469-72. [PMID: 6412207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the etiology of apparent meningococcemia, all cases of sepsis with coagulopathy, purpura, and/or adrenal hemorrhage (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) with and without shock occurring over a 12-year period were reviewed. A total of 42 cases were identified; 30 cases were caused by Neisseria meningitidis and 12 cases were caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Compared with patients with disease caused by H influenzae, patients with meningococcal disease were older, more often male, more often contracted the disease in winter-spring, and had a longer duration of antecedent symptoms; however, none of these differences was statistically significant. All patients were febrile (greater than 38 degrees C) and appeared toxic. Similar proportions in each group had shock and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy at the time of admission. Ten of 12 patients with H influenzae infection compared with 15/30 (P less than .05) with meningococcal infection were lethargic or comatose at the time of admission. Nine of 12 patients with H influenzae infection died compared with 5/30 with meningococcal disease (P less than .005); the mean time from onset of symptoms to death with H influenzae infection (20.7 +/- 11.4 [SE] hours) was significantly shorter (P less than .05) than with meningococcal infection (120 +/- 74.4 hours). Children with clinical signs of sepsis and with purpura, petechiae, or coagulopathy may have N meningitidis or H influenzae as etiologic agents. Initial antibiotic therapy should be directed against these pathogens.
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[Etiologic and pathogenetic factors in Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (author's transl)]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR RECHTSMEDIZIN. JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE 1982; 88:173-84. [PMID: 7102112 DOI: 10.1007/bf00200722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Waterhouse-Friderischsen syndrome (WFS) is the morphological substrate of a rapidly, mostly irreversible shock due to endotoxemia similar to the Sanerelli-Shwartzman phenomenon. The following disturbances of microcirculation cause death. The findings of 13 postmortem examinations reveal that acute severe respiratory infections, especially of nose and throat as etiologic factors, are more frequent than meningitis. Apparently different pathogens and shock vary the couse of disease and symptomatology before death. Moreover, because of the rarity and intensity of the WFS, as yet unknown or unrecognized dispositional factors cannot be ruled out.
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Fulminant Meningococcemia after splenectomy. JAMA 1981; 246:1119-20. [PMID: 6790733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
A case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome associated with septicaemia caused by a DF-2 group bacterium (dysgonic fermenter--type 2--Atlanta classification) is presented. Attention is drawn to the relation of DF-2 group septicaemias to dog bites (or contact) and impaired host defence after splenectomy.
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34
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1979; 2:1111. [PMID: 316349 PMCID: PMC1597047 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.6198.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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[A case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome after splenectomy (author's transl)]. [RINSHO KETSUEKI] THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY 1979; 20:308-13. [PMID: 439419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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37
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[The pathophysiology of shock]. ZFA. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINMEDIZIN 1978; 54:417-26. [PMID: 636535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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[Smallpox vaccination--Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (author's transl)]. MMW, MUNCHENER MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1978; 120:247-8. [PMID: 416342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A fatal acute meningococcal sepsis (Waterhouse-Friderchsen syndrome) appearing 25 days after smallpox vaccination (re-vaccination) on military service is reported. In order to assume a causal connection between the vaccination reaction and the acute infectious complication on atypically long "unspecific negative phase" after the vaccination is postulated. The morphological findings at the vaccination pustule, which shows the same changes as a first vaccination, also support a pathological post-vaccinal course. In consideration of these observations, revaccination after 20 years is apparently a risk.
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39
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[Blood coagulation disorders in purulent meningitis]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ARZTLICHE FORTBILDUNG 1978; 72:105-9. [PMID: 636470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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40
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[Syndrome of acute adrenal gland insufficiency in acute respiratory tract infections in children]. PEDIATRIIA 1974:8-11. [PMID: 4467086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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[Functional adrenal insufficiency in acute intestinal infections]. SOVETSKAIA MEDITSINA 1972; 35:55-9. [PMID: 5042688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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[Diagnosis and therapy of septicemia]. SCHWEIZERISCHE MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 102:593-605. [PMID: 4555374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome: differential diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment with streptokinase]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1972; 97:270-3. [PMID: 5058423 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1107339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in a 7-day-old newborn infant due to Klebsiella pneumoniae]. PEDIATRIA POLSKA 1972; 47:103-5. [PMID: 4550933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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[Clinical course of the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 1971; 24:1359-63. [PMID: 5099065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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46
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[Clinical consideations on some cases of septicemia]. GIORNALE DI MALATTIE INFETTIVE E PARASSITARIE 1971; 23:143-51. [PMID: 5110260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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47
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[Basic principles and method of treatment of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis]. VOENNO-MEDITSINSKII ZHURNAL 1970; 10:25-30. [PMID: 5507582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fulminating meningitis with Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Am J Clin Pathol 1970; 54:202-4. [PMID: 4989197 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/54.2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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49
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome induced by pneumococcemic shock. JAMA 1970; 212:1373-4. [PMID: 5467531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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50
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[Pathogenesis and treatment of peracute meningococcal sepsis (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome)]. MONATSSCHRIFT FUR KINDERHEILKUNDE 1970; 118:89-93. [PMID: 5522408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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